Psychology Exam 3

factors that contribute to eyewitness identification errors

1. poor vision 2. stressful experience 3. short viewing time 4. delay 5. different race/ethnicity

Which of the following is the best definition for hypnosis?

A form of relaxation in which focus is diminished and suggestibility is increased.

Which of the following is the best definition of hypnosis?

A form of relaxation in which focus is diminished and suggestibility is increased.

Stage 2 of Sleep

A sleep deeper than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles."

Which of the following best explains the concept of "levels of awareness" in respect to consciousness?

Awareness in a continuum that includes both high and low awareness

stimulants

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

Hallucinogens

Drugs that alter moods, thoughts, and sense perceptions including vision, hearing, smell, and touch ex. weed, LSD

Functions of Sleep

Improves performance, and contributes to physical and brain development

Which of the following students should retrieve information more successfully on classroom tests based on studies of recoding strategies?

Irene, who attempts to relate her notes to information she already knows

__________ refers to the category of learning in which voluntary behavior is affected by its consequences.

Operant conditioning

When trying to remember a list of words, a person may choose a word to which they "hang" their memories on. This type of mnemonic device is called the _____ technique.

PEG word

highly-controlled experiment where they trained a rat to press a lever to dispense food

Skinner Box

Stage 1 of Sleep

The state of transition between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by relatively rapid, low-amplitude brain waves.

responses that lead to satisfying outcomes are likely to be repeated

Thorndike's Law of Effect

conditioned compensatory response

a conditioned response that opposes the unconditioned response, reduces the strength of unconditioned response. ex. drugs

The encoding specificity principle is a hypothesis that states:

a retrieval cue will be effective to the extent that information encoded from the cue overlaps or matches information in the memory trace

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

positive punishment

addition of a stimulus causes behavior to decrease

Which of the following has a significant effect on the accuracy of eyewitness memory?

age of the eyewitness, the presence of weapons , and the wording of questions that were asked about the crime

In a follow-up study to the original Bobo Doll experiment, Badura observed the process of vicarious reinforcement, where children behaved less aggressively

aggressive models were punished

how alcohol and caffeine affect sleep

alcohol: fall asleep quicker and reach REM slower caffeine: took longer to fall asleep and more time in light sleep

Estelle has fond memories for the night her husband proposed to her. This memory probably involves not only her hippocampus but also her:

amygadala

Four parts of observational learning

attention, retention, initiation, motivation

Your _______ memory helps you recall what happened to you during your first day of college.

autobiographical

Kim enjoys skiing and finds that she goes on the slopes as often as she can. Kim's behavior may be explained by Thorndike's Law of Effect, which states that

behavior that is rewarding or satisfying is likely to be repeated

If a person was in an accident in which she suffered mild brain damage to her visual cortex, but still received visual signals through VS activation, she might suffer from "cortical blindness". Her symptoms could include:

being able to see but not having any conscious awareness of sight

consolidation

changes that occur over time to create the memory trace of an experience

negative punishment example

child throws tantrum- gets toys taken away

kind of memory that people in a group share; personal events

collective memory

When Nora goes into a cupcake bakery, she is surrounded by cues associated with cupcakes. Her response elicited by these cues is to expect a very delicious dessert. When she waits until she gets home to eat the cupcake, that's exactly what she experiences. However, when she eats the cupcake at the bakery it is not as delicious as she predicted. Which concept can explain this phenomenon of cues reducing the strength of the unconditioned response (i.e. enjoyment of the cupcake)?

