Bio 1201 {2}

A codon is GCA. What is the sequence of the corresponding anticodon?

...

Missense mutations change the first letter

...

Nonsense changes it to a stop codon

...

resolving power of the naked eye..

.1 mm

A cell has a diameter of 10 um. What is the distance in millimeters?

0.01 mm

Vinegar has a pH of about 5. What is the concentration of H+ of vinegar?

1 x 10^-5 M

A red rose Rryy is crossed with a yellow rose rrYy. What fraction of the plants would have red flowers?

1/4 of them

The H+ concentration of the vinegar in the previous question is _____ times more acidic than pure water.

100

Most plants make sucrose, a 12 carbon sugar, from CO2 fixed during photosynthesis. How many CO2 molecules are needed to make one sucrose molecule?

12

18O and 16O are different isotopes of oxygen. What makes them different?

18O had two more neutrons then 16O

Fermentation nets _ ATP per molecule of glucose

2

max number of electrons in: first shell... second shell... third shell...

2 8 8

for two pyruvates... the krebs cycle makes

2 ATP 8 NADH 2 FADH2 cut that number in half for one pyruvate

During aerobic respiration the Kreb's cycle provides the cell with _____ from one acetyl CoA molecule.

2 CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2

What is the result when a diploid cell undergoes mitosis?

2 diploid cells

______ Different Amino Acids Can Be Found in Proteins

20

**Assume you have a mature mRNA about 600 nucleotides from start (AUG) to stop (UAA)** How many amino acids will be in the final protein this mRNA codes for?

200

Flower color in snapdragons is an example of incomplete dominance. If a red flowered plant is crossed with a white flowered plant, the F1 generation has pink flowers. If a pink flowered plant was crossed with a pink flowered plant, the progeny plants would be _____.

25% red, 50% pink, and 25% white

How many CO2 molecules are released by a single pyruvate molecule during aerobic respiration?

3

electron transport Protons are transported through the ATP synthase which captures energy to make ATP (1 NADH = __ ATP; 1 FADH2 = __ ATP)

3 2

Which type of linkage connects the nucleotides in RNA?

3'-5' phosphodiester linkages

aerobic respiration The energy released can make about ___ ATP from ADP and phosphate

36

Dog intestinal cells have 78 chromosomes. How many chromosomes do dog sperm cells have?

39

Consider the DNA sequence: 5'-TAGCGGCATTAA-3'

5'-TTAATGCCGCTA-3'

Glucose has __ carbons --- so one glucose produces __ CO2 molecules

6

You have a brother that has sickle cell anemia. Your parents are healthy and you are healthy. What is the chance that you are a carrier of the sickle cell trait?

66.7 chance

photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 12H2O + light ---> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2

An atom having an atomic number of 7 and a mass of 15 would be expected to have _____.

8

Which of the following is an example of secondary protein structure?

A B-sheet occurs

Chemiosmosis drives _____ and occurs in ______.

ATP formation; the mitochondrion and the chloroplast

electron transport Another protein, ______, is needed to make ATP

ATP synthase

While at the store you buy some carrots. The cells in those carrots are _____.

Alive

If a white-eyed female is crossed with a red eyed male what is the phenotype of the progeny

All of the males and females will have pinkeye

How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction?

By lowering the activation energy of a reaction

lipids Made up of ___, ___, and ___ Building blocks are _____ and _____ Classified as _______, _______ (Phospholipids) Functions: _________ Main component of _____

C H O glycerol, fatty acids triglycerides, diglycerides energy storage membranes

carbohydrates are made up of ___, ____, and ____. _____ or _____ structures classified as three things... Functions are...

C H O linear or ringed monsaccharides, dissacharides, and polysaccharides Energy storage, mobile energy molecules and structural functions

proteins Made up of ___, ___, ___, ___ and ___ Building blocks are _____ Functions: Structural, catalysis, movement, _____!!

C H O N S amino acids everything!!

most common natural carbon isotope

C-12

radioactive natural carbon isotope

C-14

The molecular formula of glucose C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula of a polymer made by linking five glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?

C30H52O26

What type of photosynthesis is done by sugar cane?

C4-type photosynthesis

Erythrose, a 4 carbon sugar, has the following chemical formula

C4H8O4

Plants that fix CO2 into C4 acids at night when stomates are open and carry out the Calvin Cycle during the day when stomates are closed are called _____.

