BIO 1020 Final
a substrate
"Induced fit" refers to the fact that an enzyme typically changes its shape when ____ binds to it
substrate
"Introduced fit" refers to the fact that an enzyme typically changes its shape when ___ binds to it
Mutualism
(+/+)
Herbivory
(+/-)
Parasitism
(+/-)
predation
(+/-)
Commensalism
(+/0)
competition
(-/-)
12
A 12-carbon fatty acid is processed via beta oxidation into 6 acetyl-CoA molecules, each of which then enter into the citric acid cycle. How many molecules of CO2 would be released by these six turns of the citric acid cycle?
18
A 12-carbon fatty acid is processed via beta oxidation into 6 acetyl-CoA molecules, each of which then enter into the citric acid cycle. How many molecules of NADH would be produced by these six turns of the citric acid cycle?
XBXb, XBY
A boy is red-green colorblind, but his mother, father, and all of his grandparents have normal color vision. Knowing that red-green colorblindness is controlled by a gene on the X chromosome, and assuming that the boy's colorblindness was not due to new mutations, what are the genotypes for his parents? Use XB for the dominant (normal vision) allele and Xb for the recessive (colorblind) allele.
8 neutrons and 6 protons
A carbon atom with an atomic mass 14 and atomic number 6 has:
any kind of organism
A cell has at least the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, and plasma membrane. It could be a cell from
A plant, but not an animal
A cell has at least the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, cell wall, and plasma membrane. It could be a cell from:
differs in what genes are expressed
A cell in the lining of the stomach is structurally and functional different from a brain cell mainly because it
4 ; 23
A cell with 2n = 46 chromosomes goes through meiosis, including two rounds of cytokinesis. The result is ____ cells that each have ___ chromosomes.
2 ; 46
A cell with 2n = 46 chromosomes goes through mitosis and cytokinesis. The result is ___ cells that each have ___ chromosomes.
embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other
A challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species came from embryology, when it was discovered that _____.
4 cells, with 3 chromosomes each
A diploid cell that is 2N = 6 undergoes all of mitosis, including all cell divisions. The result is
genera
A family is divided into related ____ as the next taxonomic level.
16
A fatty acid is processed via beta oxidation into 8 acetyl-CoA molecules, each of which then enter into the citric acid cycle. How many molecules of CO2 are released by these eight turns of the citric acid cycle?
What is a food web? How do energetic limits affect food webs/chains?
A group of food chains linked together. Because only about 10% of energy stored at each trophic level goes up to the next, the web can only go so far until the energy runs out
dehydration synthesis
A longer polymer is formed by removing a water molecule through ____?
1/4 A: 1/4 B: 1/4 AB: 1/4 O
A man and a woman each have a parent with type O blood. He has type A blood, and she has type B blood. If this man and woman have children, what is the predicted phenotypic ratio for their offspring with respect to blood type?
signal transduction
A membrane-bound protein changes its shape when it binds to a hormone molecule on the outer surface of the cell. After the shape change, the protein is able to bind with a second protein and change the shape of the second protein, which then stimulates adenylyl cyclase to make cAMP. Then cAMP activates several enzymes inside the cell's cytosol. This is an example of:
Lipid
A molecule with the chemical formula C12H24O5 is probably a:
Carbohydrate
A molecule with the chemical formula C18H32O16 is probably a
Active Transport
A process that allows amino acids to move against their concentration gradient across a biological membrane using a protein channel would be best termed as:
facilitated diffusion
A process that allows protons (H+) to move with their concentration gradient across a biological membrane using a protein channel would be best termed as:
A scanning electron microscope
A scientist wants to investigate the interior of bacterial cells. She decides to use 70,000x magnification, and will use very thin slices of the cell samples embedded in plastic resin. Which instrument would be best suited for her studies?
A scanning electron microscope
A scientist wants to investigate the surface of bacterial cells. She decides to use 70,000x magnification. Which instrument would be best suited to that task?
an allosteric inhibitor
A series of enzymes catalyze the reaction X-Y-Z-A. Product A binds to the enzyme that converts X to Y at a position remote from its active site. This binding decreases the activity of the enzyme. In this scenario, substance A functions as
the activation energy barrier for this reaction cannot be surmounted
A solution of starch at room temperature does not readily decompose to form a solution of simple sugars because
raise the temperature significantly
A typical reaction that is catalyzed by an enzyme in the human body occurs at a very slow rate without the enzyme. In the absence of an enzyme, what would generally be required to make any reaction happen at a faster rate?
75% will be "normal", 25% will have sickle cell anemia.
A woman and a man are both carries (heterozygous) for sickle cell anemia. Which answers fit the predicted phenotype(s) of their offspring with respect to sickle cell anemia?
A, B, or O
A woman with blood type O has a child with blood type O. Which of the following choices gives all of the possible blood types for the father?
50% for sons, 50% for daughters
A woman with normal color vision and a man who is red-green colorblind produce a daughter who is red-green colorblind. Knowing that red-green colorblindness is controlled by a gene on the X chromosome, you can predict that the odds of being red-green colorblind for any more children they have would be
Half of the boys and none of the girls will be colorblind.
A woman with normal color vision, but whose father is red-green colorblind, mates with a man who has normal color vision. Knowing that red-green colorblindness is controlled by a gene on the X-chromosomes you can predict that if the produce children the odds are that:
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
About 96% of living matter is made up of which four elements?
T-A On the test it could be T-A or A-T or C-G or G-C IF RNA: (A-U // U-A // C-G // G-C)
According to the rules for normal base pairing, which of the following represents a correct DNA-DNA base pair?
T-A
According to the rules for normal basepairing, which of the following represents a correct DNA-DNA basepair?
reacting with oxaloacetate, forming citrate and freeing CoA
Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle by
reacting with oxaloacetate, forming citrate and freeing CoA
Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle by:
Donors, Acceptors
Acids are proton _____, and bases are proton _____.
lysosomal protein - free cytoplasmic ribosomes.
All of the following are correct matches of the location of a protein and the location of its synthesis except
the homologous chromosomes pair up
All of the following occur during prophase of mitosis in animal cells except
The homologous chromosomes pair up.
All of the following occur during prophase of mitosis in animal cells except?
What is symbiosis? Which interspecific interactions are types of symbiosis?
An ecological relationship between two organisms of different species
Oxidoreductases
An enzyme that catalyzes a redox reaction would be considered a/an:
lyase
An enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of a bond by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation would be considered a/an:
Ligase
An enzyme that joins two molecules with covalent bonds would be considered a/an
A fatty acid and glycerol
An ester linkage is formed between:
109.5
An organic compound with a tetrahedron will have bond angles that are how many degrees apart?
Fungi
An organism is a multicellular eukaryote with well walls whose cell walls are made of chitin. It could belong to which of the following kingdoms?