conditioned compensatory responses

Caitlin loves to get email from her friends back home. Her computer makes a "boing" noise every time an email arrives. Before she got this computer, the "boing" noise meant nothing to her, but now she really loves that noise. The "boing" on her computer has become, for Caitlin, a(n)

conditioned response

response to the CS that follows a previously neutral stimulus

conditioned response

Dr. Robins is a psychologist with an interest in photography. She wants to see if she can train people to salivate when they look at photographs. In her research, participants look at photographs of trees while lemonade crystals are placed on their tongues. The lemonade causes them to salivate. Over the course of many trials, people start to salivate to the photographs alone. In this situation, the photographs serve as the

conditioned stimulus

neutral stimulus that has been paired with an UCS to bring about a response. ex. blinking before seeing flash

conditioned stimulus

Robert is in an argument with his friend. He is about to say something mean but realizes that this will hurt his friend's feelings. Robert decides not to say anything nasty. This moment of insight could be

conscious awareness

Your psychology professor calls on you during class. The first thought that goes through your mins is, "Why me?" This thought could be characterized as

consciousness

awareness of internal and external stimuli

consciousness

A researcher reads the following list of words to a group of participants: night, dream, bed, quiet, pillow, snore, nightmare, blanket, alarm. The researcher then asks the participants to write down as many words as they can recall from the list. Several write down the word "sleep," which was not on the list. This example BEST illustrates:

constructive memory

When asked to describe an examination room at his doctor's office, John seemed to do an accurate job. However, he included a framed medical degree on the wall that was not there. This is an example of:

constructive memory

Research into the debate of media violence suggest that media violence

contributes to increased aggression in children and adults.

damage to the V1 area; light waves are still being sent but the person cannot see. ex. man walking down hallway avoiding obstacles

cortical blindness (blindsight)

Drugs such as alcohol and barbiturates belong to the class

depressants

hypnosis relies on what 2 mental processes?

dissociation and reduction in critical thinking

Which principle describes when an unusual event, typically in the context of similar events, will be recalled and recognized better than uniform events?

distinctiveness

Your drive to class each day is fairly standard - you start your car, take the same route, and park in the same spot (or close to the same spot). One day, while sitting at a red light, you witness a car chase - cops and even a helicopter. Years later, you can recall details from that drive. Which memory concept is associated with why you will remember that particular drive to class?

distinctiveness

unusual events will be recalled and recognized better than uniform events

distinctiveness

Cocaine appears to produce its pleasurable effects by acting on the brain's level of:

dopamine

REM Periods

dream sleep

depressants

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

Ilana is trying to remember a set of dates for her history class. While she practices the dates, she makes up rhymes and stories to go with them. This method of improving her memory by adding to the information she is trying to remember while practicing it is called

elaborative rehearsal

Thinking about the meaning of the information to be reviewed and trying to form associations with information already in memory is called _____.

elaborative rehearsal

In classical condition, the response is ________ by a stimulus that comes ______ it.

elicited; before

conditioned emotional response

emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli ex. fear when teacher says put away stuff

initial recording of information

encoding

hearing a song at a party 4 years ago, listening to it again and memories rush back

encoding specificity principle

It is critical to use good interviewing techniques with eyewitnesses after an event because good interviewing techniques can:

enhance the quality and quantity of information obtained from an eyewitness

When you tell your roommate about what happened on the way to class, that information is retrieved from _____ memory.

episodic

memory from events in a particular time and place; autobiographical

episodic memory

Which of these statements is correct about eyewitness identification of criminal suspects?

eye witnesses are prone to memory errors concerning the accident or crime they witnessed

when a person witnesses a crime and recalls the details for the court; persuasive form of evidence

eyewitness testimony

Memories that we believe to be real, but never actually occurred are called _____.

false memories

Imagine that you are a memory researcher and want to learn about memory errors. You decide to meet with participants and ask them about the time they went camping with their family (even though they have never camped in their lives). At first, the participants are hesitant, not really remembering the camping trip (because it never happened!). However, after you show them a few Photoshopped images of them in a sleeping bag and in the forest, they begin to remember details about the trip - how the family went berry picking or that an animal tried to get into the food supply. This phenomenon is referred to as

false memory

memory error in which events are recalled that never took place

false memory

Participants are given a word list with the following words: table, restaurant, food, silverware, plate, service and waiter. Later when asked to recall the words, many participants accidentally included the word "dinner", even though it was not on the list. This phenomena is referred to as:

false memory or the DRM effect

cues associated with emotional trauma. ex. scared of cats bc you got bit by one at age 5

fear conditioning and phobias

vivid personal memories; not accurate

flashbulb memories

sometimes is easy to disregard information. ex. court scenario with lady being dishonest then jk

flexible correction model

any member of the lineup other than the suspect

foils

LSD, PCP, and marijuana are considered to be what form of psychoactive substance?

