Psychology Exam 3
factors that contribute to eyewitness identification errors
1. poor vision 2. stressful experience 3. short viewing time 4. delay 5. different race/ethnicity
Which of the following is the best definition for hypnosis?
A form of relaxation in which focus is diminished and suggestibility is increased.
Which of the following is the best definition of hypnosis?
A form of relaxation in which focus is diminished and suggestibility is increased.
Stage 2 of Sleep
A sleep deeper than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles."
Which of the following best explains the concept of "levels of awareness" in respect to consciousness?
Awareness in a continuum that includes both high and low awareness
stimulants
Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.
Hallucinogens
Drugs that alter moods, thoughts, and sense perceptions including vision, hearing, smell, and touch ex. weed, LSD
Functions of Sleep
Improves performance, and contributes to physical and brain development
Which of the following students should retrieve information more successfully on classroom tests based on studies of recoding strategies?
Irene, who attempts to relate her notes to information she already knows
__________ refers to the category of learning in which voluntary behavior is affected by its consequences.
Operant conditioning
When trying to remember a list of words, a person may choose a word to which they "hang" their memories on. This type of mnemonic device is called the _____ technique.
PEG word
highly-controlled experiment where they trained a rat to press a lever to dispense food
Skinner Box
Stage 1 of Sleep
The state of transition between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by relatively rapid, low-amplitude brain waves.
responses that lead to satisfying outcomes are likely to be repeated
Thorndike's Law of Effect
conditioned compensatory response
a conditioned response that opposes the unconditioned response, reduces the strength of unconditioned response. ex. drugs
The encoding specificity principle is a hypothesis that states:
a retrieval cue will be effective to the extent that information encoded from the cue overlaps or matches information in the memory trace
classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
positive punishment
addition of a stimulus causes behavior to decrease
Which of the following has a significant effect on the accuracy of eyewitness memory?
age of the eyewitness, the presence of weapons , and the wording of questions that were asked about the crime
In a follow-up study to the original Bobo Doll experiment, Badura observed the process of vicarious reinforcement, where children behaved less aggressively
aggressive models were punished
how alcohol and caffeine affect sleep
alcohol: fall asleep quicker and reach REM slower caffeine: took longer to fall asleep and more time in light sleep
Estelle has fond memories for the night her husband proposed to her. This memory probably involves not only her hippocampus but also her:
amygadala
Four parts of observational learning
attention, retention, initiation, motivation
Your _______ memory helps you recall what happened to you during your first day of college.
autobiographical
Kim enjoys skiing and finds that she goes on the slopes as often as she can. Kim's behavior may be explained by Thorndike's Law of Effect, which states that
behavior that is rewarding or satisfying is likely to be repeated
If a person was in an accident in which she suffered mild brain damage to her visual cortex, but still received visual signals through VS activation, she might suffer from "cortical blindness". Her symptoms could include:
being able to see but not having any conscious awareness of sight
consolidation
changes that occur over time to create the memory trace of an experience
negative punishment example
child throws tantrum- gets toys taken away
kind of memory that people in a group share; personal events
collective memory
When Nora goes into a cupcake bakery, she is surrounded by cues associated with cupcakes. Her response elicited by these cues is to expect a very delicious dessert. When she waits until she gets home to eat the cupcake, that's exactly what she experiences. However, when she eats the cupcake at the bakery it is not as delicious as she predicted. Which concept can explain this phenomenon of cues reducing the strength of the unconditioned response (i.e. enjoyment of the cupcake)?
