Bio 104 Mod 1 Study Guide

The cell walls of fungi are composed of cellulose. (T/F)

False

Adult tunicates develop which of the following?

Tunic

As bilateral symmetry evolved, natural selection led to which of the following?

Cephalization

Which of the following is the structural and molecular data that indicate that land plants probably descended from a group of green algae?

Charophytes

Which of the following is a characteristic shared between green algae and plants?

Chlorophylls a and b in plastids

A fish with a cartilaginous skeleton and paired fins would be in the group:

Chondrichthyes.

The lowermost and outermost whorl on a floral shoot consists of petals. (T/F)

False

The nervous system develops from the endoderm. (T/F)

False

The nutritive tissue in a mature pine seed is triploid. (T/F)

False

The term "cleavage" refers to a series of meiotic cell divisions. (T/F)

False

Which of the following is a vascular plant?

Fern

Which of the following are interesting research plants for studies in genetics because they are polyploids and have multiple sets of chromosomes?

Ferns

The vast majority of bilateral animals have a fluid-filled body cavity, or coelom. Which of the following is an exception?

Flatworms

The hypha, a filament that makes up the vegetative body of most fungi, serves which of the following functions?

Nutrient absorption

Which of the following protostomes does NOT have a coelom?

Tapeworms

A sorus is a cluster of sporangia. (T/F)

True

Annelids are segmented worms. (T/F)

True

In algae, gametangia are generally unicellular. (T/F)

True

In vertebrates, neural crest cells give rise to the nerves, head muscles, and cranium. (T/F)

True

Members of phylum Nemertea have a tube-with-a-tube body plan. (T/F)

True

Members of the Ecdysozoa clade are characterized by having a cuticle. (T/F)

True

Microsporidia are unicellular parasites of animals. (T/F)

True

One member of subphylum Chelicerata is a spider. (T/F)

True

Which of the following is NOT an example of an animal disease caused by an ascomycete?

Tuberculosis

Which vascular tissue in both gymnosperms and flowering plants is for conducting water and dissolved minerals?

Xylem

A polyp is a type of stinging cell. (T/F)

False

Which generation is significantly reduced in size and entirely dependent on the sporophyte generation?

Gametophyte

______________ has been an important medicinal plant for centuries and is still a common herbal remedy today.

Ginkgo

What are the two clades of the protostomes?

Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa

_______________ probably originated as outgrowths of stem tissue that developed a single vascular strand later.

Microphylls

Which of the following are NOT protostomes?

Milkfish

The monotremes are an unusual group of mammals because they:

lay eggs.

Sea stars eat:

mostly crustaceans and mollusks.

Progymnosperms had two derived features, which were :

megaphylls and woody tissue.

The organic material compresses to form ___________.

peat

One characteristic of class Bivalvia is that they:

possess two shells with a hinge

The gametophyte generation of ferns is the:

prothallus

Which structure do numerous mollusks use to scrape algae off rocks?

radula

Which of the following is an adaptation that enables cephalopods to escape from their predators?

rapidly changing colors

The amphibians are believed to have arisen from ancestral:

sacropterygian fishes.

Heterospory is believed to have led to the evolution of:

seeds.

The intermediate host for a blood fluke is a:

snail

Gas exchange in terrestrial insects is accomplished through:

the use of tracheae

The first land animals likely moved onto land how long ago?

450 million years ago

Which label designates a female reproductive structure in the accompanying figure?

8

Lichens are currently thought to be an example of which of the following?

Controlled parasitism

Which of the following is NOT a correct statement regarding fungal infections of plants?

Damage is always systemic and spread throughout the plant.

In which group did the amniotic egg first evolve?

Reptiles

Which of the following are carnivorous predators and scavengers?

Sea stars

Which is the most economically important bryophyte?

Sphagnum.

If adult sponges are sessile, why can they still be classified as animals?

Sponge larvae are motile.

Larval tunicates superficially resemble which of the following?

Tadpoles

Cycads were very important during the _____________, which began about 251 million years ago.

Triassic period

A lichen is a combination of a fungus and a photoautotroph. (T/F)

True

Conidia are asexual spores. (T/F)

True

Which of the following are exclusively terrestrial?

chilopods and diplopods

Microphylls is a structure that can only be found in:

club mosses.

Puffballs and bracket fungi are most closely related to:

common edible mushrooms.

A nauplius larva is characteristic of:

crustaceans

Biramous appendages in arthropods are only present in which organism?

crustaceans

Hyphae that contain two genetically distinct, sexually compatible nuclei within each cell are described as:

dikaryotic.

What is the mode of nutrition for clams and oysters?

filter feeders

Lichens are most typically formed by the symbiotic association of an alga or cyanobacterium and a(n):

glomeromycete.

Hagfishes are differentiated from lampreys and all other fishes in that:

hagfishes lack vertebrae.

One characteristic of the class Holothuroidea is that they:

have a reduced endoskeleton consisting of microscopic plates embedded in the body wall.

Which of the following is NOT an adaptation that contributes to the biological success of insects?

high intraspecific competition

Which of the following is NOT an opisthokont, a monophyletic group characterized by a posterior flagellum on motile cells?