CAM plants

Bases are: A,T,C,G Extremely long-lived molecule

DNA

genetic material

DNA

In trying to determine whether DNA or protein is the genetic material, Hershey and Chase made use of which of the following facts?

DNA does not contain sulfur, whereas protein does and DNA contains phosphorus, but protein does not.

the nucleus separates _____ from _____. ______ from ______.

DNA from cytosol transcription from translation

Links two pieces of DNA together

DNA ligase

The molecule that links together Okazaki fragments during DNA replication is..

DNA ligase

eukaryotic cells...

DNA packaged in nucleus; possess other organelles such as mitochondria Large: 10-100 micrometers (mm)

Removes the RNA primer and replaces with DNA

DNA polymerase I

makes most of the new DNA strand

DNA polymerase II

what is the order of information flow during gene expression?

DNA-->RNA-->Protein

In the murder mystery you are reading the victim has been killed by his evil twin using carbon monoxide poisoning. Which part of aerobic respiration is inhibited by carbon monoxide?

Electron transport

The stage of the cell cycle that occurs immediately after cytokinesis is:

G1 phase

Which molecule will yield the most energy in aerobic respiration?

Glucose

Which pathway or reaction is common in both aerobic respiration and alcohol fermentation?

Glycolysis

ER products modified, stored and packaged

Golgi apparatus stacked membranes form sacs

_____ wavelengths are reflected or transmitted by leaves

Green

If a heterozygous red-eyed female is crossed with a white-eyed male what is the phenotype of the progeny?

Half of the males will have red eyes and half will have white. Half of the females will have red and the other half will have white

name the x linked traits

Hemophilia color blindness muscular dystrophy

You have a yeast strain that has a defect and the electron transport chain does not function. Under what conditions, if any, could the yeast grow?

It can grow by alcohol fermentation

You accidentally leave your favorite house/dorm plant in the dark over Thanksgiving vacation. To your surprise it is still alive when you return because _______.

It obtained energy from stored sugar and starch molecules produced before your vacation

A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Which of the following statements is true concerning this compound?

It should dissolve in water

You have a friend that recently lost 15 pounds. Where did the fat go?

It was released as CO2 and H2O

prokaryotic cells...

Lack nucleus, other organelles Small: 1-10 micrometers (mm)

____double bonds: more oxidized, fewer e- ____double bonds: more reduced, more e-

MORE FEWER

In his transformation experiments, Griffith observed that ____.

Mixing a heat-killed pathogenic strain of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic strain can convert some of the living cells into the pathogenic form.

Which molecule is the most oxidized?

N with 3 lines connecting to another N

aerobic respiration ____ picks up electrons from glucose during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle forming NADH

NAD+

Which of the following molecules directly donates electrons to the mitochondrial electron transport chain?

NADH

aerobic respiration Produces the high energy molecules ___ and ____

NADH ATP

aerobic respiration _____ via the electron transport chain donates ____ to O2 forming H2O

NADH electrons

A father has blood type AB and a mother has a blood type B. Which blood type is NOT POSSIBLE among their children?

O

Describe a hydroxyl group

O single bonded to an H

Which organism produces O2?

Only photosynthetic organisms produce O2

What protein listed below bind chlorophyll?

Photosystem I

Which of the following is a protein function?

Proteins transport molecules across membranes, proteins move vesicles along microtubules, microtubules are made of proteins, and some hormones are proteins

Bases are: A,U,C,G Shorter-lived molecule

RNA

Which enzyme is responsible for making the RNA strand during transcription?

RNA polymerase

Which of the following is a difference between RNA and DNA?

RNA uses the base uracil, which DNA uses the base thymidine

Which runner has the best chance of winning the race?

Runner C has normal blood glucose levels and his muscles are well oxygenated

At this moment, which runner is probably using glucose at the fastest rate?

Runner D has normal blood glucose levels and his muscles are anaerobic

Referring again to the runners above, which runners had to stop?

Runners A and B (Runner A has depleted his blood glucose and his muscles are well oxygenated/Runner B has depleted his blood glucose and his muscles are anaerobic)

Compare the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis in humans. Which process takes longer?

Spermatogenesis takes about the same time as oogenesis

In the scientific method what step comes immediately after you formulate your hypothesis?