conditioned compensatory responses
Caitlin loves to get email from her friends back home. Her computer makes a "boing" noise every time an email arrives. Before she got this computer, the "boing" noise meant nothing to her, but now she really loves that noise. The "boing" on her computer has become, for Caitlin, a(n)
conditioned response
response to the CS that follows a previously neutral stimulus
conditioned response
Dr. Robins is a psychologist with an interest in photography. She wants to see if she can train people to salivate when they look at photographs. In her research, participants look at photographs of trees while lemonade crystals are placed on their tongues. The lemonade causes them to salivate. Over the course of many trials, people start to salivate to the photographs alone. In this situation, the photographs serve as the
conditioned stimulus
neutral stimulus that has been paired with an UCS to bring about a response. ex. blinking before seeing flash
conditioned stimulus
Robert is in an argument with his friend. He is about to say something mean but realizes that this will hurt his friend's feelings. Robert decides not to say anything nasty. This moment of insight could be
conscious awareness
Your psychology professor calls on you during class. The first thought that goes through your mins is, "Why me?" This thought could be characterized as
consciousness
awareness of internal and external stimuli
consciousness
A researcher reads the following list of words to a group of participants: night, dream, bed, quiet, pillow, snore, nightmare, blanket, alarm. The researcher then asks the participants to write down as many words as they can recall from the list. Several write down the word "sleep," which was not on the list. This example BEST illustrates:
constructive memory
When asked to describe an examination room at his doctor's office, John seemed to do an accurate job. However, he included a framed medical degree on the wall that was not there. This is an example of:
constructive memory
Research into the debate of media violence suggest that media violence
contributes to increased aggression in children and adults.
damage to the V1 area; light waves are still being sent but the person cannot see. ex. man walking down hallway avoiding obstacles
cortical blindness (blindsight)
Drugs such as alcohol and barbiturates belong to the class
depressants
hypnosis relies on what 2 mental processes?
dissociation and reduction in critical thinking
Which principle describes when an unusual event, typically in the context of similar events, will be recalled and recognized better than uniform events?
distinctiveness
Your drive to class each day is fairly standard - you start your car, take the same route, and park in the same spot (or close to the same spot). One day, while sitting at a red light, you witness a car chase - cops and even a helicopter. Years later, you can recall details from that drive. Which memory concept is associated with why you will remember that particular drive to class?
distinctiveness
unusual events will be recalled and recognized better than uniform events
distinctiveness
Cocaine appears to produce its pleasurable effects by acting on the brain's level of:
dopamine
REM Periods
dream sleep
depressants
drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
Ilana is trying to remember a set of dates for her history class. While she practices the dates, she makes up rhymes and stories to go with them. This method of improving her memory by adding to the information she is trying to remember while practicing it is called
elaborative rehearsal
Thinking about the meaning of the information to be reviewed and trying to form associations with information already in memory is called _____.
elaborative rehearsal
In classical condition, the response is ________ by a stimulus that comes ______ it.
elicited; before
conditioned emotional response
emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli ex. fear when teacher says put away stuff
initial recording of information
encoding
hearing a song at a party 4 years ago, listening to it again and memories rush back
encoding specificity principle
It is critical to use good interviewing techniques with eyewitnesses after an event because good interviewing techniques can:
enhance the quality and quantity of information obtained from an eyewitness
When you tell your roommate about what happened on the way to class, that information is retrieved from _____ memory.
episodic
memory from events in a particular time and place; autobiographical
episodic memory
Which of these statements is correct about eyewitness identification of criminal suspects?
eye witnesses are prone to memory errors concerning the accident or crime they witnessed
when a person witnesses a crime and recalls the details for the court; persuasive form of evidence
eyewitness testimony
Memories that we believe to be real, but never actually occurred are called _____.
false memories
Imagine that you are a memory researcher and want to learn about memory errors. You decide to meet with participants and ask them about the time they went camping with their family (even though they have never camped in their lives). At first, the participants are hesitant, not really remembering the camping trip (because it never happened!). However, after you show them a few Photoshopped images of them in a sleeping bag and in the forest, they begin to remember details about the trip - how the family went berry picking or that an animal tried to get into the food supply. This phenomenon is referred to as
false memory
memory error in which events are recalled that never took place
false memory
Participants are given a word list with the following words: table, restaurant, food, silverware, plate, service and waiter. Later when asked to recall the words, many participants accidentally included the word "dinner", even though it was not on the list. This phenomena is referred to as:
false memory or the DRM effect
cues associated with emotional trauma. ex. scared of cats bc you got bit by one at age 5
fear conditioning and phobias
vivid personal memories; not accurate
flashbulb memories
sometimes is easy to disregard information. ex. court scenario with lady being dishonest then jk
flexible correction model
any member of the lineup other than the suspect
foils
LSD, PCP, and marijuana are considered to be what form of psychoactive substance?
