BIO 110 Final Exam Study Guide

A lake that is eutrophic does not have enough nutrients to support any organisms. True False

False

A particular island has a community consisting only of 1,340 trees of the same species and 27 trillion termites that eat dead trees. Because there are so many individual organisms, this community has high species richness. True False

False

A sea star's body plan is an example of true radial symmetry. True False

False

Charles Darwin is the only individual who came up with the theory of evolution by natural selection. True False

False

Density-dependent factors are typically abiotic (nonliving) factors. True False

False

In nonvascular plants, the female gametophyte is called the antheriduim. True False

False

Protists are a monophyletic group and all belong in the same kingdom. True False

False

Some fungi can be photosynthetic, depending on environmental conditions. True False

False

Sponges have two tissue layers: the ectoderm and the endoderm True False

False

The US has actively participated in the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement along with other countries for reducing greenhouse gases. True False

False

The deliberate reintroduction of wolves into the Yellowstone National Park ecosystem was not a good idea because predators are bad. True False

False

Wetlands like swamps and marshes have no value to humans and so they should be removed to make land usable for more important things. True False

False

Because of biomagnification, humans should limit consumption of top-level predator fishes like tuna or walleye that may have high environmental toxin content in their bodies. True False

True

The current extinction rate exceeds the background extinction rate. True False

True

The number of species that have been described and named is estimated to be about a. 1.5 million b. 20,000 c. 200,000 d. 30 million e. 8 billion Feedback

a. 1.5 million

Dinosaurs went extinct about ________ years ago. a. 65 million b. 65,000 c. 650,000 d. 6.5 billion e. 6,500

a. 65 million

A biologist is studying similar structures that evolved independently to serve the same purpose in different species that do not have a recent common ancestor that had the structure. Based on this description, which of the following would this scientist be studying? a. Analogous structures b. Transitional structures c. Homologous structures d. Directional structures e. Vestigial structures

a. Analogous structures

Which of the following is NOT a component of natural selection? a. Any acquired change an organism gains over its life can be passed on to its offspring. b. Only certain members of a population survive and reproduce. c. A population is able to produce more offspring than the environment can support. d. The members of a population have inheritable variations. e. Natural selection results in a population adapting to the local environment.

a. Any acquired change an organism gains over its life can be passed on to its offspring.

Which of the following is a US law that requires the Fish & Wildlife Service to protect the listed species and restore their populations to to sustainable numbers? a. Endangered Species Act b. Migratory Bird Treaty Act c. CITES d. Paris Agreement e. Environmental Protection Agency

a. Endangered Species Act

Which of the following would be a density-independent factor that affects population size? a. Flood b. contagious disease c. competition for food d. competition for nesting sites e. parasites

a. Flood

How are matter and energy used in ecosystems? a. Matter is cycled through an ecosystem repeatedly. Energy flows through only one time. b. Energy is cycled through an ecosystem repeatedly. Matter flows through only one time. c. Both energy and matter are cycled through an ecosystem repeatedly. d. Both energy and matter flow through an ecosystem only one time. e. Matter is used in ecosystems. Energy is not.

a. Matter is cycled through an ecosystem repeatedly. Energy flows through only one time.

Which of the following is not a measure of biodiversity? a. Number of rock types b. Ecosystem diversity c. Genetic diversity d. Chemical diversity e. Number of species

a. Number of rock types

Which of the following is NOT an example of sympatric speciation? a. Over millions of years a canyon becomes too deep to be crossed by squirrel populations on either side of the canyon. Reproductive isolation causes the development of two different squirrel species. b. As the cichlid population grew in Lake Victoria, competition for food also grew. New food sources were discovered at different depths. Changes in behaviors of successive generations allowed for breeding with other cichlids displaying the same feeding behaviors. Two species developed. c. Allium carinatum or keeled garlic is triploid due to nondisjunction during meiosis. It is desirable by farmers because of its size and disease resistance.

a. Over millions of years a canyon becomes too deep to be crossed by squirrel populations on either side of the canyon. Reproductive isolation causes the development of two different squirrel species.