Testing the hypothesis

Which of the following is an example of a hydrogen bond?

The bond between the H of one water molecule and the O of another water molecule

The gene for black or grey body color in fruit flies (b) has a recombination rate of 17% with the gene for vestigial wings (vg). The gene for black or grey body color in fruit flies has a recombination rate of 9% with the gene for red or cinnabar eyes (cn). Which statement below is true?

The gene b is closer to the gene cn than the gene vg

A couple has a son who is colorblind. Neither parent is color blind. Which parent or parents has/have the color blind trait.

The mother has the trait, the father does not

In class I did a demonstration of the following reaction: 2H2O2 --> 2H2O + O2. This reaction did not occur until the catalase was added. What did the catalase do?

The reaction is always exergonic but catalase lowered the activation energy

Which of the following is TRUE of both starch and cellulose?

They are both polymers of glucose

**Assume that you have given a bacteria cell radioactive thymidine so that the DNA in the cell was completely labeled. Also assume that no other component of the cell is labeled. Now you take away the radioactive thymidine and allow the cells to divide. Remember the DNA is still radioactive.** After two rounds of cell division there are four cells. How many of these cells will be radioactive?

Two will be radioactive

Consider the DNA sequence: 5'-CCTGTGAA-3' This is the template strand. What mRNA would be produced from this sequence?

UUCACAGG

How do water molecules interact with large molecules like a protein?

Water can form hydrogen bonds with the protein

In a test cross, a pea plant with yellow round peas of uncertain heritage was crossed with a plant that had green wrinkled peas. One half of the resulting plants had yellow wrinkled peas and one half had yellow round peas. What was the genotype of the parent that had yellow round peas?

YyRr

Another person has found out that both his father and mother are carriers of the cystic fibrosis trait. This person does not have cystic fibrosis. What is the chance that he is a carrier of the trait?

a 25% chance

What are the features of a typical mRNA found in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell?

a 5' cap, 5' to 3' untranslated regions (UTRs), a poly-adenine tail, and an intron

If one parent is heterozygous for Huntington's disease and the other is homozygous normal, which is the chance that a child of theirs will have Huntington's disease?

a 50% chance

You have recently found out that your father is a carrier of the cystic fibrosis trait and your mother is homozygous normal. You do not have cystic fibrosis. What is the chance that you are a carrier of the trait?

a 50% chance

Describe a carboxylic acid

a C with a double bonded O and a single bonded O

An unfavorable reaction that occurs along with the cleavage at ATP to ADP and Pi is an example of ______.

a coupled reaction

all cells both prokaryotic and eukaryotic have...

a plasma membrane cytoplasm ribsomes DNA

A human cell contains 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome. What is this cell?

a sperm cell

If a plant with green round peas (yyRr) is crossed with a plant with yellow round peas (YyRr) what percentage of the pea plant will have wrinkled peas?

about 25%

What fraction of the pea plants in question will have green round peas?

about 3/8

What percentage of pea plants in question will have yellow peas?

about 50%

Chlorophyll _____ blue and red wavelengths but not green

absorbs

types of membrane transport requires energy and a transport protein

active transport

All of the following are functions of the Kreb's Cycle EXCEPT ______.

adding electrons and protons to oxygen to form water

Glucose + O2 --> CO2 + H2O

aerobic respiration

Occurs in anaerobic yeast cells but not aerobic yeast cells

alcoholic fermentation

Form amines, normally act as bases Functional group for amino acids

amino

Describe an amino group

an N with 2 single bonded Hs

K+ concentration is higher inside than outside a cell and is transported into the cell by the Na+-K+ ATPase. K+ transport into a cell is best described as _____.

an example of active transport

Cellulose does not readily react with O2 forming CO2 and H2O at room temperature because _____.

at room temp. the activation energy barrier for this reaction cannot be surmounted

number of protons in a cell

atomic number

the number to the bottom left of the atom is...

atomic number

mass of the atom, approximately the mass number

atomic weight

organisms that produce energy from chemical energy source, primarily by photosynthesis

autotrophic

Atoms that have a full outer electron shell tend to:

be stable and nonreactive

name the y linked traits

being male hairy ears

**Assume that you have given a bacteria cell radioactive thymidine so that the DNA in the cell was completely labeled. Also assume that no other component of the cell is labeled. Now you take away the radioactive thymidine and allow the cells to divide. Remember the DNA is still radioactive.** After one cell division which cell (s) is/are radioactive?