Chemoheterotrophs
Animals, fungi, and many bacteria that use organic molecules as a source of both energy and carbon are.
pump protons across a membrane against their concentration gradient
As NADH and FADH2 are oxidized, the energy released during electron transport is used in part to
a site
At the EPA site, where does the new amino acid chain enter?
mimicry
Bates provided what is considered to be one of the most important early contributions to studies of evolution when he wrote a paper where he used natural selection to explain
mimicry
Bates provided what is considered to be one of the most important early contributions to study of evolution when he wrote a paper where he used natural selection to explain
testable, and thus able to be disproved if its predictions fail.
Besides explaining existing observations, the key characteristic of a model generated using the scientific method is that the model (be it a hypothesis, theory, principle, or law) is
Describe how human activities increase CO2 in the atmosphere, the logic behind how that leads to global warming, and the evidence that global warming is occurring.
Burning of fossil fuels releases a lot of CO2, CO2 traps in heat, temps are rising
Describe the greenhouse effect and why CO2 is called a greenhouse gas.
CO2 in atmosphere traps heat in like a greenhouse
As a typical cell grows larger, which of the following occurs?
Cell volume increases faster than cell surface area.
an ATP concentration typically around 10x greater than their ADP concentration
Cells maintain
proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution
Charles Darwin _____.
1895
Charles Darwin first published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in:
a chemical reaction in which both the reactants and products are only used in a metabolic pathway that is completely inactive.
Chemical equilibrium is relatively rare in living cells. Which of the following could be an example of a reaction at chemical equilibrium in a cell?
Metabolism
Chemical reactions and energy transformations in cells make up
add more enzyme
Consider a situation in which an enzyme is operating at optimum temperature and pH, and has been saturated with substrate. What is your best option for increasing the rate of the reaction?
Add more substrate
Consider a situation in which an enzyme is operating at optimum temperature and pH, and has not been saturated with substrate. What is your best option for increasing the rate of the reaction?
add more substrate
Consider a situation in which an enzyme is operating at optimum temperature and pH, and has not been saturated with substrate. What is your best options for increasing the rate of the reaction?
Volume will become 8x larger, while surface area will become 4x larger.
Consider a spherical cell that begins with a radius of 2mm. As it grows so that its radius becomes 4mm, what will happen to its volume and its surface area.
Mus is the genus name and Mus musculus is the species name. Epithet is the second name (musculus)
Consider the scientific name for the common house mouse, Mus musculus, which of the following is true?
Mus is the genus name and Mus musculus is the species name.
Consider the scientific name for the common house mouse, Mus musculus. Which of the following is true?
contraction of a ring of actin microfilaments
Cytokinesis in animal cells involves:
Hydrogen bonds and antiparallel components
DNA double helix has:
- overproduction of offspring - differential reproductive success - competition among organisms - genetic variation among individuals
Darwins mechanism of evolution
When a body of water becomes overly saturated with nutrients. This causes overgrowth in algae which damages other aspects of the ecosystem
Describe the process of turnover in a lake, and why it is important.
high; low
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of _ initial concentration to an area of _ initial concentration
the lagging strands contain more short DNA segments that the leading strand, and these short segments are joined together by DNA ligase
During DNA replication, DNA ligase is most active on the lagging strand. This is because:
lagging; opposite; discontinuous
During DNA replication, the ___ strand is assembled in the ____ direction that the DNA double helix unwinds and is produced by _____ replication
Leading; same; continuous.
During DNA replication, the ____________ strand is assembled in the ________ direction that the DNA double helix unwinds and is produced by __________ replication.
1
During anaphase of mitosis you should find chromosomes composed how many chromatids each?
5' - 3', N - C
During the process of translation, mRNA is read in the ___ direction and a polypeptide is built in the _____ direction
Anaphase I
During which of the following stages of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate?
Meiosis I, anaphase
During which part of meiosis (meiosis I or meiosis II) do the two alleles of a gene separate? During which phase does the separation occur?
Prophase 1
During which phase do homologous chromosomes pair and have crossing-over occur between them?
Prophase I
During which phase do homologous chromosomes pair and have crossing-over occur between them?
G1
During which phase of the cell cycle is there a checkpoint that determines whether or not the cell is ready to duplicate its DNA and commit to starting the process that will lead to cell division?
telophase and anaphase
During which phase(s) of mitosis are chromosomes composed of one chromatid each?
prophase and metaphase
During which phase(s) of mitosis are chromosomes composed of two chromatids each?
Organisms and the environments
Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between __
Gaps left at the 5' end of the lagging strand because of the need for a 3' onto which nucleotides can attach
Eukaryotic telomeres replicate differently than the rest of the chromosome. This is a consequence of which of the following?
6 ; 6; 12
For each molecule of glucose produced during carbon fixation reactions of photosynthesis, ___ RuBP molecules, ___ CO2 molecules, and G3- molecules are involved in steps of the C3 cycle.
Relative position in rock layers, association with index fossils, radioisotope dating of volcanic rock layers above and below
Fossils are dated by:
association with index fossils, relative position in rock layers, and radioisotope dating of rock layers above and below
Fossils are typically dated by:
organisms had adapted to new environments, giving rise to new species
From his observations of organisms in the Galapagos islands, Darwin reasoned that _____.
Genetic
Genetic variation within and between populations
Facilitated diffusion
Glucose diffuses slowly through artificial phospholipid bilayers. The cells lining the small intestine, however, rapidly more large quantities of glucose from the glucose-rich food into their glucose-poor cytoplasm. Using this information, which transport mechanism is more probably functioning in the intestinal cells?
packed nucleosomes (30 nm fiber)
Histone H1 interacts with linker DNA to form the
Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate in what stage of meiosis?
from their mother only
How are human mitochondria inherited?
Cells use catabolic pathways to provide the energy to make ATP
How do cells typically get the ATP that they need?
The precise sequence of the DNA within each of the chromosomes
How do the two members of a pair of homologous chromosomes differ from each other?
4
How many covalent bonds will a neutral Carbon atom tend to form?
What is the sixth extinction? What can humans do about it?
Human activities contribute to the extinction of numerous species over the last 400 years
alternative splicing
Human cells produce perhaps as many as 100,000 different proteins, and yet the human genome has only about 25,000 genes. This is best explained by...
I - deductive, II - inductive
I. Human activities are causing average global temperatures to increase. II. Higher amounts of CO2 will cause a gas mixture (such as the atmosphere) to retain more heat than it otherwise would? Which type of reasoning was used for each of these statements?