Algae

What is the male sexual structure that produces sperm in plants?

Antheridium

Which statement about mycorrhizae is FALSE?

Arbuscular mycorrhizae are extracellular.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae are useful for which of the following?

Baking

Lichens reproduce mainly by asexual means, usually by which of the following?

Fragmentation

The sori of most ferns are found on which part of the plant?

Fronds

To include your eyes and ears in the same section, you would need to cut your body in which plane?

Frontal

Refer to the accompanying figure. Which statement about label 1 is FALSE?

It is part of the sporophyte generation.

Flowering plants appeared in the fossil record in the:

Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous periods.

What is the structure labeled as 9 in the accompanying figure?

Pistil

Which part of a flowering plant is the immature male gametophyte?

Pollen grain

Which is a characteristic of ribbon worms and flatworms?

They are acoelomates.

The third gnetophyte genus, ________________, contains a single species found in deserts of southwestern Africa.

Welwitschia

What is an example of a plant disease caused by a basiodiomycete?

Wheat rust

How is the pollen of pine trees primarily disseminated?

Wind

The haploid gametophytes produce male gametangia known as:

antheridi.

One true characteristic of all animals is that they:

are heterotrophs.

The first air-breathing land animals were:

arthropods

The sac fungi are characterized by sexual reproductive structures called:

asci.

Ascomycetes reproduce sexually by forming:

ascospores.

Spiny echidnas are unlike other mammals in that they:

do not have nipples.

The lining of the digestive tube is formed from:

endoderm.

In most developing eudicot seeds, the primary source of nutritive material is in the:

endosperm.

A plant with parallel veins and floral parts in threes or multiples of three would be classified as a:

monocot.

Segmentation in arthropods differs from that of annelids because arthropod segments are:

more specialized

Refer to the accompanying figure. What is the structure labeled as 8 in the figure?

mouth

Each spore divides by mitosis to produce a _________________ , and the cycle continues.

multicellular gametophyte

The structure in the accompanying figure labeled ____ is characteristic of the phylum to which this organism belongs.

notochord

What is the purpose of protonephridia in flatworms?

to regulate fluid balance

The endosperm of an angiosperm seed is typically:

triploid (3n).

Which of the following is NOT a function of (typical) amphibian skin?

waste excretion

Which is a unique adaptation in insects not found in any other arthropod?

wings

A flower that has sepals, petals, and stamens, but lacks carpels, is known as:

incomplete and imperfect.

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of (most) deuterostomes?

Determinate cleavage

Metamorphosis occurs in which of the following vertebrate classes?

Amphibia

Which group of plants were the most recent to evolve?

Angiosperms

Which of the below are living descendants of the dinosaurs?

Birds.

_________________ are divided into three distinct phyla: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

Bryophytes

Which of the following were important plants millions of years ago, when species that are now extinct often reached great size?

Club mosses

From an evolutionary perspective, true nerve cells are first seen in the phylum:

Cnidaria

The first plants to produce seeds evolved during which time period?

Devonian period

Which of the following phyla is a deuterostome?

Echinoderms

Extracts from the ginkgo tree are sold in over-the-counter (OTC) medicines purported to increase memory. Extracts from what other gymnosperm were once sold in OTC weight loss supplements?

Ephedra

What is a disadvantage to having an exoskeleton?

Exoskeletons do not prevent desiccation.

An exoskeleton is a characteristic of an echinoderm. (T/F)

False

Chytrids produce spores that lack a flagellum. (T/F)

False

Club mosses belong to the phylum Bryophyta. (T/F)

False

Cycads and Ginkgo are similar in that they produce nonmotile sperm. (T/F)

False

In deuterostomes, the blastopore develops into the mouth. (T/F)

False

'Which of the following correctly describes basidiomycetes?

Hyphae of a primary mycelium consist of monokaryotic cells.

Which statement best supports why animals most likely evolved in the ocean?

Internal fluid and salt balance were easy to maintain.

Which process takes place within the young basidia on the gills of the mushroom?

Karyogamy

The gametophyte is the dominant stage in the life cycle for which of the following plant groups?

Liverworts

Which animal phylum has an asymmetrical body plan?

Porifera

Which of the following appears to have evolved independently in different animal taxa, and therefore its presence is not considered a useful characteristic for determining phylogeny?

Pseudocoelom

In most fungi, hyphae are divided by cross walls, termed which of the following?

Septa

Which of the following is a major problem for sessile animals?

They are unable to escape unfavorable environmental conditions.

Which statement about microsporidia is FALSE?

They have mitochondria and Golgi complexes.

Which statement about whisk ferns is FALSE?

They lack true stems.

A bilaterally symmetrical animal has how many axes?

Three

Placoid scales are found on:

cartilaginous fishes.

A marine invertebrate placed into freshwater would have difficulty surviving because:

it would have difficulty with osmoregulation.

The phylum name Arthropoda refers to:

jointed appendages

Sharks detect motion in the water or waves by their:

lateral lines.

A key step in the evolution of vascular plants was the ability to produce ____, a strengthening polymer in the walls of cells that provide support and conduction.

lignin