both cells will be radioactive

list the four types of macromolecules

carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

Two types: aldehydes and ketones forms nonpolar molecules

carbonyl

Form carboxylic or organic acids Normally lose proton, produce ionic form Functional group on amino acids

carboxyl

formation of polypeptides Bond forms between _____ and ______ of two amino acids Bond forms by ______ Polypeptide has amino and carboxy ends

carboxyl, amino groups dehydration

Energy from _______makes ATP, all the energy for the other cell work makes ____.

catabolism ADP

found in plants protects from lysis controls shape found outside plasma membrane NOT a permeabilty factor

cell wall

carbohydrate functions found in plant cell walls

cellulose

transport is protein specific (only certain molecules can pass through)

channel proteins

light reactions ATP is formed by ______

chemiosmosis

Which is an example of a carbohydrate?

chitin

carbohydrate functions found in fungal cells wall, insect and arachnid exoskeletons

chitin

This is the location of the Calvin Cycle

chloroplast stroma

site of photosynthesis possesses dna

chloroplasts

animal cells lack...

chloroplasts central vacuole cell wall plasmodesmata

prokaryotic cells have ______ DNA.

circular (cytoplasm)

inhibition where active site is blocked

competitive inhibition

This molecule is a nucleotide

complicated structure

important c4 plants

corn sugar cane

an unfavorable reaction (endergonic reaction) is linked to a very favorable reaction (exergonic reaction) such as ATP cleavage. The favorable cleavage of ATP allows the unfavorable reaction to proceed

coupled reaction

A wife has type "A" blood and the husband has type "B" blood. Their child is type "O". What do you know about the genotypes of the parents?

crossover must have occurred for this to happen

name the recessive diseases

cycstic fibrosis tay sachs sickle cell a recessive disease means homozygous recessive has the disease (nn) and a heterozygouse is a carrier

electron transport The last protein, ______ gives electrons to O2

cytochrome oxidase

Most RNA processing in a eukaryotic cell takes place in the _____.

cytoplasm

aqueous interior of the cell

cytoplasm

where does glycolysis happen

cytoplasm

Mediates movement of cells and organelles Protein scaffolding (controls cell shape)

cytoskeleton

The portion of the cell enclosed by the plasma membrane but not part of any organelle

cytosol

Synthesis is by ______; breakdown is by _______ of monomers

dehydration [removing water] hydrolosis [addition of water]

passive transport of solute molecules Net movement of molecules down a concentration gradient

diffusion

types of membrane transport requires no energy and no protein

diffusion

Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond (formed by hydrolysis)

dissacharides

links new dna peices called okazaki fragments

dna ligase

removes primer and replaces it with dna

dna polymerase I

saturated fats do not have

double bonds between adjacent carbons

the nucleus is surrounded by a ______. possesses one or more ______ (the site of ribosome synthesis) possesses _____, general term for genetic info in the nucleus stores genetic info (_____), organized in chromosomes

double membrane (envelope) nucleoli chromatin DNA

name the dominant diseases

dwarfism huntingtons polydactyly a dominant disease is shown by the heterzygouse allele (Nn) there are no carriers

light reactions _______ produces H+ gradient across the thylakoid membrane

electron transport

variation in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon

enantiomers

a reaction that requires energy from the surroundings to occur. Example: DNA synthesis

endergonic reaction

import of molecules into vesicles (animal cells)

endocytosis

A reaction that releases energy when it takes place. Example 1: ATP cleavage to ADP and Pi Example 2: Glucose + O2 to CO2 and water

exergonic reaction

export of macromolecules by secretion (animal and plant cells)

exocytosis

types of membrane transport requires no energy but does require transport proteins

facilitated diffusion

unsaturated fats have a cis double bond that causes bendind

fat with double bonds between carbons

Which of the following solutions has the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions (H+)?

gastric juice at pH 2

Different arrangements about double bonds

geometric cis = same side trans = opposite sides

carbohydrate functions mobile sugar in our blood

glucose

Sucrose =

glucose + fructose (table sugar, transported in plants)

