Bio 1020 Final Exam

Disadvantages of endothermy

1. increased food requirements 2. uses and abundance of oxygen

3 processes that occur during urine formation in the nephrons

1. secretion 2. filtration 3. absorption

Natural Killer Cells

Destroy cancerous or virus-infected cells

If you were observing an early stage in human development at which endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm had just formed, you would be looking at a

gastrula

Excretion is the elimination of

metabolic wastes produced by body cells

Ectoderm

nervous system, sense organs, outer skin layers

Endoderm

organs of digestive and respiratory system

mitochondrion

produces ATP

In a human male, the saclike structure that contains the testes is the

scrotum

Oogenesis is

the making of an egg cell

Antibodies produced against bacteria that infect the body would be an example of __________ humoral immunity

active

In human males, the different types of male sex hormones are collectively called

androgens

A Y-shaped protein that proliferates in response to a specific antigen and recognizes these antigens is a(n)

antibody

A molecule that stimulates an immune system reaction by B cells and T cells is termed a(n)

antigen

Plants can have STD's

true

White blood cells originate from stem cells in ________

bone marrow

Splits in mesoderm

chest and abdominal cavities

head

contains the DNA

__________ contain antigens from a pathogen and trigger an immune response to the pathogen without causing illness

Vaccines

Rh incompatibility is due to an immune reaction in a pregnant woman to which of the following?

a foreign antigen on red blood cells

For water to move out of a cell by osmosis, there must be ________ concentration of solutes inside the cell than outside the cell

a higher

Antigens found in food, dust mites, pollen, fur, and some oils in plants that elicit an immune attack are called

allergens

An _______ is when the immune system launches an exaggerated attack against a harmless substance

allergy

An exaggerated attack on a harmless antigen by an overly sensitive immune system is termed a(n)

allergy

_______ are Y-shaped proteins that are produced by B cells and bind to specific antigens

antibodies

Human spermatogonia

are germ cells that reside within the seminiferous tubules.

About 7 days after fertilization, the ________ has formed and consists of an inner cell mass and fluid surrounded by a layer of the trophoblast

blastocyte

During implantation, the ___________ embeds in the uterine lining

blastocyte

Mesoderm

bone, muscle, blood, reproductive organs

Acrosome

caplike covering that releases enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the egg cell

In females, nearly all cases of _____ cancer are associated with the human papillomavirus.

cervical

In lab, you are asked to label the parts of a sperm cell model. Which of the following would not be observed on the model?

cilia

Countercurrent exchange _________ for mammals

conserves heat

What structure secretes progesterone and estrogen after ovulation

corpus luteum

If you were describing to a class of nursing students how the polio vaccine, which contains inactivated virus, works

create immunological memory without causing disease.

In adaptive immunity, helper T cells secrete cytokines that enhance the rate of cell division of ______ T cells, which destroy virus-infected or cancerous cells

cytotoxic

How does fever help fight infection as part of the innate defense? a. Fever inactivates (kills) some viruses. b. Fever speeds up the rate of phagocytosis. c. Fever reduces the iron level in the blood, thereby retarding the growth of some bacteria. d. Fever kills some bacteria. e. All of the answer choices are correct.

e. all of the answer choices are correct

Physical and chemical barriers that form the first line of innate defense include: a. the acidity of the stomach. b. tear fluid from the eye. c. an unpunctured skin. d. mucus and cilia of the respiratory tract. e. All of the answer choices are correct.

e. all of the answer choices are correct

A phagocyte is a cell that

engulfs other cells and debris.

If asked to point to the place on a diagram where sperm cells are stored, you would place a pointer on the

epididymis.

A female salmon laying unfertilized eggs in a nest is preparing them for ____ by a male salmon.

external fertilization

Administering antivenom is a form of active immunity.

false

In sexual reproduction, a process called ____________ is the union of two gametes

fertilization

In a secondary oocyte, meiosis is halted in metaphase II until

fertilization occurs.

White blood cells are produced

from bone marrow stem cells.

