bio 1108 final review

Within the past century, humans have been eating higher cholesterol and fatty meals and have become less physically active, which makes them more susceptible to heart disease. Which of the following will lead to an adaptation?

Some people's bodies are able to break down cholesterol and fat more efficiently than others.

Which statement about the relationship between phenotypic and genetic attributes is correct?

Genetically similar organisms can appear profoundly different morphologically.

Which of the following statements describes the gradual model of evolution?

Species steadily diverge from one another

Evolution of a new species can occur

in two populations of a species over as little as one generation, even if they are not reproductively, biologically, or geographically isolated.

Why is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium useful?

it allows you to calculate genotype frequencies of a population and compare them to what was expected under the assumptions

Which of the following is a requirement for a good scientific hypothesis?

it must lead to testable predictions

Which of the following correctly describes the forms by which energy flows through an ecosystem from entry to exit?

light > chemical > heat

When hypothesizing a possible phylogeny in order to classify taxa, scientists incorporate systematics to

provide molecular or genetic information, as well as morphological information.

sister taxa

represent Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor

The form of speciation that requires the emergence of a reproductive barrier that isolates a subset of a population from the remainder of the population in the same area is

sympatric

A difficulty in presenting evidence for a sixth mass extinction is

that tropical rain forest harbor many unknown species

Strong evidence in support of the common ancestry of all life comes from which of the following observations about living things?

the existence of a nearly universal genetic code

Corvids are a large family of birds that includes many species of ravens, jays, crows, and magpies. It was recently discovered that numerous birds in this family are an important vector for the West Nile virus because infected mosquitoes may pass the virus to these birds. Not to mention other species: there are over 35 species crows across the world alone and more than 3,500 species of mosquitoes across 41 different genera. Taken together, these facts demonstrate that it is critical that global societies and scientists

use more detailed common names to identify species, such as the "violet crow" or the "American crow."

What is the founder effect?

when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, and their gene pool differs from that source population

Microevolution

when species populations undergo changes in allele frequencies over time

Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection? 1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals. 2. A change occurs in the environment. 3. Genetic frequencies within the population change. 4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship

2 > 4 > 1 > 3

If a particular marine organism is fossilized in the sediments immediately overlying the igneous rock at the arrow labeled "II," at which other location, labeled A-E, would a search be most likely to find more fossils of this organism?

C only

Which effect of continental drift would allow scientists to track the history of life on the planet?

Change in distribution of extinct animals

During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception?

Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes.

What environment stimulates evolution of drug-resistant pathogens?

Excess Antibiotics

What was the prevailing belief prior to the time of Lyell Darwin?

Earth is a few thousand years old, and populations are unchanging.

Which of the following is correct about genetic variation?

It must be present in a population before natural selection can act upon the population.

In her studies of chimpanzee behavior, Jane Goodall collected both qualitative and quantitative data. Which of the following is an example of quantitative data?

Mothers and their infants typically nap for two to three hours each afternoon

Which period had the greatest rate of extinction?

Permian

Why is it important that scientific discoveries and ideas be discussed by people with various points of view, from a variety of sub discipline, and with diverse cultural backgrounds?

Robust and critical discussion between diverse groups improves scientific thinking

The history of continental drift on Earth has

allowed for both speciation and extinction to occur.

Records of extinctions on the planet indicate that

although Earth has experienced five mass extinctions, the diversity of life appears to be greater now than ever before.

A hybrid zone is properly defined as

an area where mating occurs between members of two closely related species, producing viable offspring

What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

an assessment of heterozygosity in a population

Which of the following represents the correct hierarchy of biological organization from large scale to smaller scale?

biosphere > ecosystems > communities > populations > organisms

Which of the following are the best examples of homologous structures?

bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb

Which process in sexual reproduction results in diversity at the nucleotide level?

chromosome crossover

Over time, the movement of people on Earth has steadily increased. This has altered the course of human evolution by increasing ________.

gene flow

More species tend to be found in regions subdivided by rivers, canyons, mountains, or other human-induced barriers because of geographic isolation.

geographic isolation

The rise of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can be considered to be an example of artificial selection because

humans synthesize methicillin and create environments in which bacteria frequently come into contact with methicillin.

When using the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model, we assume that

natural selection is not occurring

Which of the following statements is a distinguishing characteristic of fungi?

obtaining nutrients by absorbing them from the environment