hallucinogen

Stimulants are drugs that

have an arousal effect on the central nervous system, causing a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle tension

relaxes a person but does not retrieve or improve memory

hyponotherapy

shows biases that you may not have been aware of

implicit association test

Jules was recently in a motorcycle accident that damaged portions of her limbic system, particularly the hippocampus. You would not be surprised if Jules experienced a(n)

inability to consolidate new memories

REM Rebound

lack of sleep causes rebound at next sleep episode- go straight into dreaming

Some people have amazing and elaborate memory processes that allow them to remember a large amount of information in a short amount of time. Often, these individuals are said to use ______, or elaborate scenes with discrete places, to help them encode and recall information at a rapid rate.

memory palaces

focusing on a particular thing, not what is around it

mindfulness

A memory error caused by exposure to incorrect data between the original event and a subsequent memory test of that event is called the __________ effect.

misinformation

In a study, researchers asked one group of participants to watch a video about two friends in an unpleasant argument. They asked another group of participants to watch the same video, but told them that it was a video of two friends enjoying a lively discussion. Afterwards, the researchers notice that participants who were told the discussion was an argument were more likely to falsely report that the people in the video were yelling, frowning, and angry. This is an example of

misinformation effect

When we learn the rhyme "Thirty days hath September, April, June, and November...," we are using _____ to memorize the number of days in each month.

mnemonics

When people are deprived of REM sleep, they show which of the following behaviors when they can rest without disturbance?

more REM sleep than normal

things we do not have time to process adequately

motion induced blindness

Although, you may think that if you pay close attention to a bright spot, you must be aware of it. But that is not always correct. In the phenomenon _________ bright discs completely vanish from your awareness in full attention.

motion-induced blindness

Sarah wants to go to the movies, but she forgot to wash the dishes as her mother asked. She is not allowed to go to the movies. If Sarah is less likely to forget to wash the dishes in the future, she has experienced

negative punishment

removal of a stimulus causes the behavior to increase

negative reinforcement

A child who learns kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in

observational learning

Soon after the popular people in her group started to smoke cigarettes, Barb started smoking, too. Barb's behavior is an example of what kind of learning process?

observational learning

learning by watching the behavior of another person (Bandura)

observational learning

Patients who have experienced damage to the striate cortex sometimes show a phenomenon known as blind sight. In this case, MOST patients:

often guess correctly in response to where an object is located even though they report they cannot see it

association between behavior and resulting events

operant (instrumental) conditioning

Whenever a student answers a question in class, Professor Goldsmith responds, "That's a great question; thank you for asking it." Students are subsequently more likely to ask questions in Goldsmith's class. This example most clearly illustrates

operant conditioning

In Loftus and Palmer's classic 1974 experiment, participants answered questions about a motor vehicle accident. The central findings of the experiment revealed that

people who answered questions that implied that the vehicles were traveling at a faster rate (how fast were cars going when they smashed into each other?) gave high speed estimates.