Overall wind up taking water from the solution
If a cell is placed in a solution that is hypotonic relative to the cell's cytosol, the cell will
overall wind up taking water from the solution
If a cell is placed in a solution that is hypotonic relative to the cell's cytosol, the cell will:
have no net exchange of water with the solution
If a cell is placed in a solution that is isotonic relative to the cell's cytosol, the cell will
12
If a neutral atom has 12 protons and 17 neutrons, how many electrons will it have?
heats and cools more slowly than most substances
If a substance is said to have a high specific heat, that means that it
Concentration of H+ is 10,000 times greater than what it was at pH 8
If the pH of a solution changed from pH 8 to pH 4, it means that the:
concentration of H+ is 1000 times greater than what it was at pH 6.
If the pH of a solution changes from pH 6 to pH 3, it means that the
PEP carboxylase
In C4 plants and CAM plants, the reaction that initially fixes CO2 into a four-carbon compound is catalyzed by the enzyme
46 flies with long wings and a gray body
In Drosophila melanogaster the allele for long winds is dominant over the allele for vestigial wings and the allele for a gray body is dominant over the allele for a black body. A testcross was done to check for genetic linkage between the genes for these traits, with the following results for the offspring:
Both thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial membrane
In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes located?
epistasis.
In a rodent species from an island in the south Atlantic there are three different coat colors found in the population. Studies show that two genes (each with two alleles) determine the coat color in this species, and a dihybrid cross produces offspring with the coat colors in a 9:3:4 ratio. This is an example of
22 Map Units
In a small mustard plant species, gene mapping crosses are performed between the gene controlling whether flower petals are produced and the gene controlling whether pollen is produced. Making no petals is recessive, as is making no pollen. For the cross the parent plants fertilized make no petals and no pollen, and the plants that are the source of pollen have been bred to be heterozygous for both genes (as is usual for such a mapping cross). The offspring phenotypes were recorded as follows: 14 with petals but without pollen 8 without petals but with pollen 40 with petals and with pollen 38 without petals and without pollen What is the map distance between the genes for these two traits?
homologous chromosomes separate from each other
In anaphase I of meiosis
Tortoiseshell females; orange males.
In cats, black fur colored is caused by an X-linked allele; the other allele at this locus causes orange color. The heterozygote is tortoiseshell. What kinds of offspring would you expect from the cross of an orange female and a black male?
protons flowing with their concentration gradient through ATP synthase
In chemiosmosis, ATP synthase produces ATP using the energy from
S Phase
In eukaryotes the replication of chromosomal DNA in nucleus occurs during
S phase
In eukaryotes the replication of chromosomal DNA occurs during
Y-linked
In humans, cystic fibrosis is a/an _____ genetic disorder.
Heterozygous
In humans, middigital hair is a dominant trait governed by normal Mendelian inheritance for a single autosomal gene with two possible alleles. A woman with middigital hair has one child, and that child does not have middigital hair. What is the genotype of the woman with respect to middigital hair.
50% Ff
In humans, one form of polydactyly (extra fingers and toes) is controlled by a single autosomal gene with two possible alleles; the dominant allele leads to polydactyly, the recessive is for the normal number of fingers and toes. A woman with this form of polydactyly whose extra digits were removed when she was a baby mates with a man who does not have this form of polydactyly. Their first child is born with the normal number of fingers and toes. What the odds that their second child will also be born with the normal number of fingers and toes? Give your answer as a decimal fraction (for example, you would enter 0.85 for an 85% chance).
Cannot be determined.
In humans, one form of polydactyly (extra fingers and toes) is controlled by a single autosomal gene with two possible alleles; the dominant allele leads to polydactyly, while those who are homozygous recessive are born with the normal number of fingers and toes. A woman with this form of polydactyly whose extra digits were removed when she was a baby mates with a man who also has this form of polydactyly and who also had his extra digits removed when he was a baby. Their first child is born with polydactyly. What are the odds that their second child will be born with the normal number of fingers and toes?
autosomal recessive
In humans, sickle cell anemia is an ______ genetic disorder.
homozygous recessive
In humans, wet earwax is a dominant trait governed by normal Mendelian inheritance for a single autosomal gene with two possible alleles; the other trait, dry earwax, is recessive. A man with dry earwax has one child, and that child has wet earwax. What is the genotype of the man with respect to the wet/dry earwax gene?
heterozygous
In humans, wet earwax is a dominant trait governed by normal Mendelian inheritance for a single autosomal gene with two possible alleles; the other trait, dry earwax, is recessive. A woman with dry earwax and a man with wet earwax have a son, and he has dry earwax. What is the genotype of the man with respect to the wet/dry earwax gene?
Active Transport
In many animal cells a membrane protein uses energy from ATP to more sodium ions and potassium ions across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradients. This is a classic case of what?
have their kinetochores on opposite sides
In metaphase of mitosis you should find that sister chromatids:
46;23
In most cases, an animal with a diploid number of 2n = 46 chromosomes will have _ chromosomes in its somatic (body) cells and _ chromosomes in its gametes
What is the difference between obligate and facultative mutualism?
In obligate mutualism the organisms need each other instead of just benefitting
1AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa
In pea plants purple flower color is dominant over white flower color. A pea plant that is heterozygous purple-flowered is crossed with another pea plant that is heterozygous purple-flowered. Which answer fits the predicted genotype(s) of their offspring with respect to flower color?
All Aa
In pea plants purple flower color is dominant over white flower color. A pea plant that is homozygous purple-flowered is crossed with another pea plant that is homozygous recessive. Which answer fits the predicted genotype(s) of their offspring with respect to flower color?
75% people: 25% white
In pea plants purple flower color is dominant over white flower color. A purple-flowered pea plant that grew from a seed produced by a white-flowered plant is allowed to self-fertilize. Which answer fits the predicted phenotype(s) of the offspring of that self-fertilization with respect to flower color?
9 tall, yellow: 3 tall, green: 3 short, yellow: 1 short, green
In peas, the allele for tall (T) is dominant over short (t), and the unlinked gene for seed color has the allele for yellow seeds (G) dominant over green seeds (g). What is the predicted phenotypic ratio for offspring from this cross: TtGg x TtGg
3 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green: 3 short, yellow: 1 short, green
In peas, the allele for tall (T) is dominant over short (t), and the unlinked gene for seed color has the allele for yellow seeds (G) dominant over green seeds (g). What is the predicted phenotypic ratio for offspring from this cross: TtGg x ttGg
3 tall, yellow: 1 tall, green: 3 short, yellow: 1 short, green
In peas, the allele for tall (T) is dominant over short (t), and the unlinked gene for seed color has the allele for yellow seeds (G) dominant over green seeds (g). What is the predicted phenotypic ratio for offspring from this cross: ttGg x TtGg
3 short, yellow: 1 short, green
In peas, the allele for tall (T) is dominant over short (t), and the unlinked gene for seed color has the allele for yellow seeds (G) dominant over green seeds (g). What is the predicted phenotypic ratio for offspring from this cross: ttGg x ttGg
1 tall, yellow: 1 tall,green: 1 short, yellow: 1 short, green
In peas, the allele for tall (T) is dominant over short (t), and the unlinked gene for seed color has the allele for yellow seeds (g) dominant over green seeds (g). WHat is the predicted phenotypic ratio for offspring from this cross: Ttgg x ttGg
Have their kinetochores on opposite sides
In prophase of mitosis you should find that sister chromatids:
phosphorus
In rocks enters water by runoff or leaching used by marine life becomes sediment back into rocks as a part of geological uplift
25%
In snapdragons, heterozygotes have pink flowers, whereas homozygotes have either red or white flowers. When a pink-flowered snapdragon is crossed with a pink-flowered snapdragon, what proportion of the offspring would be predicted to have white flowers?