hallucinogen
Stimulants are drugs that
have an arousal effect on the central nervous system, causing a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscle tension
relaxes a person but does not retrieve or improve memory
hyponotherapy
shows biases that you may not have been aware of
implicit association test
Jules was recently in a motorcycle accident that damaged portions of her limbic system, particularly the hippocampus. You would not be surprised if Jules experienced a(n)
inability to consolidate new memories
REM Rebound
lack of sleep causes rebound at next sleep episode- go straight into dreaming
Some people have amazing and elaborate memory processes that allow them to remember a large amount of information in a short amount of time. Often, these individuals are said to use ______, or elaborate scenes with discrete places, to help them encode and recall information at a rapid rate.
memory palaces
focusing on a particular thing, not what is around it
mindfulness
A memory error caused by exposure to incorrect data between the original event and a subsequent memory test of that event is called the __________ effect.
misinformation
In a study, researchers asked one group of participants to watch a video about two friends in an unpleasant argument. They asked another group of participants to watch the same video, but told them that it was a video of two friends enjoying a lively discussion. Afterwards, the researchers notice that participants who were told the discussion was an argument were more likely to falsely report that the people in the video were yelling, frowning, and angry. This is an example of
misinformation effect
When we learn the rhyme "Thirty days hath September, April, June, and November...," we are using _____ to memorize the number of days in each month.
mnemonics
When people are deprived of REM sleep, they show which of the following behaviors when they can rest without disturbance?
more REM sleep than normal
things we do not have time to process adequately
motion induced blindness
Although, you may think that if you pay close attention to a bright spot, you must be aware of it. But that is not always correct. In the phenomenon _________ bright discs completely vanish from your awareness in full attention.
motion-induced blindness
Sarah wants to go to the movies, but she forgot to wash the dishes as her mother asked. She is not allowed to go to the movies. If Sarah is less likely to forget to wash the dishes in the future, she has experienced
negative punishment
removal of a stimulus causes the behavior to increase
negative reinforcement
A child who learns kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in
observational learning
Soon after the popular people in her group started to smoke cigarettes, Barb started smoking, too. Barb's behavior is an example of what kind of learning process?
observational learning
learning by watching the behavior of another person (Bandura)
observational learning
Patients who have experienced damage to the striate cortex sometimes show a phenomenon known as blind sight. In this case, MOST patients:
often guess correctly in response to where an object is located even though they report they cannot see it
association between behavior and resulting events
operant (instrumental) conditioning
Whenever a student answers a question in class, Professor Goldsmith responds, "That's a great question; thank you for asking it." Students are subsequently more likely to ask questions in Goldsmith's class. This example most clearly illustrates
operant conditioning
In Loftus and Palmer's classic 1974 experiment, participants answered questions about a motor vehicle accident. The central findings of the experiment revealed that
people who answered questions that implied that the vehicles were traveling at a faster rate (how fast were cars going when they smashed into each other?) gave high speed estimates.