This is a biome with very few trees due to grazing and frequent fires. It receives more rain than deserts, but less than forest. It has seasonal changes with hot summers and cold winters. a. Temperate grasslands b. Desert c. Savannahs d. Taiga e. Tundra

a. Temperate grasslands

Natural selection is the process by which populations become __________ to their environment. a. adapted b. isolated c. resistant d. immune

a. adapted

The Hawaiian Islands are inhabited by several different species of honeycreepers. These species of birds evolved from a single species based upon different food sources and occupying different niches. This is an example of a. adaptive radiation b. eutrophication c. sympatric speciation d. microevolution e. mass extinction

a. adaptive radiation

All of the following are true of animals EXCEPT a. all animals have a head b. animals grow and progress through developmental stages c. animals are multicellular d. animals are heterotrophic e. animals reproduce sexually

a. all animals have a head

The natural, low rate of species extinction that has occurred throughout the history of life on earth is the a. background extinction rate b. mass extinction c. secondary extinction d. death rate e. speciation rate

a. background extinction rate

The medusa and polyp are body plans found in the a. cnidarians b. sponges c. flatworms d. mollusks

a. cnidarians

The most successful group of modern-day gymnosperms is the a. conifers b. cycads c. ginkgoes d. monocots

a. conifers

In angiosperms, double fertilization gives rise to the a. embryo and endosperm b. sporophyte and gametophyte c. petal and sepal d. cotyledon and radicle

a. embryo and endosperm

The greatest threat to wild species is a. habitat loss b. invasive species c. pollution d. overharvesting e. climate change

a. habitat loss

In mosses, the most dominant and noticeable part of the plant is the a. haploid gametophyte b. diploid gametophyte c. haploid sporophyte d. diploid sporophyte

a. haploid gametophyte

Kudzu is a plant species that was introduced into the Carolinas from Asia and has become a pest species that outcompetes many native plant species. This is an example of a ________ species. a. invasive b. keystone c. foundation d. logistic e. extinct

a. invasive

Which of these chordates retains all of the four common chordate characteristics throughout its life? a. lancelet b. fox c. frog d. tunicate

a. lancelet

After a disturbance that removes all organisms so that only bare rock remains, the changes in species present in the community over time is a. primary succession b. secondary succession c. mutualism d. carrying capacity e. survivorship curve

a. primary succession

An African tropical grassland that alteranates dry and rainy seasons is a. savanna b. temperate forest c. prairie d. taiga e. tundra

a. savanna

A particular field has 34 species of plants growing in it. This is an example of a. species richness b. carrying capacity c. population density d. logistic growth e. mimicry

a. species richness

Which of these features is considered the most important adaptation for animals to live entirely on dry land? a. the amniotic egg b. four limbs c. lungs d. all of these choices are equally important

a. the amniotic egg

In the early 1800's Jean-Baptiste Lamarck offered the idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics. This __________ a satisfactory explanation of evolution, mainly because __________. a. was not; acquired traits are not inherited; only the traits determined by genes can be passed on to offspring b. was; it explained why all giraffes have such long necks c. was; this idea was supported by experimentation and observation

a. was not; acquired traits are not inherited; only the traits determined by genes can be passed on to offspring

The beneficial protists that live inside coral tissues are called a. zooxanthellae b. plankton c. amoebae d. water molds e. saprobes

a. zooxanthellae

If two adjacent populations of the same species show gene flow, then the two populations will a. develop into different species. b. become more similar in their gene pools. c. adapt to different conditions and become separate. d. become isolate from each other.

b. become more similar in their gene pools.

An animal that can be divided longitudinally into two mirror image halves has this kind of symmetry: a. secondary radial symmery b. bilateral symmetry c. asymmetry d. radial symmetry

b. bilateral symmetry

An ecologist recorded 12 white-tailed deer per square mile in one forest and 20 per square mile in another forest. What was the ecologist comparing? a. distribution b. carrying capacity c. extinction d. range e. distribution

b. carrying capacity

The number of species on Earth at any time depends on rates of a. birth and death b. extinction and speciation c. immigration and emigration

b. extinction and speciation

A tapeworm is an example of a a. nematode worm b. flatworm c. annelid worm d. cnidarian

b. flatworm

Bilateral symmetry first evolved in which clade? a. annelids b. flatworms c. cnidarians d. chordates

b. flatworms

All of these vertebrates are classified as tetrapods except for a. bald eagles b. goldfish c. snakes d. frogs

b. goldfish

Which of the following is best at showing the life expectancy of an individual in a population? a. distribution pattern b. life table c. logistic growth curve d. relative species abundance e. K-selected species

b. life table

The plants most closely related to the first land plants are the a. hornworts b. liverworts c. tree ferns d. mosses

b. liverworts

Which of the following is an important greenhouse gas that is emitted into the atmosphere by human activities? a. oxygen b. methane c. nitrogen d. helium e. hydrogen

b. methane

A muscular foot, a mantle, a visceral mass, and a radula are all characteristics of this clade: a. arthropods b. mollusks c. nematodes d. echinoderms