50%
In snapdragons, heterozygotes have pink flowers, whereas homozygotes have either red or white flowers. When a pink-flowered snapdragon is crossed with a white-flowered snapdragon, what proportion of the offspring will have white flowers?
50%
In snapdragons, heterozygotes have pink flowers, whereas homozygotes have either red or white flowers. When a white-flowered snapdragon is crossed with a pink-flowered snapdragon, what proportion of the offspring would be predicted to have pink flowers?
I - deductive; II - inductive
In studies of species of mammals that live in colder climates (such as the Arctic), it has been consistently found that ancestors and the closest living relatives of those species that lived or live in warmer climates have a lower average adult body mass than that of the mammalian species that live in colder climates. Based on this, the following statements are made:I. If a mammalian species is limited to a region where the climate becomes colder, over time that species will wind up with a higher average adult weight than it started with.II. Adults of species of mammals that live in colder climates weigh more on average than their closest relative species in warmer climates. What type of reasoning was used for each of these statements?
Bacteria were centrifuged to form the pellet, and they had incorporated radioactive DNA
In the Hershey and Chase Experiment, the pellet was radioactive after the bacteria had been infected with ^32P-labeled viruses and centrifuged why?
bacteria was centrifuged to form the pellet, and they had incorporated radioactive DNA
In the Hershey and Chase experiment, the pellet was radioactive after bacteria had been infected with 32P-labeled viruses and centrifuged. Why?
12;12;12
In the carbon reduction phase of the C3 cycle, the production of 12 G3P molecules requires _ 3-PGA molecules and the use of _ ATPs and _ NADPHs
proteins have a greater variety of 3-d forms than does DNA AND proteins are made of 20 different amino acids, while DNA is made of only four different nucleotides.
In the early 1900s biologists knew the nucleus contained DNA and proteins. The previous opinion then was that the genetic material was proteins, and not DNA. The reason for belief was that proteins are more complex than DNA. This is because
Ester
In the formation of some lipids, condensation forms ___ linkages between glycerol and fatty acids.
The size and weight of the component.
In the fractionation of homogenized cells using centrifugation, the primary factor that determines whether a specific cellular component ends up in the supernatant of the pellet is:
the size and weight of the component.
In the fractionation of homogenized cells using centrifugation, the primary factor that determines whether a specific cellular component ends up in the supernatant or the pellet is
the various domains of the polypeptide product
In the structural organization of many eukaryotic genes, individual exons may be related to which of the following?
RNA polymerase can initiate RNA synthesis, but DNA polymerase requires a primer to initiate DNA synthesis.
In which of the following actions does RNA polymerase differ from DNA polymerase?
Malaria
Individuals who are genetic carries for sickle cell anemia do not actually have sickle cell anemia but do have heterozygote advantage in some parts of the world because they are more resistant to ____.
be inserted into the ER lumen as it is made, then pass through the Golgi apparatus before secretion
Insulin is secreted as a free protein (not membrane-bound) by certain cells of the mammalian pancreas. Insulin must:
The same number of electrons and the same atomic number but different atomic masses.
Isotopes of the same element have:
different atomic masses but the same number of protons and the same atomic number
Isotopes of the same element have:
Island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors.
It has been observed that organisms on islands are different forms, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that
island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors
It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that
What is keystone species and a pivotal niche?
Keystone Species: Not usually abundant, but have very important role in ecosystem, so they have a lot of control
the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another
Law of Independent Assortment:
during gamete formation, the two alleles at a gene locus segregate from each other
Law of Segregation:
(1) Lakes: Standing bodies of fresh water, contains photosynthetic organisms as well as varying heterotrophs (2) Streams and Rivers: Flowing bodies of water, often connected to others, salinity tends to increase as it approaches its mouth, contains varying autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. (3) Wetlands: Habitat covered in water at least sometimes and inhabited by plants adapted to water saturated soil (4) Estuaries: Transition between rivers and seas often with higher density sea water at the deeper portions Intertidal Zones: Areas of marine shores that are constantly being submerged and unsubmerged as tides go in and out (5) Oceanic Pelagic Zones: Vast open blue waters mixed by oceanic currents (6) Coral Reefs: Formed largely from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals, large underwater "structures" around islands or continents (7) Marine Benthic Zones: Seafloor below the surface of coastal waters, in almost all cases receives no light
List the major aquatic biomes and their defining physical features
1. Tropical Forest: Warm equatorial forests with large amounts of precipitation and often dominated by broadleaf evergreen trees 2. Deserts: Hot, low precipitation areas with low scattered vegetation, many of which use C4 or CAM photosynthesis 3. Temperate Broadleaf Forest: Midlatitude forests with warm summers and cold winters, often dominated by deciduous trees 4. Tundra: Artic areas that are cold and have small amounts of precipitation, most vegetation is herbaceous 5. Temperate Grassland: Areas with hot summers, cold winters, and varying precipitation, mostly dominated by grasses and forbs 6. Northern Coniferous Forest: Forests with cooler climates, moderate to heavy precipitation, and dominated by cone bearing trees such as pines 7. Savana: Hot, dry subequatorial regions with vegetation like grass and trees and shrubs with small thorny leaves 8. Chaparral: Coastal regions with cool fall-spring and warm summers, highly seasonal precipitation, and dominated by small tress and shrubs
List the major terrestrial biomes and their characteristic vegetation types and climate (there are 8).
As a consequence of growing, organisms create more disorder in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth.
Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?
Biomes
Major life zones characterized by vegetation
Describe what humans have done about the depletion of the ozone layer
Many countries have stopped using ozone depleting chemicals
Thinner; actin monomers
Microfilaments are ______ than microtubules and are made of _____?
thinner; actin monomers
Microfilaments are _______ than microtubules and are made of _______ .
Microtubules
Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures?
microtubules
Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures?
differences in gene expression
Muscle cells and nerve cells in one species of animal owe their difference in structure to
A change in an individuals DNA
Mutations are always __________.
nitrogen
N2 in atmosphere fixation (natural or industrial) decomposed or used as fertilizers (now in ground) denitrification (back to the atmosphere)
providing a net input of energy to the reactants
NOT considered one of the primary ways that enzymes reduce activation energy requirements?
