Bio 111 Final Exam
Which of the following statements about photosynthesis is correct?
The ATP produced by the light dependent reactions is required for the light independent reactions.
Which of the following prevents the free passage of most substances across a biological membrane?
The hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer
Which of the following correctly describes how enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions?
Enzymes decrease the amount of energy needed to get the reactants to the transition state.
True or False: Anabolic pathways are pathways in which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones.
False
True or False: Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the ETC, and oxidative phosphorylation all shut down to the lack of oxygen.
False
True or False: Competitive inhibitors of enzymes are examples of allosteric regulators of enzyme activity.
Fasle
Which of the following statements about cellular respiration is true?
In glycolysis, NAD+ is reduced to form NAPH
Which of the following best describes a dominant allele of a gene?
It hides the presence of another allele of the same gene in an organism.
Which of the following explains why the plasma membranes of the cells in winter wheat plants are able to remain fluid when it is extremely cold?
The plants increase the number of double bonds in the fatty acid side chains of the membrane phospholipids.
True or False : Noncompetitive inhibitors of enzyme activity bind to an allosteric site of the enzyme.
True
The four most abundant chemical elements are ___
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
Of the three subatomic particles that make up atoms, only ____ are directly involved in the formation of chemical bonds
electrons
Triglycerides
ester bond
A major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells is that _____
eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles and prokaryotic cells do not
During photosynthesis, visible light has enough energy to directly ____
excite electrons
The two strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule are held together by ____ between the nitrogenous bases, and the individual nucleotide in each strand are held together by ___
hydrogen bonds/covalent bonds
The minimum requirements of photosynthesis are ____
light, carbon dioxide, water
How much DNA does a haploid gamete have compared to the diploid germ cell (at G1) from which it originated?
one-half as much
Which of the following outputs of photosynthesis are inputs of cellular respiration?
oxygen, carbohydrate
Molecules containing large numbers of hydroxyl groups are
polar
The unique sequence of amino acids
primary structure
Structures held together by hydrogen bonds at regular intervals along the polypeptide chain
secondary structure
Where does oxidation of NADPH to NADP+ take place?
stroma
Where does light dependent reactions take place?
thylakoid membrane
Where does the oxidation of chlorophyll take place?
thylakoid membrane
Where does the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase take place?
thylakoid membrane
A single covalent bond represents the sharing of how many electrons?
two
Carboxyl group acts as a ___
weak acid
How many hydrogen atoms are present in a hydrocarbon chain of ten carbon atoms that are held together by seven single covalent bonds and two double covalent bonds?
18 -- 10*2+2=22-4=18
How many copies of each gene are there in a diploid cell at G1?
2
What is the max number of different alleles for a single gene that a diploid cell can have?
2
What is a hypothesis?
A tentative explanation that can be tested by experiments.
The products of glycolysis include ____
ATP, NADH, and pyruvate
Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning fluidity?
Decreased fatty acid side chain saturation and increased temperature increase membrane fluidity
True or False: Cells at G2 have twice as many chromosomes as cells in G1.
False
True or False: Chemical reactions in which the products have less energy than the reactants are endergonic
False
True or False: Fermentation pathways are activated and produce the same amount of ATP normally produced by glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and the ETC.
False
True or False: Microfilaments are responsible for separating sister chromatids in anaphase of mitosis.
False
True or False: The reactions of glycolysis cycle take place in the matrix of the mitochondria.
False
True or False: Water, light, and NADPH are required for the light-independent reactions of the Calvin Cycle
False
Which phase(s) of the cell cycle are different alleles of the same gene separated?
Meiosis I
Which phase(s) of the cell cycle do homologous chromosomes become separated?
Meiosis I
Which phase(s) of the cell cycle does a diploid cell become haploid?
Meiosis I
Which phase(s) of the cell cycle does genetic recombination take place?
Meiosis I
Which phase(s) of the cell cycle is DNA exchanged between non-sister chromatids of a homologous pair of chromosomes?
Meiosis I
Which phase(s) of the cell cycle are sister chromatids separated?
Mitosis & Meiosis II
Which phase(s) of the cell cycle do the chromosome become condensed?
Mitosis and Meiosis I
Which phase(s) of the cell cycle does cytokinesis occur?
Mitosis, Meiosis I, and Meiosis II
Which phase(s) of the cell cycle is the amount of DNA reduced by 50%?