b. mollusks

Speciation through autoploidy is seen in diploid plants when _________ occurs during ___________ and the diploid species produces diploid gametes. If this diploid gamete (2N) fuses with a haploid gamete (1N), a _________ plant results. a. nondisjunction, mitosis, tetraploid b. nondisjunction, meiosis, triploid c. duplication, mitosis, triploid

b. nondisjunction, meiosis, triploid

The seeds of a species of plant are spread only by fruit bats who eat the plant's fruits and deposit the seeds in their feces. The bats defecate in flight, so there is no regular or predictable pattern in the locations where the seeds land and plants grow from them. The type of population distribution in a. uniform b. random c. infinite d. clumped

b. random

Heterotrophic protists that absorb nutrients from dead organisms are called a. phagocytic b. saprobes c. algae d. photosynthetic

b. saprobes

Which of these mollusks is a gastropod? a. squid b. snail c. scallop d. clam

b. snail

If a resource is shared by individuals who are all acting acting according to their own self-interest, the resource will be depleted. a. resource partitioning b. the tragedy of the commons c. habitat restoration d. biophilia

b. the tragedy of the commons

What does the pollen grain contain? a. two eggs and a pollen tube cell b. two sperm cells and a pollen tube cell c. one sperm cell and a pollen tube cell d. one egg and a pollen tube cell

b. two sperm cells and a pollen tube cell

Biologists believe that the modern whale evolved from land-dwelling mammals. About 50 million years ago, through evolution, some mammal species moved back into the water and continued to change over time. Evolution left traces of hind legs and pelvic bones that are apparently useless in some modern whales. These bones are considered to be __________. a. transitional structures b. vestigial structures c. analogous structures d. homologous structures

b. vestigial structures

Which of the following is primarily due to air pollution from compounds of sulfur and nitrogen? a. Global warming b. Eutrophication c. Acid rain d. Invasive species e. Ozone layer depletion

c. Acid rain

Which of the following situations would likely lead to natural selection? a. Selective breeding by humans of tame silver foxes to produce individuals that allow themselves to be petted and seek attention. b. Choosing an animal or plant to reproduce based on desirable characteristics. c. Reproduction in a population of bacteria that vary in their ability to survive in an environment of antibiotics. d. Selective reproduction of wild mustard plants with enlarged stems to produce kohlrabi

c. Reproduction in a population of bacteria that vary in their ability to survive in an environment of antibiotics.

All of the following are probable outcomes of global climate change except a. Atmospheric air temperatures will rise. b. Islands will shrink. c. Species will need to move closer to the equator to stay in their climate. d. Ocean levels will rise.

c. Species will need to move closer to the equator to stay in their climate.

If the age structure diagram for a population is wider at the base than in the middle and upper parts, what does this indicate about the population? a. The individuals must be larger than usual. b. There are no resources in the environment. c. The population will continue to grow for some time. d. The individuals in the population have large feet. e. The population is shrinking.

c. The population will continue to grow for some time.

The "plant-like protists are a. protozoans b. yeasts c. algae d. slime molds

c. algae

You are studying two different species of salamanders which are separated by a hot and dry valley. The fossil evidence indicates that these two species share a common ancestor. Based on this information, it is likely that these two species evolved due to a. adaptive speciation. b. artificial speciation. c. allopatric speciation. d. temporal speciation. e. sympatric speciation.

c. allopatric speciation.

In evolutionary terms, why is a sea star more closely related to a bird than to an octopus? a. because both sea stars and birds exhibit protostome development, while octopus are deuterostomes b. because both sea stars and birds are chordates, but octopus are not c. because the sea star and bird both exhibit deuterostome development, while the octopus is a protostome. d. This statement is false. Sea stars and octopus are more closely related than sea stars and birds because both octopus and sea stars have multiple arms and live in the ocean.

c. because the sea star and bird both exhibit deuterostome development, while the octopus is a protostome.

Most fungi have cell walls made of a. peptidoglycan b. silica c. chitin d. cellulose

c. chitin

The passenger pigeon is a. currently an important keystone species in forest ecosystems of North Carolina. b. an invasive species that is disrupting ecosystems in North America. c. extinct due to overhunting by humans. d. a bird species that provides ecosystem services by eating insect pests.

c. extinct due to overhunting by humans.