Cell theory states that:
On Earth today, new cells are only made from existing cells.
1/16
One gene determines red vs. which flowers in pea plants, and another determines axial vs. terminal flowers. Two true-breeding stocks of pea plants are cross. One parent has red, axial flowers and the other has white terminal flowers; all F1 individuals have red, axial flowers. If you perform a cross between two of these F1 individuals, approximately what fraction of the offspring should have white, termilar flowers?
3/16
One gene determines red vs. white flowers in pea plants, and another determines axial vs. terminal flowers. Two true-breeding stocks of pea plants are crossed. One parent has red, axial flowers and the other has white, terminal flowers; all F1 individuals have red, axial flowers. If you perform a cross between two of these F1 individuals, approximately what fraction of the offspring should have red, terminal flowers? (Assume independent assortment).
Inhibited by high levels of ATP
One important regulation point in the aerobic respiration of mammals occurs in glycolysis at the site of the enzyme phosphofructokinase, which is:
what are introduced species and how are they affecting life on Earth today?
Organisms in ecosystems where they have no predators choke out other naturally occurring organisms (Lion fish suck)
What is habitat loss and how is it affecting life on Earth today?
Organisms need their habitat to survive. Less habitat means lower population
Autotrophs
Organisms that manufacture their own food from simple materials are:
2 acetyle CoA + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH
Oxidative decarboxylation of 2 pyruvate at the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex yields
2 acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH
Oxidative decarboxylation of 2 pyruvates at the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex yields
3/16
Pea flowers may be purple (P) or white (p). Pea seeds may be round (R) or wrinkled (r). What proportion of the offspring from the cross PpRr × PpRr will have purple flowers and wrinkled seeds?
Amino acids
Peptide bonds are typical bonds between?
Nucleotides
Phosphodiester bonds are the typical bonds between:
amphipathic nature
Phospholipids can spontaneously form bilayer structures in water because of their...
carbon
Photosynthesis O2 used by organisms for respiration CO2 in atmosphere used by plants again We're adding extra CO2 burning fossil fuels
classes
Phyla are divided into the next taxonomic order:
Gap junctions
Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following structures in animal cells?
photosystem I/P700
Plastocyanin passes electrons directly to:
cytoplasm, cytoplasm
Prokaryotes perform transcription in the ____, and translation in the ____.
ozone layer
Protects Earth from UV rays
Vesicles
Proteins leave the ER in small membrane-bound sacs called:
XRXr ; XRY
Recall that the gene for red or white eye color in fruit flies is X-linked, with the white color allele recessive. You examine a vial of 100 flies that are all offspring from a single genetic cross. In the vial you find that all females are red-eyed, while the males are about half red-eyed and half white-eyed. The genotypes of the parents were:
Phylum
Related classes are grouped into a/an ____ as the next taxonomic level.
Describe how human activities led to depletion of the ozone layer.
Release of Chlorofluorocarbons into the atmosphere turned a lot of Ozone (O3) into O2
Anaphase II
Sister chromatids separate in which stage of meiosis?
Describe ecological succession, primary succession, and secondary succession.
Species being replaced by new ones, primary are the first to live in a place, secondary are those being replaced
generation of a poly-A tail
Stopping transcription in eukaryotes requires:
copying a terminator sequence in mRNA.
Stopping transcription in prokaryotes requires:
By identifying the bones as being homologous AND by proposing that humans, bats, and dolphins share a common ancestor.
Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones. These bones have developed from very similar embryonic tissues. How do biologists interpret these similarities?
Silent doesn't change what amino acid is coded for
Substitution of one base pair for another in a coding region of a gene can result in a ________ mutation that doesn't change the codon that codes for an amino acid.
nonsense
Substitution of one base pair for another in a coding region of a gene can result in a ____________ mutation that changes a codon that once coded for an amino acid to code for a stop codon.
14
Suppose that a cell has 28 chromatids at the end of S phase. After mitosis and cytokinesis end, the two resulting daughter cells should have how many chromosomes each?
4
Suppose that a cell has 8 chromatids at prophase of mitosis. After mitosis and cytokinesis end, the two resulting daughter cells should have how many chromosomes each?
Law of Segregation
Suppose that the botanist carried out the test cross described in Parts A and B and determined that the original green-pod plant was heterozygous (Gg). Which of Mendel's findings does her test cross illustrate?
transcription factors to help it bind to a promoter
TO start transcription in eukaryotic cells, RNA polymerase needs
What is overexploitation and how is it affecting life on Earth today?
Taking more from an ecosystem than it can recover from, leading to destruction of resource production
20 ; 30
The DNA of an organism is studied and found to contain 20% adenine. This organism should have ____ % thymine a ____% cytosine in its DNA.
32;18
The DNA of an organism is studied and found to contain 32% adenine. This organism should have __% thymine and __% guanine in its DNA.
in pyruvate
The breakdown of one glucose molecule during glycolysis ends with energy in various molecules. Most of the energy at the end of glycolysis is found
required for binding to a ribosome in eukaryotes.
The cap on an mRNA is
DNA a RNA a protein
The central dogma describes the flow of information of gene expression as
Nonpolar covalent bond
The chemical linkages that occur when atoms share electrons equally are called:
nonpolar covalent bonds
The chemical linkages where atoms share electrons equally are called
a competitive inhibitor
The conversion of citrate to isocitrate is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. When oxaloacetate is introduced to a solution containing the enzyme and a saturating concentration of citrate the rate of the reaction decreases. Adding more citrate can mostly overcome the effect of oxaloacetate on the reaction rate. Further studies reveal that oxaloacetate binds to the enzyme reversibly, allowing the enzyme to be fully functional if oxaloacetate is removed from the solution. In this situation oxaloacetate is acting as
Ferredoxin
The electrons lost by the Photosystem I /P700 reactive center are sent to _____, where two are needed for generation of NADPH
the flow of H+ ions with their gradient through ATP synthase.
The energy source that most directly drives ATP synthesis during chemiosmosis is...
regenerate NAD+
The function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to
DNA → RNA → protein
The general flow of information in gene expression is
produce organic molecules using light energy and CO2
The main reason that a plant performs photosynthesis is to:
Produce organic molecules using light energy and CO2
The main reason that a plant preforms photosynthesis is to:
NADPH; NADP+
The molecule _ is reduced relative to _
H20 ; O2
The molecule ____ is reduced relative to ____
NADPH; NADP+
The molecule ____ is reduced relative to ____.
ribosome subunits are made
The nucleolus is the site in a cell where:
Ribosomes subunits are made
The nucleolus is the site where:
The Wallace Line
The physical division between the fauna of Asia and Australia is known as
the Wallace Line
The physical division between the fauna of Asia and Australia is known as
Promoter; upstream
The place where RNA polymerase first associates with DNA so that transcription can begin is called the _________ and is located ________ of the transcribed region.
act as a the final acceptor for electrons in the electron transport chain
The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to
an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.