If your friend used the phrase "red hat" in a sentence and then, several minutes later, you noticed someone wearing a red hat you might reasonably conclude that this is an example of

perpetual priming

photographs given to witnesses to identify the criminal

photo spread

Research suggests that sleep functions include:

physical and brain development; improved performance on tasks; strengthening memories

Lisa was very shy and would not play with her fellow first-graders. If the teacher praised her only when Lisa was interacting with her classmates, the teacher would be attempting to use

positive reinforcement

addition of a stimulus causes behavior to increase

positive reinforcement

set up to feel a certain way ex. crossword with anger word makes you feel angry

priming

past memories interfere with the encoding of new ones

proactive interference

modify mental, emotional, and behavioral functioning

psychoactive drugs

decreases behavior that it follows

punisher

The process by which a consequence decreases the probability of a response that precedes it is known as:

punishment

Which of the following is the best definition of priming?

recent exposure to a stimuli increases accessibility to the traits associated with that stimuli.

converting information so that it makes sense to us

recoding

increases behavior that it follows

reinforcer

elaboritive rehearsal

relating the information to you

If your episodic long-term memory were disabled, you would be unable to

remember details of your own personal life

negative punishment

removal of a stimulus causes behavior to decrease

The testing effect refers to:

repeated self-testing as a way to enhance retention of information

maintenance rehearsal

repeating information (highlighting)

time between learning and testing

retention interval

When we use the term "remembering" in day-to-day life, we are making reference to the memory process of:

retrieval

cues from the environment of an episode (smells, sounds, etc)

retrieval cues

retrieval of some information that can cause forgetting of other materials

retrieval-induced forgetting

events that occur after a particular event of interest that causes forgetting of the original event

retroactive interference

Edward Thorndike's experiments with caged cats showed that

satisfying responses are more likely to be repeated in subsequent situations

When exposed to adults who say one thing and do another, children will tend to:

say the same things and do what they observed the adults did

Charlene flew to see her grandparents on a plane that was piloted by Janet Harris. When Charlene arrived they asked her how she enjoyed the flight. "It was a wonderful flight, and the pilot was very good. He was able to avoid turbulence." Charlene's inability to remember the pilot's gender may have been influenced by

schemas

_________ are organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored and recalled

schemas

permanent store of knowledge that people have

semantic memory

Loftus and associates

showed film of car accident; asked how fast cars were going when they ______; speed varied by the verb they were given

altered state of consciousness, characterized by periods of activity and inactivity

sleep

people can learn new responses/ behaviors by observing others behaviors ex. video game violence increases aggression

social learning theory

positive punishment example

spanking a kid for doing something wrong (adding the spanking)

In this stage of sleep, the individual is just entering sleep and the EEG closely resembles that of a person who is awake.

stage 1

Brain waves become slower and develop into delta waves during

stage 3 sleep

What is the best definition of mindfulness?

state heightened conscious awareness

In classical conditioning, the animal behaves as if it has learned to associate a ________ with a significant event. In operant conditioning, the animal behaves as if it has learned to associate a ________ with a significant event

stimulus; behavior

Which of the following is NOT an example of low awareness?

studying

When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and became very ill. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her sick. This example demonstrates:

taste aversion conditioning

certain foods/drinks that are associated with unpleasant symptoms

taste aversion conditioning

negative reinforcement example

tell neighbor to turn down music-annoying music stops

act of retrieval makes the memory more likely to be retrieved again

testing effect (practice retrieval)

In classical conditioning the unconditioned response

the biological response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus

memory trace (engram)

the change in the nervous system that represents our experience

Research on flashbulb memories indicate that

the details of these memories are not very accurate

Research on flashbulb memories indicates that

the details of these memories are not very accurate

Every time you eat cotton candy, you are reminded of the time you went to a carnival with your best friend and ate cotton candy until you were sick. In this example, the cotton candy represents:

the retrieval cue

Stage 3 of Sleep

transitional/deep sleep; slower and least responsive stage

positive reinforcement example

turn in homework-teacher praises you

a response to the UCS that is natural and needs no training ex. blinking after puff of air at the eye doctor

unconditioned response

a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned

unconditioned stimulus

According to eyewitness testimony research, which of the following increases the likelihood of identification errors?

when eye witnesses are asked to identify a perpetrator from a race other than their own

ability to hold information in our minds for a brief time. ex. memorizing phone number

working (short-term) memory