Mitosis, Meiosis I, and Meiosis II
Which reactant is the oxidizing agent? GLUCOSE + NAD+ >>>> PYRUVATE + NADH
NAD+
What is the relationship between the number of double bonds present in phospholipid side chains and the fluidity of biological membranes?
Saturated = less fluid Unsaturated = more fluid
Which of the following properties is not associated with living things?
The storage of genetic information in proteins.
If a plant has insufficient water, the cells lose turgor pressure and the leaves and stems begin to wilt. At the cellular level, the plant is affected because ____
There is no longer a source of water that is needed to replace electrons in chlorophyll molecules when they are oxidized in the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis.
True or False: ATP is produced by ATP synthase in mitochondria and in chloroplasts.
True
True or False: Cells in G2 of the cell cycle have twice as much DNA as cells in G1
True
True or False: Cells use fermentation to regenerate the NAD+ needed for glycolysis.
True
True or False: The cell switches to anaerobic respiration to maintain some level of ATP production.
True
Complete the following sentence: A gene is ___
a region of DNA that is required for the production of an RNA molecule
ATP synthase is ____
an enzyme, a transport protein, and integral membrane protein
S phase of the cell cycle
an inhibitor of DNA polymerase
transcription
an inhibitor of RNA polymerase
The formation of gametes
an inhibitor of meiosis
Peptide bond formation
an inhibitor of ribozyme activity
translation
an inhibitor of ribozyme activity
plasma membranes are in ____
animal cells, plant cells, and bacterial cells
Glycogen is made by ___ cells and functions as ___ molecule.
animal/ an energy storage
The lipid components of cellular membranes include:
cholesterol and phospholipids
Where does glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm of plant and animal cells
Where does the reduction of NAD+ to NADH take place?
cytoplasm of plant and animal cells
When a cell metabolizes a glucose molecule, most of the energy is harvested in
fermentation
Complex carbohydrate bonds
glycosidic linkage
The versatility of the carbon atom and the reason it is said to be "the backbone of life" is due to the fact that carbon atoms ___
have four unpaired electrons in their outer shell
When oxygen is present and the citric acid cycle is active, the pH of the mitochondrial matrix is __ than the intermembrane space.
higher
When oxygen is present, the pH in the matrix of the mitochondria should ______ compared to the intermembrane space due to the _____
higher/higher concentration of hydrogen ions in the intermembrane space
Most actively diving cells in the body undergo mitotic cell division. The cell cycle in these cells in divided into two main parts which are ___
interphase and M phase (mitotic phase)
methyl groups are ____
nonpolar
_____ to nucleic acids as amino acids are to ___
nucleotides are / proteins
Which of the following correctly reflects the process of science?
observation >> question >> hypothesis formulation >> experiment >> support or refute hypothesis
Protein bonds
peptide bond
The outward, physical appearance or behavior of an individual is called the ___
phenotype
Which of the following statements best represents the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
photosynthesis stores energy in organic molecules, while respiration releases it
hydroxyl groups are ___
polar
A hydrogen ion gradient across the chloroplast thylakoid membrane and across the inner mitochondrial membrane is required to ____
power ATP synthase
The four major groups of macromolecules that make up living organisms are ____
proteins, complex carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids
The association of two or more polypeptide subunits to make a functional chain
quaternary structure
When a cell harvests energy stored in a molecule of glucose, it does so by
removing electrons
Where does light independent reactions take place?
stroma
All of the following happen during mitosis except ___
synthesis of DNA
In plant cells glycolysis _____
takes place in the cytoplasm
In plant cells, glycolysis
takes place in the cytoplasm
The three dimensional conformation assumed by a polypeptide chain
tertiary structure
Which of the following MUST be present if diffusion is occurring?
the random movement of atoms or molecules due to kinetic energy
Dehydration reactions are involved in which of the following?
the synthesis of complex carbohydrate and the destruction of a water molecule when a covalent bond is formed between monomers
Where is the electron transport chain?
thylakoid membrane
Which of the following best descibes a homologous pair of chromosomes in a skin cell at G1 of interphase?
two molecules of DNA that contain the same genes in the same order
Which of the following correctly describes a homologous pair of chromosomes in prophase of meiosis I?
two replicated chromosome, each of which is two double-stranded DNA molecules