The process of adding the correct amino acid onto a tRNA molecule is catalyzed by
DNA; an RNA strand
The process of transcription refers to the direct use of information encoded in _____ to make _____.
DNA; a RNA strand
The process of transcription refers to the use of information encoded in _______ to make __________.
fermentation; NAD+; NADH
The production of alcohol or lactate from pyruvate during _ occurs as a means of regenerating _ from _
rubisco
The reaction in the C3 cycle that adds CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate, known as carbon fixation or CO2 uptake, is catalyzed by the enzyme.
allosteric site
The site where a noncompetitive inhibitor binds to an enzyme is called a/an:
active site
The site where substrate(s) bind to an enzyme is called a/an:
Whale
The state fossil of Alabama is Basilosaurus cetoides, which was a/an _____ that lived about 45 million years ago.
CO2 is both a compound and a molecule.
The substance CO2 is held together by covalent bonds. Based on the definitions used in this course, which of the following is true?
It is a compound but not a molecule.
The substance KI is held together by ionic bonds. Based on the definitions used in this course, which of the following is true?
unique 3D shape of a fully folded peptide chain
The tertiary structure of a protein is the
water
The water cycle. Important because all organisms need water
flipper
The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____ of a whale.
36;14
TheDNA of an organism is studied and found to contain 36% cytosine. This organism should have ___% guanine and ___% adenine in its DNA
the rules for base pairing between the third base of a codon and tRNA are flexible.
There are 61 mRNA codons that specify an amino acid, but only 45 tRNAs. This is best explained by the fact that
mitochondria and plastids
These organelles have their own ribosomes and their own "cell" division, which is explained by the endosymbiont theory that holds that these organelles were once free-living bacterial cells that came to reside in ancient eukaryotic cells.
Integrins
These proteins are imbedded in the plasma membrane of animal cells and typically receive signals from the extracellular matrix.
Mitochondrion
This double-membraned organelle is the site of eukaryotic cells of most of their ATP production via aerobic respiration; its highly folded inner membrane forms a cristae.
Chloroplast
This is a double-membraned organelle with its own DNA, with membraned sacks called thylakoids, and with an interior lumen called the stroma.
Golgi Apparatus
This organelle has cis, medial, and trans regions and is a stack of flattened membrane-bound sacs called cisternae where proteins are processed, modified, and sorted.
Golgi apparatus
This organelle has cis, medial, and trans regions and is a stack of flattened membrane-bound sacs called cisternae where proteins are processed, modified, and sorted.
Ribosome
This organelle is a granular body that is the site of protein synthesis
Ribosome
This organelle is a granular body that is the site of protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
This organelle is a winding membrane network with both smooth and rough regions; in the rough regions proteins are inserted into the lumen of this organelle as the proteins are made.
Collagen
This protein is the main structural protein in the extracellular matrix of animals
rRNA
This type of RNA forms the main structural and catalytic elements of the ribosome...
tRNA
This type of RNA is about 70-80 bases long, basepairing with itself to form a folded 3-dimensional structure. It is often linked directly to a specific amino acid.
transcription factors to help it bind to a promoter
To start transcription in eukaryotic cells, RNA polymerase needs
A; terminal factor
Translation ends when a stop codon is at the ____ site, allowing a/an ____ to enter there and then cause the translation machinery to fall apart and release the new polypeptide
False
True or False? The outcome of natural selection is random
True
True or false? It would be difficult to assess whether the drug-susceptible or drug-resistant phenotype in a population of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was more fit in an environment without antibiotics.
A cell that is producing cytoplasmic enzymes
Under which of the following conditions would you expect to find a cell with a predominance of free ribosomes (free meaning not bound to the ER)?
Ecosystem:
Variety of different ecosystems across the world
Species
Variety of different species within ecosystems
Describe what effects global warming may have. What is the feed-forward effect of thawing tundra?
Warming causes damage to ecosystems, changes populations and behaviors of organisms
18 g of water and 180 g of glucose
Water has a molecular mass of 18 g per mole, and glucose has a molecular mass of 180 g per mole. Which of the following would have approximately one glucose molecule of every water molecule
18 g of water and 180 g of glucose
Water has a molecular mass of 18 g per mole, and glucose has a molecular mass of 180 g per mole. Which of the following would have approximately one water molecule for every one glucose molecule?
Relatively High specific heat
Water is a very effective temperature buffer because of its:
Polar
Water is an excellent solvent for other ____ substances
Compound and molecule
Water is which of the following?
absorption and release of heat when hydrogen bonds form and break.
Water's high specific heat is mainly a consequence of the
Solar energy input, Seasons caused by Earths axis, Bodies of water, and mountains
What abiotic factors are the major components of climate?
(1) Law of segregation (2) Law of independent assortment (3)Dominant traits prevail in phenotype (4) Each trait has two alleles
What are Mendel's four ideas of gene inheritance?
homologous chromosomes separating during meiosis I
What can we observe in order to visualize Mendel's Law of Segregation?
Selection of advantageous traits of individuals that change the genetic makeup of populations over successive generations
What does the term "natural selection" mean?
Ocean currents warm or cool air that passes over land and moves it. Coastal areas are also wetter. Water also has a high specific heat, causing coastal areas to have a more moderate climate.
What effects do bodies of water have on climate?
As air moves over mountains it is heated or cooled as the elevation/pressure changes. This also affects moisture in the air (causing rain shadows on descent) and can play a role in where deserts form.
What effects do mountains have on climate?
Due to Earth's tilted axis, the amount of solar radiation a given part of the earth gets changes based on the Earths location relative to the sun. This causes seasonal changes as well as changes in length of daylight (solstice= longest day shortest night or vise versa, equinox= day and night same length)
What effects do seasons have on climate?
Overproduction- each species produces more offspring than will survive to maturity Variation- individuals in a population vary, and some of the variation is heritable (this was expanded by others later, as genetics came to be understood) Competition- there is competition among the individuals of a population for limited resources (struggle for existence) Differential reproductive success- individuals that possess more favorable characteristics (in the pool of variation) are more likely to survive and reproduce; those with less favorable characteristics are less likely to survive and reproduce
What four general observations were the basis of Darwin's theory of evolution?
Na
What is being oxidized when NaCl is formed?
Macroevolution is the formation of species, while microevolution is the change of a population over time
What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?
it introduces a stop codon into the mRNA
What is the effect of a nonsense mutation in a gene?
1/2 A; 1/4 AB; 1/4 B
What is the predicted phenotype ration for human children if their mother's genotype is I^Ai^B for blood type and their father is I^Ai^o?