What part of the nephron surrounds the glomerulus and collects water, salt, glucose and amino acids that are filtered through blood

glomerular capsule

The hormone released from the hypothalamus that stimulates release of LH and FSH in both the male and female is

gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

Testosterone causes the secretion of ___________ during puberty

growth hormone

Gametes produced in meiosis for sexual reproduction are

haploid

Organisms that reproduce sexually have ________ as sex cells that carry the genetic information from each parent.

haploid gametes

The "master cells" of the immune system that initiate and coordinate the adaptive immune response are

helper T cells

In humans, if a preembryo splits during the first 2 weeks of development, _____ are usually formed.

identical twins

Generation of ATP during aerobic respiration _______ the temperature of an organism

increases

________ defenses are nonspecific but are always active and able to immediately react to invaders

innate

Osmoregulation is the control of _________ in cells

ion and water concentration

primary excretory organ for the urinary system

kidneys

If you were measuring hormones in the blood of a patient who was ovulating, you would expect a large increase in which hormone, reaching maximal level on the day of ovulation?

luteinizing hormone (LH)

B cells and T cells are

lymphocytes

The middle layer of the gastrula is known as the

mesoderm

The human kidney contains over 1 million filtering tubules called

nephrons

Follicle cells are responsible for providing nourishment to _________ cells

oocyte

The ovarian cycle is responsible for the timing of ________ maturation in the ovaries.

oocyte

During oogenesis, division of an oogonium forms two primary

oocytes

The release of a secondary oocyte from its follicle is called

ovulation

When an infant receives antibodies from its mother, it's called ________ immunity

passive

By about 10 weeks after fertilization, the ________ has completely developed and provides a connection between the mother's circulatory system and the fetus

placenta

In humoral immunity, cells that are produced by activated B cells and function by secreting antibodies are called

plasma cells

______________ feedback induces hormonal changes to cause childbirth to initiate and continue

positive

The amnion helps maintain a regulated temperature and ____________ that protects the developing embryo

pressure

flagellum

produces movement of the sperm

Spermatogenesis is

production of sperm

What is produced by the seminiferous tubes?

sperm

Materials that can pass from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule of a nephron during blood filtration

-amino acids -urea -salts -glucose

Order in Embryonic Development

1. Embryonic Disc 2. Primitive Streak 3. Neural Groove 4. Heart

Kidney->urethra

1. Kidney 2. ureter 3. Urinary Bladder 4. urethra

Sperm cell passes through:

1. epididymis in the testis 2. vans deferens 3. ejaculatory duct 4. urethra 5. penis tip

Contents of semen:

1. fructose 2. sperm cells 3. Prostaglandins

All types of signals that can stimulate cell development and differentiation during animal development

1. hormones 2. homeotic genes 3. Protein gradients

What takes place during the embryonic stage of human development?

1. membranes that support and protect the embryo develop 2. different organs of the embryo form

________ immune responses recruit B and T cells that act against specific pathogens

Adaptive

An autoimmune disorder occurs when immune cells attack

the body's own cells

A diaphragm is a shallow, dome-shaped rubber disk with a flexible rim that fits within the vagina and covers the cervix. If it is used without a spermicide, how will it act as a contraceptive to prevent pregnancy?

It would prevent sperm from reaching the egg.

Which of the following STDs is caused by a protist?

trichomoniasis

The blastocyst's outer layer, the ______________, will eventually combine with endometrial tissues of the uterus to form the fetal portion of the placenta

trophoblast

Viruses can create birth defects

true

Cilia sweep the released mature oocytes from ovaries into the

uterine tubes

In the female reproductive system, the __________ is a muscular organ in which the fetus develops

uterus

A substance that "teaches" the immune system to recognize a disease-causing agent without actually causing a disease is termed a(n)

vaccine

Arteries and ________ are both found in the umbilical cord

veins

Every year the common flu vaccine is designed to protect against three different strains of the influenza virus. How is your body able to raise antibodies against so many new forms of the flu virus?

Recombination of the gene used to make antibodies leads to variability.

Antidiuretic hormone helps regulate

water reabsorption in the kidney

Which of the following organs contains large amounts of lymphocytes and macrophages?

Spleen

_____ cells originate in the red bone marrow and mature in the thymus

T

An extraembryonic membrane called the _________ sac generates blood cells for the embryo for the first 6 weeks

yolk

The resulting cell from the union of a male animal sex cell and a female animal sex called is called a(n)

zygote

In working with an infertile couple, through fertility testing, it is confirmed the wife releases polar bodies each month, wrapped in follicle cells. How would you explain their infertility?

The wife's ovaries are not making eggs, just polar bodies.