Bio 103 Module 8

viroids cause a variety of plant diseases and are composed only of

A single strand of RNA

what is a virulent (lytic) phage?

A virus that destroys the host.

when a cell reproduces by developing a bulge that enlarges and separates from the mother cell, it is reproducing by _________________

Asexual Reproduction

Bacteria may reproduce by:

Asexually by binary fission

How do euglenoids reproduce?

Asexually/Binary fission

How does Penicillin work:

By damaging cell walls, thus killing bacteria

_______________ developed the binomial system of nomenclature

Carolus Linnaeus

Symbiotic association in which one partner benefits and the other is unaffected is called:

Comensalism

the commercially important unicellular protest that are used in filters, polishes and other industrial processes are the

Diatoms

The __________________ are zooflagellates that are very primitive and may give biologists clues as to the evolutionary relationships between the prokaryotes and the protists.

Diplomonads

Name the group that contains the organism Trypanosoma which causes African sleeping sickness.

Discicristata/ or Euglenozoa

what is a temperate bacteriophage?

Does not immediately kill host. Viruses capable of lysogenic life cycle.

which classification level would contain the greatest number of species

Domain

how do human viruses enter human cells?

Endocytosis of fusion of viral envelope with host cell membrane

_________ are dormant structures formed by bacteria in response to adverse environmental conditions.

Endospores

Members of this group have both plant-like and animal like characteristics, making classification difficult.

Euglena

The islands where Charles Darwin observed variation among organisms and compared them to those organisms found on the mainland were the:

Galapagos Islands

The bacterium that causes botulism disease is harmless until it?

Germinates

Ancestors of ___________ represent an intermediate state in eukaryotic evolution when cells each had two haploid nuclei but fusion had not occurred.

Giardia

Backpacker's diarrhea, a common infection among campers and hikers, particularly in the mountains of the western US, is caused by _______________.

Giardia

who proposed that the Earth's geological features formed slowly over time, creating long periods for evolution?

Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

are autotrophs found in the kingdom Animalia?

No

is the correct format for the scientific name of Anas Platyrhychos correct?

No. Anas platyrhycos (italicized)

Mad cow disease is an example of an infection caused by?

Prions

how might the scientific name of the bullfrog, Rana catesbiana be abbreviated?

R. catesbiana (italicized)

members of this group are typically multicellular and have phychoerythrin and phycocyanin as their accessory photosynthetic pigments

Rhodophyta

Name the three shapes of bacteria.

Spherical (cocci) Rods(bacilli) Spiral (sprilla)

define adaptation

an evolutionary modification that improves an organism's chances of survival and reproductive success

malaria is caused by an ______________ which carries to a host by a _______________

apicomplexan; mosquito

Most protists are found in what type of environment?

aquatic

list 2 kingdoms that contain decomposers

archaebacteria and fungi

breeds of dogs, such as German Shepherds occur as a result of:

artificial selection

the protein coat of a virus is called the ____________

capsid

Some bacteria avoid being phagocytized by a host's immune system by means of a _____________.

capsule

In ciliates macronuclei control ___________.

cellular function, and divide when ciliates reproduce asexually by mitosis

In Paramecium, the surface of the cell is covered with thousands of short, hair-like ____________

cillia

the classification level of phylum is immediately "above" the level of the ______

class

a chain of round bacteria would be called:

cocci

In freshwater ciliates, special organelles called ___________ control water regulation

contractile vacuole

when populations with separate ancestors adapt in similar ways to similar environmental constraints, it is referred to as__________

convergent evolution

an organism which gains nourishment from dead organisms is referred to as a(n)

decomposer

Individuals in this group often have intracellular shells of interlocking plates.

dinoflagellates

Name two geological activities that are common in areas where tectonic plates meet.

earthquakes and volcanoes

the study of organics and their relationship to one another is called ______

ecology

What am I? My mitochondria have disc-shapes cristae, and I am often used as indicators of organic pollution such as sewage in a lake of stream.