Which of these plants is a monocot? a. Bean b. magnolia c. grass d. pine

c. grass

When a large area of habitat is divided into smaller isolated patches, the process is called a. habitat elimination b. habitat exploitation c. habitat fragmentation d. resource partitioning e. resource loss

c. habitat fragmentation

Which of the following is not a basic cause of evolution? a. genetic mutations b. gene flow c. inheritance of acquired characteristics d. genetic drift e. natural selection

c. inheritance of acquired characteristics

Extinction of many species in a relatively short period of time is called a. secondary extinction b. biological extinction c. mass extinction d. background extinction rate e. biological extinction rate

c. mass extinction

The characteristic that some prey species have in which they resemble another species that has a defense against predators such as being toxic or distasteful is a. parasitism b. mutualism c. mimicry d. pioneer species e. camouflage

c. mimicry

A condition where the number of chromosomes is more than two sets (diploid) is referred to as a. gametoploidy. b. haploploidy. c. polyploidy. d. zygoploidy. e. symploidy.

c. polyploidy.

A carnivore that eats herbivores is a/an a. producer b. primary consumer c. secondary consumer d. tertiary consumer e. autotroph

c. secondary consumer

Genetic diversity in a population comes from two main sources; _______ and ________. a. mutations in DNA and homologous structures b. microevolution and speciation c. sexual reproduction and mutations in DNA d. speciation and random mating

c. sexual reproduction and mutations in DNA

Choanocytes are cells found in _____________, while cnidocytes are cells found in ________________. a. sponges.....flatworms b. jellyfish...... clams c. sponges....jellyfish d. clams....insects

c. sponges....jellyfish

Ho do fungi reproduce? a. male fungi mate with female fungi b. binary fission c. spores d. seeds

c. spores

Which of these flower structures is part of the carpel? a. sepal b.petal c. style d. anther e. filament

c. style

Which of these is a sessile filter feeder and also a chordate? a. sponge b. lancelet c. tunicate d. clam

c. tunicate

Unicellular fungi are called ____________, while multicellular fungi are often called ______________. a. saprophytic........yeasts b. photosynthetic.......... heterotrophic c. yeasts........ molds d. molds....... yeasts

c. yeasts........ molds

Almost all living organisms have the same triplet DNA code and many similar proteins. This is evidence for evolution based on a. comparative anatomy. b. comparative embryology. c. biogeography. d. comparative biochemistry. e. the fossil record.

d. comparative biochemistry.

Which of these is a density-dependent environmental factor that affects population size? a. hurricane b. tornado c. flood d. competition e. fire

d. competition

Monotremes are a. mammals that can fly, such as bats b. animals that grow their young in a pouch after birth c. mammal-like reptiles d. egg-laying mammals

d. egg-laying mammals

A/an __________ species is especially vulnerable to extinction because it exists in only one location. a. indigenous b. keystone c. prey d. endemic e. exotic

d. endemic

Most multicellular fungi are made up of threadlike chains of cells called a. mycelium b. coenocytic c. thalli d. hyphae

d. hyphae

Ocean waters are becoming more acidic because of a. decreasing amount of water in the ocean water. b. decreasing amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolving in the ocean water. c. increasing amounts of salt in the ocean water. d. increasing amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolving in the ocean water. e. decreasing amounts of oxygen in the ocean water.

d. increasing amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolving in the ocean water.

Species with limited resources usually exhibit a/an _________ growth curve. a. exponential b. logical c. unlimited d. logistic e. abiotic

d. logistic

A variety of genotypes and phenotypes in a population is useful to that organism because it a. means that the gene pool is constant and unchanging. b. makes gene flow in and out of a population unlikely. c. makes life more interesting. d. may allow the species to survive if the environment changes. e. makes genetic drift an unlikely occurrence.

d. may allow the species to survive if the environment changes.

Which of these animal groups has a pseudocoelom? a. segmented worm b. flatworm c. arthropod d. nematode

d. nematode

All of the following are examples of arthropods except a. crab b. scorpion c. millipede d. octopus e. honeybee

d. octopus

Which is the correct order of steps regarding allopatric speciation? a. reproductive isolation --> two species --> reproductive isolation --> one species b. reproductive isolation --> one species --> reproductive isolation --> two species c. geographic isolation --> one species --> reproductive isolation --> two species d. one species --> geographic isolation --> reproductive isolation --> two species

d. one species --> geographic isolation --> reproductive isolation --> two species

After a forest fire 50 years ago, there were no plants or animals left at the location. Over the years since then, lichens and mosses appeared, followed by a changing community of larger plants, and now there is a forest again. This is an example of a. evolution by natural selection b. commensalism c. mass extinction d. secondary succession e. primary sucession

d. secondary succession

Taiga is another term for a. Tropical rainforest b. Temperate rain forest c. Desert d. Grassland e. Coniferous or boreal forest

e. Coniferous or boreal forest

Which of the following biomes is characterized by permafrost (a layer of ice in the ground that never thaws)? a. Grasslands b. Temperate deciduous forest c. Desert d. Taiga e. Tundra

