Bio 1114 Unit 1 Ch 1 and Ch 2

Radioactive

- A(n) __________ isotope is an unstable isotope that emits rays or particles when it breaks down. - Also used by scientist to determine the age of a fossil.

Ion

- An atom or group of atoms with a net negative charge or a net positive charge is called an - An atom that has lost or gained electrons.

- Primary Producer - Consumer - Decomposer

- Autotroph that obtains energy and nutrients from non living sources. - Heterotroph that obtains energy and nutrients by eating other organisms. - Heterotroph that obtains energy and nutrients from wastes and dead organisms.

Orbitals

- Chemist use this to describe the most likely location for an electron relative to its nucleus. - Each orbital can hold up to two electrons. - The more electrons in an atom, the more orbitals they occupy.

Electrons

- Constantly in motion. - Occupy distinct energetic regions around the nucleus. - Impossible to determine the exact location.

- Cellulose - Chitin - Starch - Glycogen

- Found in plant cell walls - Found in exoskeletons of insects, spiders, and crustaceans - Storage molecule of plants - Storage molecule of animals and fungi

Polypeptide

- Long chains of amino acids. - Called a protein once it folds into its functional shape; may consist of one or more polypeptide chains

- Carbohydrates - Lipids - Proteins - Nucleic Acids

- Monosaccharides and polysaccharides - Glycerol, fatty acids, and carbon chains and rings. - Amino acids - Nucleotides

- Plantae - Animalia - Fungi - Protista

- Multicellular; almost all are autotrophic organisms. - Heterotrophs; obtain food by ingestion. - Heterotrophs; obtain food by external digestion. - Unicellular and multicellular organisms; autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms.

Valence Shell

- Outermost occupied shell. - Atoms are most stable when their valence shells are full. - Helium (He) and Neon (Ne), for example, are inert, they are chemically unreactive, their outermost shells are full, they exist in nature without combining with other atoms.

Proteins

- Perform a vast variety of functions for the cell - May contain one or more polypeptide chains - Made up of monomers called amino acids

- Independent Variable - Dependent Variable - Standardized Variable

- The manipulated portion of the experiment. - The response that an investigator measures. - a parameter of the experiment that is held constant.

DNA

- Typically forms a double helix - Contains 5-carbon sugar deoxyribose - Store genetic information in its sequence of nucleotides

RNA

- Typically single-stranded - Contains 5-carbon sugar ribose - RNA allows cells to use the information in DNA - A modified RNA nucleotide is part of ATP

Secondary Structure

A "substructure" with a defined shape, resulting from hydrogen bonds between parts of the polypeptide.

Its atoms have electrons that are in constant motion.

A baseball feels solid because

Theory

A comprehensive, well-accepted explanation of a natural phenomenon.

Polar

A covalent bond where there is unequal sharing of electron pairs is called a(n) ________ covalent bond.

Organ

A leaf is composed of several tissues organized to work together and is a(n) ______ of a plant.

What is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?

A molecule that encodes genetic instructions

Is Denatured

A protein's hydrogen bonds are broken and its structure unfolded when the protein......

Hypothesis

A tentative, narrow-in-scope explanation of a natural phenomenon.

Occurred purely by chance.

After compiling results from experiments or studies, researchers may use statistical test to determine the probability that the results.....

Cellular Attributes Biochemical Aspects Genetic Characteristics Anatomical Features

All the types of data and characteristics that scientists can use to help compare evolutionary relationships between organisms.

Hydrogen Bond

An atom with a partial negative charge attracts an atom with a partial positive charge. Hydrogen bonds form between adjacent molecules or between different parts of a large molecule.

Electrically Neutral

An atom with equal number of protons and electrons

Chemical Bond

An attractive force that holds atoms together.

Tissues

Are groups of specialized cells that function together.

Emergent Properties

Are new functions that arise from interactions among a system's components, much as flour, sugar, butter, and chocolate can become brownies—something not evident from the parts themselves.

Organelles

Compartments within cells that carry out specific functions are called

Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates, consist of hundreds or thousands of monomers.

Energy Shells

Envision any atom's electrons as occupying a series of concentric ________, each having a higher energy level than the one inside it.

True

If an element has only one isotope, then its atomic weight would equal its mass number.

Statistically Significant

If researchers use statistical tests and determine that there is a low probability that their experimental results occurred purely by chance, then their results are

Glycerol

In triglycerides, fatty acid chains are attached to a three-carbon molecule called

Compound

Is a molecule composed of two or more different elements.

Genetic variability within a population

Is required for evolution by natural selection to occur.

Ionic Bond

One atom donates one or more electrons to another atom, forming oppositely charged ions that attract each other.

Lipids

Organic compounds with one property in common: They do not dissolve in water. They are hydrophobic.

1. Atom 2. Molecule 3. Organelle 4. Cell 5. Tissue 6. Organ

Rank the following levels of biological organization from smallest at the top to largest at the bottom.

Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria

Select all of the following that are Domain names in the taxonomic hierarchy of life.

- A single covalent bond between hydrogens and double covalent bond between oxygens. - 1 Pair of electrons shared between hydrogens and 2 pairs of electrons shared between oxygens.

Select all of the following that are represented by H-H and O=O.

Quaternary Structure

Shape arising from interactions between multiple polypeptide subunits of the same protein.

Tertiary

Structure of a polypeptide is its overall shape and is formed through the interaction between R groups and water.

R

The 20 types of amino acids are distinguished by their ________ group, which may be a hydrogen or a more complex group of atoms.

Primary Structure

The amino acids sequence of a polypeptide chain. Determines all subsequent structural levels.

Atomic Weight

The average mass of all isotopes of an element is called the element's

Metabolism

The chemical reactions within a cell that allows organisms to acquire and use energy and to sustain life are called

Peptide Bond

The resulting covalent bond that links each amino acid to its neighbor. - ****Two linked amino acids form a dipeptides; three form a tripeptide.****

Monosaccharides

The smallest carbohydrates, and consist of a single monomer.

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Two atoms exert approximately equal pull on their shared electrons. A bond between two atoms of the same element, such as a carbon-carbon bond, is nonpolar.

Covalent Bond

Two atoms share pairs of electrons.

Molecule

Two or more chemically jointed atoms.

Homeostasis

Using a process called, ________, living organisms maintain a state of internal constancy or equilibrium, such as a constant range of temperatures, nutrients, or water.

Ecosystem

What biological level includes the living and nonliving components of a particular area?

Eukarya

What domain is characterized by having unicellular and multicellular organisms whose cells contain a nucleus?

Protista

What group of eukaryotes includes many different unrelated species that are united solely because they are not fungi, plants, or animals?

Organ

What is a structure consisting of tissues organized to interact and carry out specific functions?

Species

What is the basic unit of classification and is denoted by a unique two-part scientific name?

Theory

What term would a biologist use to describe evolution?

Nucleic Acid

a long polymer of nucleotides; DNA or RNA

Disaccharide

("Two sugars") is two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.