Polar Covalent Bonds
What kind of bondage results in partial charges occurring due to unequal sharing of electrons?
hydrogen
What type of bond is a result of the attraction between a region with a partial positive charge
Polar covalent
What type of bond produces a region with a partial positive charge (δ+) and a region with a partial negative charge (δ-)?
polar covalent
What type of bond results in a region with a partial positive charge (δ+) and a region with a partial negative charge (δ-)?
Weak bases and acids
What would act as a pH buffer?
a phosphorylated intermediate is often produced
When ATP hydrolysis is used in a coupled reaction to provide energy:
a cofactor
When Zn^+2 is introduced to a solution containing a specific enzyme that rate of the reaction catalyzed by that enzyme dramatically increases. Further studies reveal that the enzymes does not function as a catalyst at all if Zn^+2 is absent, and that Zn^+2 associates with the enzyme in the active site. In this situation Zn^+2 is acting as
A cofactor
When Zn^+2 is introduced to a solution containing a specific enzyme the rate of the reaction catalyzed by that enzyme dramatically increases. Further studies reveal that the enzyme does not function as a catalyst at all if Zn^+2 is absent, and that Zn^+2 associates with the enzyme in the active site. In this situation Zn^+2 is acting as.
Act as a proton acceptor, raising the pH of the aqueous solution
When added to an aqueous solution at pH (7.0), a base such as NaOH will
act as a proton acceptor, lowering the pH of the aqueous solution.
When added to an aqueous solution at pH (7.0), an acid such as HCl will
no every conversion is 100% efficient.
When living systems couple exergonic with endergonic reactions, the overall reaction has a net exergonic nature because
incomplete dominance
When rabbits with brown fur color are mated they produce offspring that have either red, brown, or white fur. The ratio is 1 red: 2 brown: 1 white. Based on this, inheritance of this color gene is apparently an example of:
The amount of [H+] is 100x less than before AND the amount of [OH-} is 100x more than before
When there is a pH change from pH2 to pH4 this means that:
more than twice as much energy per unit weight than glucose provides
When used as an energy source triacylglycerol fats will typically provide a cell with
on bright, dry days when stomata are closed
When would use of the C4 pathway be most beneficial for a plant?
Methyl
Which functional groups is hydrophobic?
Fungi
Which kingdom is characterized by its members being eukaryotes with chitin as the main structural component of their cell walls?
Animalia
Which kingdom is characterized by its members being multicellular eukaryotes with no cell walls?
Proteins
Which major class are enzymes found in?
10.0 map units
Which of the choices below best represents the map distance between the genes for these two traits? 1
Primase
Which of the following acts in DNA replication to begin new strands?
primase
Which of the following acts in DNA replication to begin new strands?
zygote > mitosis > meiosis > production of gametes > fertilization
Which of the following best fit the life cycle of most animals, know as gametic meiosis?
zygote → meiosis → mitosis → production of gametes → fertilization
Which of the following best fits the life cycle of most fungi, known as zygotic meiosis?
Has the sugar deoxyribose
Which of the following does NOT describe RNA?
Water has a chemical formula of H2O
Which of the following is NOT a property of water due to hydrogen bonding?
providing a net input of energy to the reactants.
Which of the following is NOT considered one of the primary ways that enzymes reduce activation energy requirements?
providing a microenvironment that is more chemically suited to the reaction
Which of the following is considered one of the primary ways that enzymes reduce activation energy requirements?
O2
Which of the following is most likely to cross a cellular membrane by simple diffusion?
Fluorine
Which of the following is most likely to gain an election and become an anion?
sodium (1 valence electron)
Which of the following is most likely to lose an electron and become a cation?
ATP synthase
Which of the following is not a component of the electron transport chain used in oxidative phosphorylation?
Hydrogen bonds involving atoms of the polypeptide backbone
Which of the following is responsible for b-pleated sheet structures in proteins?
hydrogen bonds involving atoms of the polypeptide backbone
Which of the following is responsible for α-helix structures in proteins?
Covalent
Which of the following is the strongest type of bond?
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.
Which of the following lists eukaryotic cell phases in a correct chronological order?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Which of the following most accurately represents the sequence of events during mitosis?
Genetic variation among individuals
Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population?
genetic variation among individuals
Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population?
3' - CCATGA - 5'
Which of the following nucleotide sequences represent the complementary sequence that would bind to the DNA strand 3' - TCATGG - 5'?
3' - GACTGC - 5'
Which of the following nucleotide sequences represents the complementary sequence that would bind to the DNA strand 5' - CTGACG - 3'?
3' - AGTACC - 5'
Which of the following nucleotide sequences represents the complementary sequence that would bind to the DNA strand 5' - TCATGG - 3'?
All of these: a system of microtubules organizes between the two poles of the cell. The nuclear membrane divides into many small vesicles. The nucleolus disintegrates. The chromatin of the chromosomes condenses.
Which of the following occurs during prophase of mitosis in animal cells?
Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows.
Which of the following represents an idea that Darmin learned from the writings of Thomas Malthus?
Populations tend to increase at a faster rate than their food supply normally allows.
Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writings of Thomas Malthus?
nucleosome, 30-nm chromatin fiber, looped domain
Which of the following represents the order of increasingly high levels of organization of chromatids?
nucleosome, 30-nm chromatin fiber, looped domain
Which of the following represents the order of increasingly higher levels of organization of chromatin?
O2 gets reduced and C6H12O6 gets oxidized
Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction? C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
integral protein
Which of the following terms applies to any protein that is imbedded in the lipid bilayer of a cellular membrane?
plasmodesmata
Which of the following types of cell-cell contacts act as selective pores for exchange of materials between adjacent plant cells?
Infrared light has
Which of the following types of electromagnetic radiation has the least energy per photon?
Peripheral Proteins
Which of these are associated with membranes but are not embedded in the lipid bilayer at all?
Glycosidic linkage
Which of these is not a component of amino acid?
rough ER
Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?
Catabolism
Which term most precisely describes the cellular processes that break down larger molecules into smaller molecules?
nonsense
Which type of mutation results in the premature termination of the protein sequence?
Hydrogen bonds stabilize and keep the molecules of ice farther apart than the water molecules of liquid water.
Why does ice float in liquid water?
All of their male offspring will have hemophilia, and while their female offspring should not have hemophilia they will all be carriers.
You are a genetic counselor, and a couple comes to you with concerns that if they have a child together it could have hemophilia. The man does not have X-linked hemophilia, but the woman does. Which of the following would be the most correct thing to tell them?
all of their male offspring will have hemophilia, and while their female offspring should not have hemophilia they will all be carriers.
You are genetic counselor, and a couple comes to you with concerns that if they have a child together it could have hemophilia. The man has X-linked hemophilia; the woman does not have it, but her father did. Which of the following would be the most correct thing to tell them?