euglenoids

how do viral proteins damage host cells

may enter the permeability of the plasma membrane or may inhibit synthesis of host's nucleic acids or proteins

pseudopodia are used by amoeba for ingesting food as well as _____________

movement

name some sources of variation in a population

mutations and adaptations

fungi may be differentiated from plants because fungi are _____

not photosynthetic

The genetic code demonstrates the universality of living things because it is common to virtually all ____________.

organisms

Symbiotic association in which one partner lives on or in another is called:

parasitism

a virus that infects a bacterium is called a ______

phage (bacteriophage)

__________ is the evolutionary history of a group of related species.

phylogeny

___________ make up the base of the food web in aquatic ecosystems.

plankton

green algae is thought to have given rise to which kingdom?

plantae

The original 2 kingdoms that were established to organize living organisms were:

plantae and animalia

Within Bacteria, small circles of DNA called ______________ exist in addition to the bacterial chromosome.

plasmid

viral infections in humans spread via the circulatory system. Viral infections in plants spread from cell to cell by _______________

plasmodesmata

evolution is genetic chance in a(n) _________ that occurs over time

population

in the 6-kingdom system, protozoa are classified as

protista

the first kingdom to be recognized beyond plantae and Animalia was __________

protista

Gram-positivebacteria stain __________ in a gram stain because of a thick layer of__________ in their cell walls.

purple; peptidoglycan

The phenetic approach to systematics is based primarily on ___________

recent common ancestry

the specificity of viruses to different types of cells is due to __________ sites on the host cell

receptor

the 5 stages of a lytic infection are attachment, penetration, ______, assembly, and release

replication and synthesis

human, as well as other mammals ranging from mice to elephants have hair. hair, then would be considered to be a(n) ___________ character

shared ancestral

a(n) _________________ character is a trait which has evolved relatively recently

shared-derived

What are homeoplastic features (homoplasy)?

similarity in the characters in different species that is due to convergent evolution, not common descent characters that exhibit similarities

which classification level would be the LEAST inclusive?

species

organs or parts of organs that are seemingly nonfunctional and degenerate, often undersized or lacking some essential part, are referred to as:

vestigal

a __ consists of a short segment of nucleic acid with a protein coat

virus

Members of phylum __________ typically move with one or more flagella.

zoomastigina

The symbiotic dinoflagellates, which live in the bodies of marine invertebrates such as mollusks, jellyfish, and corals are called _____________

zooxanthellae

Name the steps of Darwin's concept of natural selection

1. variation 2. overproduction 3. limits on population growth or a struggle for existence 4. differential reproductive success

about ____________ different species have been described and named to date

1.9 million

most biologists recognize how many domains?

3

Most bacterial cells keep from bursting in a hypotonic environment by _______________________.

A rigid cell wall

how do retroviruses differ from other RNA viruses

They use reverse transcriptaste to transcribe the RNA genome to DNA that becomes integrated into the host's DNA.

__________ penned an essay stating the populations have the capability to outgrow their food supply resulting in disease, famine and competition

Thomas Malthius

Members of alveolates are characterized by the presence of?

Trichocysts or flattened vesicles

What is a taxon?

a formal grouping of organisms at any given level such as species, genus or phylum

heterokonts are characterized by having....?

a single posterior flagellum in flagellate cells

if a biologist classifies organisms based on number of similarities between taxa without considering differences in homoplasy and homologous traits, the __________ is being used.

evolutionary system

What does natural selection allow a population to do?

evolve over time

closely related or similar genera are grouped into a single _________

family

Pelecanus occidentalis is the scientific name of the brown pelican. Pelecanus is the _________ name

genus

brown algae lack true roots, but have similar structures, called ____________ that anchor them to the substrate

holdfasts

Bird wings and insect wings are both adapted for flight but they are from two very separate ancestors; this is known as _________ structures

homoplastic

________________ conversion occurs when a bacterium carrying viral genes takes on new, atypical characteristics

lysogenic