If your friend used the phrase "red hat" in a sentence and then, several minutes later, you noticed someone wearing a red hat you might reasonably conclude that this is an example of
perpetual priming
photographs given to witnesses to identify the criminal
photo spread
Research suggests that sleep functions include:
physical and brain development; improved performance on tasks; strengthening memories
Lisa was very shy and would not play with her fellow first-graders. If the teacher praised her only when Lisa was interacting with her classmates, the teacher would be attempting to use
positive reinforcement
addition of a stimulus causes behavior to increase
positive reinforcement
set up to feel a certain way ex. crossword with anger word makes you feel angry
priming
past memories interfere with the encoding of new ones
proactive interference
modify mental, emotional, and behavioral functioning
psychoactive drugs
decreases behavior that it follows
punisher
The process by which a consequence decreases the probability of a response that precedes it is known as:
punishment
Which of the following is the best definition of priming?
recent exposure to a stimuli increases accessibility to the traits associated with that stimuli.
converting information so that it makes sense to us
recoding
increases behavior that it follows
reinforcer
elaboritive rehearsal
relating the information to you
If your episodic long-term memory were disabled, you would be unable to
remember details of your own personal life
negative punishment
removal of a stimulus causes behavior to decrease
The testing effect refers to:
repeated self-testing as a way to enhance retention of information
maintenance rehearsal
repeating information (highlighting)
time between learning and testing
retention interval
When we use the term "remembering" in day-to-day life, we are making reference to the memory process of:
retrieval
cues from the environment of an episode (smells, sounds, etc)
retrieval cues
retrieval of some information that can cause forgetting of other materials
retrieval-induced forgetting
events that occur after a particular event of interest that causes forgetting of the original event
retroactive interference
Edward Thorndike's experiments with caged cats showed that
satisfying responses are more likely to be repeated in subsequent situations
When exposed to adults who say one thing and do another, children will tend to:
say the same things and do what they observed the adults did
Charlene flew to see her grandparents on a plane that was piloted by Janet Harris. When Charlene arrived they asked her how she enjoyed the flight. "It was a wonderful flight, and the pilot was very good. He was able to avoid turbulence." Charlene's inability to remember the pilot's gender may have been influenced by
schemas
_________ are organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored and recalled
schemas
permanent store of knowledge that people have
semantic memory
Loftus and associates
showed film of car accident; asked how fast cars were going when they ______; speed varied by the verb they were given
altered state of consciousness, characterized by periods of activity and inactivity
sleep
people can learn new responses/ behaviors by observing others behaviors ex. video game violence increases aggression
social learning theory
positive punishment example
spanking a kid for doing something wrong (adding the spanking)
In this stage of sleep, the individual is just entering sleep and the EEG closely resembles that of a person who is awake.
stage 1
Brain waves become slower and develop into delta waves during
stage 3 sleep
What is the best definition of mindfulness?
state heightened conscious awareness
In classical conditioning, the animal behaves as if it has learned to associate a ________ with a significant event. In operant conditioning, the animal behaves as if it has learned to associate a ________ with a significant event
stimulus; behavior
Which of the following is NOT an example of low awareness?
studying
When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and became very ill. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her sick. This example demonstrates:
taste aversion conditioning
certain foods/drinks that are associated with unpleasant symptoms
taste aversion conditioning
negative reinforcement example
tell neighbor to turn down music-annoying music stops
act of retrieval makes the memory more likely to be retrieved again
testing effect (practice retrieval)
In classical conditioning the unconditioned response
the biological response triggered by the unconditioned stimulus
memory trace (engram)
the change in the nervous system that represents our experience
Research on flashbulb memories indicate that
the details of these memories are not very accurate
Research on flashbulb memories indicates that
the details of these memories are not very accurate
Every time you eat cotton candy, you are reminded of the time you went to a carnival with your best friend and ate cotton candy until you were sick. In this example, the cotton candy represents:
the retrieval cue
Stage 3 of Sleep
transitional/deep sleep; slower and least responsive stage
positive reinforcement example
turn in homework-teacher praises you
a response to the UCS that is natural and needs no training ex. blinking after puff of air at the eye doctor
unconditioned response
a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned
unconditioned stimulus
According to eyewitness testimony research, which of the following increases the likelihood of identification errors?
when eye witnesses are asked to identify a perpetrator from a race other than their own
ability to hold information in our minds for a brief time. ex. memorizing phone number
working (short-term) memory