No child that they produce should wind up with cystic fibrosis, but each of their offspring will have a 50% chance of being a carrier.
You are genetic counselor, and a couple comes to you with concerns that if they have another child together it could have cystic fibrosis. The man does not have cystic fibrosis, but his brother did. Genetic tests reveal that the man is homozygous for the gene involved in cystic fibrosis, while the woman is heterozygous for the same gene. They have three children already, and none of their children has cystic fibrosis. Which of the following would be the most correct thing to tell them?
a population is
a group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area
biological community
a group of population in close proximity
signal transduction
a membrane-bound protein changes its shape when it binds to hormone molecule on the outer surface of the cell. after the shape change, the protein is able to bind with a second protein and change the shape of the second protein, which causes the second protein to release Ca++ ions that were bound to it into the cell's cytosol. This is an example of
climograph
a plot of the mea temp and precipitation in a given region
active transport
a process that moves proton ions (H+) through plasma membrane channel against their concentration gradient would be best termed as
ecotone
a region where one biome grades into another
2 pyruvates, 2 NADH produced, 2 ATP
after glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose catabolized there are a net
not having a true nucleus
among other things, prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes by
noncompetitive inhibitor
an enzyme inhibitor that binds reversibly to an allosteric site on the enzyme will act as a
prezygotic barriers
behavioral isolation and mechanical isolation are reproductive isolating mechanisms that are
benthic zone
bottom of all aquatic zones "the floor"
36-38
by the end of the aerobic respiration, how many ATP have been produced for each molecule of glucose that entered glycolysis?
density-dependent factors
competition for resources, disease, predation, territoriality, toxic waste, intrinsic factors
an autosomal recessive
cystic fibrosis in humans is a genetic disease that is inherited as
has the base Uracil in place of Thymine has the sugar ribose is single stranded has 3 main forms
describe RNA?
Chromatin
during most of the life cycle of eukaryotic cells, DNA is associated with proteins in a diffuse "unpacked" complex known as
prophase I
during which phase does the synaptomemal complex form?
ATP and NADPH
energy captured from light for photosynthesis is brought into the C3 cycle via
spontaneous and release energy
exergonic reactions are
noncompetitive ; an allosteric site
feedback inhibition is typically ___, with the inhibitor binding to ____ on the enzyme
reproductive tables
following how many females in a population are reproducing
r-section
for traits helpful at lower populations
2
glycolysis yields a net energy profit of ___ ATP molecules per molecule of glucose
Batesian mimicry
harmless species looks like a harmful one
produce little change in the reaction rate
if the concentration of an enzyme is much less than the concentration of its substrate(s), then by adding more substrate(s) you would
Mitochondria
in eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle takes place in the
have their kinetochores on opposite sides
in metaphase of mitosis you should find that sister chromatids
carbon reduction
in which phase of the C3 cycle is NADPH used?
Phagocytosis:
is engulfment of large solid particles by the cell
Pinocytosis
is ingestion of small regions of dissolved materials by the cell
biotic factors
living components of an ecosystem such as plants or animals
Industrial Revolution
made life easier for most people and increased the worlds carrying capacity
Camouflage
makes it harder to be seen by predators
population cycles
more predators need more food, prey population falls, less food for predators, predator population falls
Exocytosis
movement of substances out of a cell via a vesicle fusing with the plasma membrane is
abiotic factors
nonliving parts of an ecosystem such as geography or weather
density
number of individuals per unit area
C6H1206 + 6O2 + 6H20 -> 6CO2 +12 H20 + Energy
overall reaction for the aerobic respiration of glucose
logistic population growth
per capita population growth approaches 0 as a population nears carrying capacity K
gap junctions
plasmodesmata of plant cells are functionally equivalent to ____ of animal cells
survivorship curves
plot of proportions of a cohort still alive at age ranges
exponential population growth
population grows by a constantly increase rate (not sustainable)
In the "fluid mosaic model"
proteins associated with a membrane move around on the same side of a lipid bilayer that acts as a two-dimensional fluid
vesicles
proteins may be transferred from the ER to the Golgi complex via
K-section
selects for helpful traits close to carrying capacity,
demographic transition
shift from high birth and death rates to low
demography
study of vital population and change over time
life tables
survival and reproductive rates
home
term ecology comes from the Greek oikos ____, and logos, to study
a competitive inhibitor
the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to chorismate is catazlyed by a specific enzyme. When tyrosine is introduced to a solution containing the enzyme and a saturating concentration of PEP that rate of the reaction decreases. Adding more PEP partially overcomes the effect of tyrosine on the reaction rate. Further studies reveal that tyrosine binds to the enzyme at the same location where PEP binds. Also, it binds reversibly, allowing the enzyme to be fully functional if tyrosine is removed from the solution. In this situation tyrosine is acting as
the thylakoid membrane
the electron transport chain of photosynthesis are located in
climate
the long-term prevailing weather conditions for an area
produce ATP
the main reason that a cell preforms cellular (aerobic) respiration is to
6CO2 + 12H20 -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 +6 H20
the overall reactions of photosynthesis are best summarized as:
photosynthesis by cyanbacteria death of many organisms as O2 levels built up banded iron formations dating to about 2.5 billion years ago formation of the ozone layer
the oxygenation of the Earth's ocean and atmosphere is associated with:
dispersion
the patterns of spacing among individuals in a population
population ecology
the study of populations in relation to their environment
O2
the ultimate electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation is
what is the global carrying capacity for humans?
there isnt really one. we dont know at what point our population will become limited
nucleic acids
these organic molecules have monomers that each consist of a 5-carbon sugar, one or more phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
this organelle is a winding membrane network with some regions where proteins are inserted into its lumen as the proteins are made
Müllerian mimicry
two unpalatable species look the same, making predators learn to avoid them faster
bonding to integral proteins ionically or by hydrogen bonds
typically, peripheral proteins are linked to either surface of the plasma membrane by
warning coloration
wards off predators (like brightly colored poisonous frogs)
DNA melting (hottest) -> DNA annealing (coolest) -> DNA synthesis
what is the correct sequence and relative temperatures of steps in a PCR cycle?
the forward and reverse reactions are proceeding at equal rates
when a chemical reaction is at equilibrium....
a termination factor can enter the A site
when a stop codon of the mRNA is aligned with the A site
no energy conversion is 100% efficient
when living systems couple exergonic with endergonic reactions, the overall reaction has a net exergonic nature because
stroma of the chloroplast
where do the enzymatic reactions of the C3 cycle (Calvin cycle) take place?
fungi
which kingdom is characterized by its members having cell walls containing chitin
X-rays
which of the following types of electromagnetic radiation has the most energy per photon?
photic zone
zone in which light can penetrate the water enough for photosynthesis
aphotic zone
zone where light cannot penetrate the water enough for photosynthesis
