BIO 110: Final Exam Review (1-3)

Which of the following is true of cell membrane fluidity?

-fluidity can be regulated by varying the length and degree of saturation in the fatty acid chains of membrane phospholipids

What are the monomers of a triglyceride?

-glycerol and fatty acids

Which option represents a macromolecule bonded by alpha-linkages?

-glycogen

Which option represents an energy storage polymer made only by animals?

-glycogen

The carbon atom has no net electrical charge. What is certainly true of the carbon atom?

-has the same number of electrons as protons

Histones are proteins that bind to chromosomal DNA in the nucleus. Based on the knowledge, which of the following is true?

-histone proteins will be synthesized by ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Breaking macromolecules back down into their individual monomers requires?

-hydrolysis reactions

What do facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common?

-carrier proteins are used in both facilitated diffusion and active transport

What best describes the nature of the nuclear membrane?

-double phospholipid bilayer

What are the covalent bonds that hold the monomers of the molecule together?

-ester bonds

What is creating ATP from ADP + Pi coupled to?

-exergonic reactions

What would the net electrical charge of an atom with 4 protons, 5 neutrons, and 5 electron be?

- (-1)

What covalent bond is most polar?

- B-Cl

Because of inefficient energy transfer from trophic level to trophic level, what is the maximum number of trophic levels an ecosystem can have?

-4

One water molecule can hydrogen bond with a maximum of how many other water molecules?

-4

How much energy is lost when it is transferred from one trophic level to the next?

-90%

Which of the following is/are true concerning the light reactions of photosynthesis?

-ADP and Pi are outputs -glucose is an output -light and water are inputs

How are cows able to digest cellulose for energy?

-Cows contain microorganisms in their digestive system that make the enzymes necessary to digest cellulose

Are plant cell walls chemically similar to prokaryotic cell walls? How are they the same or different?

-No, plant cell walls are made of cellulose and bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycan

You enter the room and hear the speaker say the macromolecules are "single stranded." Using this information, you conclude that the speaker is probably talking about what?

-RNA

Cellulose and starch are both polymers of glucose. How are they different?

-Starch is an energy storage molecule and a polymer of alpha-glucose, while cellulose is mainly structural polysaccharide and polymer of beta-glucose

Evert Gorter used red blood cells in his experiment for several good reasons. Which reason below is the most important reason he used RBCs?

-Within an individual organism all RBCs are the same size

If the covalent bonds in a water molecule were nonpolar, what form would likely take at room temperature?

-a gas

Prokaryotic cells do not have what?

-an endomembrane network -a membrane bound nucleus

What is the order of from smallest to largest in size (left to right)?

-atoms, macromolecules, viruses, prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells

When the cells are heated, how will they respond?

-by generating membrane phospholipids with longer fatty acid chains -by generating membrane phospholipids with fatty acid chains that have fewer C=C double bonds (unsaturations)

Once the blood-brain barrier is bypassed, how are substances able to enter the brain tissue?

-by moving through the gaps between capillary wall cells

Which of the following elements can be found in every type of macromolecule (nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates)?

-carbon -oxygen

What is true about osmosis?

-in the case of a cell, the direction of osmosis may be predicted if the Ys inside and outside of a cell is known -osmosis refers to the movement of water molecules across a semi permeable barrier

Catalysts such as enzymes what?

-increase the rates at which reactions occur by lowering the activation energy of the reactions

Animal cells are growing in an incubator at 37 degrees C. The cells are then placed into an incubator at 47 degrees C. Which is most likely to happen?

-initially, the plasma membrane of the cells become more fluid

Lipid bilayer membranes (LBMs) are miore permeable tio siome types iof miolecules than iothers. Which ioption beliow gives the ciorrect iorder (friom lef tio right) startng with iof the types iof miolecules that LBMs are the least permeable tio and ending with the types iof miolecules that LBMs are the miost permeable tio?

-ions, small polar molecules, non-polar molecules

What is true about the first electron electron carrier (EC) in an electron transport chain (ETC)?

-it will have less affinity for electrons than any of the other ECs in the ETC

When Ys is high, solute concentration is what?

-low

Which is true of lysosomes?

-lysosomes may be used to break down "worn out" organelles -lysosomes contain enzymes and hydrolyze polymers

What is the definition of a Bronsted-Lowry acid?

-molecule that donates a proton into solution

Usable forms of nitrogen enter into ecosystems through what?

-nitrogen fixation by bacteria

What best describes a nonpolar molecule?

-nonpolar molecules are hydrophobic and do not mix with water molecules

Where are ribosomes assembled in eukaryotic cells?

-nucleolus

What term best describes an ATP molecule?

-nucleotide

Reactions with high activation energies will what?

-occur at a slower rate than reactions with lower activation energies

Which of the following characterize a single water molecule?

-oxygen atom has a particular negative charge

Which are found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

-plasma (cell) membrane -ribosomes

Which of the following is/are biotic components of an ecosystem?

-producers

All cells fall into one of two broad categories. What are they?

-prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Which is not a function associated with proteins?

-proteins can function as enzymes -proteins can function as signaling molecules -proteins can function as structural molecules -proteins can function as transport molecules ***All of the above

What is true about reduction and oxidation reactions?

-reduced molecules gain an electrons, oxidized molecules lose an electron, and reduction/oxidation reactions are always coupled together

Which is not a function of the extracellular matrix?

-reinforcing structures within cells that allow mobile cells to move

To be considered alive an organism MUST be able to

-reproduce -grow and metabolize

Evert Gorter's experiment with red blood cells demonstrated what?

-that plasma membranes are phospholipid bilayers

Which of the following have no physical contact with the plasma membrane cells?

-the extracellular matrix -the cytoskeleton -integral proteins ***All of the above

The photo-bleaching experiment demonstrated what?

-the fluid mosaic model of plasma membranes

Creating ATP from ADP + P, is an example of a reaction in which

-the free energy of the product is greater than the free energy of the reactants

What is true of exergonic reactions?

-the free energy of the products is less than the free energy of the reactants

Which of the following is true concerning the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis?

-the light reactions occur at the thylakoid membrane and the dark reactions occur in the stroma

What does being an exergonic reaction not determine?

-the rate of a reaction

Within the chloroplast there is a thick liquid substance called what?

-the stroma

The enthalpy of a molecule describes what?

-the total amount of energy contained in the molecule

What best describes endergonic reactions?

-they are never spontaneous

Which is the most likely true of phospholipids that will become part of a cell's plasma membrane?

-they are synthesized in the smooth ER and sent to the plasma membrane by exocytosis

What is true of chemoheterotrophs?

-they get their carbon and their energy from organic molecules

What is true of photoheterotrophs?

-they get their energy from light and their carbon from organic molecules

A symporter is a carrier protein that will what?

-transport two different molecular species in the same direction at the same time

The primary reservoir for hydrogen and oxygen is?

-water