e. Tundra

Coral bleaching occurs when _______ that have mutualistic relationships with the corals die off because of stresses such as increased ocean temperatures and acidity. a. fishes b. oysters c. sea turtles d. snails e. algae

e. algae

Geographical areas that contain high numbers of endemic species and that are highly disturbed by human activities are a. tragedy of the commons b. ecosystem services c. national parks d. zoos e. biodiversity hotspots

e. biodiversity hotspots

A biologist is studying factors which affect population size where the percentage of individuals killed is about the same regardless of number of individuals per unit area. These are ______ factors. a. logistical b. density dependent c. exponential d. extinct e. density independent

e. density independent

Which of these tissues serves as a food source for the developing embryo in a seed? a. apical meristem b. phloem c. lateral meristem d. xylem e. endosperm

e. endosperm

The ___________ is the total alleles of all the genes in all the members of a population. a. gene selection b. gene migration c. gene flow d. genetic drift e. gene pool

e. gene pool

A biologist is studying the speciation of organisms without geographical barriers. Based on this information you would conclude that he/she is studying a. ecological speciation. b. microevolution. c. allopatric speciation. d. hybrid speciation. e. sympatric speciation.

e. sympatric speciation.

An ecosystem which contains trees such as oak and maple that drop their leaves in the fall and animals such as fox and deer is a. tropical rain forest b. tundra c. taiga d. desert e. temperate forest

e. temperate forest

Preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age

fossil

Specific characteristics or behaviors influence mate selection

nonrandom mating

Prevents viable offspring - infertility of a hybrid

postzygotic mechanisms

Prevents fertilization - issues with mating times, courtship behaviors, or physical displays

prezygotic mechanisms

Which of these clades has an exoskeleton made of chitin? a. flatworms b. arthropods c. mollusks d. chordates

b. arthropods

Situation A: A toad population's size is drastically reduced by a flood, creating a group of toads that are less genetically diverse. Situation B: Male deer with larger antlers are more attractive to females and so they are more likely to successfully mate and pass on their genes to the next generation than males with smaller antlers. Situation C: Two populations of caribou live relatively close to each other. Occasionally a caribou from one herd will mate with a member of the other herd. Which situation describes the bottleneck effect? a. Situation C b. Situation A c. Situation B

b. Situation A

Which of the following best describes the greenhouse effect? a. Earth's temperature is increasing because the ozone layer is getting thinner and allowing more ultraviolet rays to reach Earth's lower atmosphere. b. Solar energy that heats the planet is re-radiated toward space, much of which is absorbed by gas molecules of the lower atmosphere, heating the atmosphere. c. As ultraviolet radiation from the sun passes through the atmosphere, it is absorbed by gases of the lower atmosphere, heating the atmosphere. d. The ozone layer in the stratosphere acts as an insulating blanket, preventing heat from Earth escaping into space.

b. Solar energy that heats the planet is re-radiated toward space, much of which is absorbed by gas molecules of the lower atmosphere, heating the atmosphere.

Which of the following types of ecosystem has the highest biodiversity? a. Desert b. Tropical rainforest c. Savanna d. Boreal forest e. Tundra

b. Tropical rainforest

The most recent past mass extinction is believed to have been caused by a. hunting b. an asteroid c. the Ice Age d. worldwide flooding e. volcanic eruption

b. an asteroid

Domain eukarya is currently divide into this number of Supergroups: a. 10 b. 25 c. 3 d. 5

d. 5

What will be the human population on Earth when it reaches carrying capacity? a. About 7 million b. 500 trillion c. 0 d. Impossible to predict because the carrying capacity keeps changing. e. Infinite

d. Impossible to predict because the carrying capacity keeps changing.

If you kill a mockingbird, cardinal, or chickadee, which federal law are you violating? a. Endangered Species Act b. Clean Air Act c. Americans with Disabilities Act d. Migratory Bird Treaty Act e. Marine Mammal Protection Act

d. Migratory Bird Treaty Act

What is the fate of the embryonic gill slits in vertebrates? a. gill supports b. jaws c. ears and tonsils d. all of these choices are correct

d. all of these choices are correct

Which of these tissues is responsible for increased length of shoots and roots? a. phloem b. endosperm c. xylem d. apical meristem e. lateral meristem

d. apical meristem

Tracheae, book gills, gills, and book lungs are all respiratory structures found in a. mollusks b. chordates c. annelids d. arthropods

d. arthropods

The human tendency to be close to and interact with other forms of life and to commune with nature is called a. biodiversity b. speciation c. tragedy of the commons d. biophilia

d. biophilia

The study of immature forms of an organism

embryology

Matings occur without consideration of physical or behavioral characteristics

random mating