Lactose =

glucose + galactose (milk sugar)

Maltose =

glucose + glucose (malt sugar)

hexoses, or 6 carbon sugars are...

glucose, galactose, and fructose

carbohydrate functions energy storage mostly found in animals

glycogen

from one glucose 6 ATP from 30 ATP from

glycolysis krebs cycle

Which organism below is capable to aerobic respiration?

grass, yeast cells, oak trees, and mice

A child with Down's syndrome has _____

has an extra chromosome 21

Oxygen and sulfur atoms ______.

have different numbers of protons

Integral proteins would be expected to:

have hydrophobic regions

Separates the 2 DNA strands to unwind them

helicase

unwinds the DNA strand

helicase

organisms that produce energy from autotrophic organisms

heterotrophic

This molecule is a simple sugar

hexagon, OH, O, CH2OH, and HO

Chromosomes that carry the same assembly of genes controlling the same traits are best described as _____.

homologous chromosomes

If a person has two identical alleles, he/she is _____ for that gene.

homozygous

forms alcohols produces polar molecules

hydroxyl

relatively higher solute concentration - low water content

hypertonic

relatively lower solute concentration - high water content

hypotonic

This location becomes very acidic in the light

inside of the thylakoid

atoms have a ____ bond when electrons transferred

ionic

Common molecular formulae, different structures and properties

isomers

same solute and water concentrations

isotonic

Same number of Protons & Electrons. DIFFERENT number of Neutrons.

isotopes

During vigorous exercise, anaerobic muscle cells produce ____ and gain ____.

lactase; ATP

eukaryotic cells have _____ DNA.

linear (nucleus)

anything under that

linked

This molecule is a fatty acid

long chain of C with H and O

digestion of proteins and bacteria autophagy phagocytosis

lysosomes

sum of protons and neutrons in a nucleus

mass number

the number to the top left of the atom is...

mass number

number of neutrons =

mass number - atomic number

division of a diploid cell to form FOUR haploid cells - sexual reproduction

meiosis

Membranes prevent the movement of Na+ and charged solutes in cells because ______.

membranes contain phospholipids

The position of mitosis where the chromosomes are lined up at the center of the dividing cell is ______.

metaphase

The mitotic spindle is composed of:

microtubules

This organelle contains DNA

mitochondria

This organelle contains the enzymes for aerobic respiration

mitochondria

has two membranes possesses DNA (+ribosomes) aerobic respiration, produces ATP

mitochondria

This organelles contains membranes

mitochondria, lysosomes, and golgi apparatus

This process consumes O2, converting it to H2O

mitochondrial electron transport

This process takes place on the inner membrane of the mitochondria

mitochondrial electron transport

where does the krebs cycle happen

mitochondrial matrix

When you sprain your ankle there is damage to ligaments and blood vessels. What type of cell division is occurring during the healing process?

mitosis

division of a diploid to form two diploid cells - asexual

mitosis

Most macromolecules (not all) are polymers made up of repeating units called _____.

monomers

Which of the following elements has the same number of valence electrons as phosphorus?

nitrogen

inhibitor binds away from active site changing protein shape

noncompetitive inhibtion

A woman is a carrier of the color blind trait and her husband has normal color vision. What percentage of the children will be color blind?

none of the girls will be color blind but one half of the boys will be color blind

atoms that share electrons equally have a ___ bond

nonpolar covalent

Which type of bond is formed by an equal sharing of electrons between atoms?

nonpolar covalent bond

In biological molecules, carbon atoms tend to form ______.

nonpolar covalent bonds

nucleic acids building blocks -- _____ two types: ____ and ____ funtion: _______________

nucleotides DNA and RNA store and transmit genetic information

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

osmosis

electrons lost

oxidation

ingestion of large particles (vacuole and lysosome)

phagocytosis

what are the three types of endocytosis...

phagocytosis pinocytosis receptor mediated

Organic phosphates Negatively charged Important for energy storage molecules

phosphate

the plasma membrane is made up of

phospholipids and proteins it regulates the movement of materials in and out of the cell

cam plants

pineapple agave spanish moss in desert areas

ingestion of extracellular fluid

pinocytosis

Which organelle prevents small charged molecules like Na+ from rapidly entering the cell?

plasma membrane

the bilayer that separates the outside from the cytoplasm.

plasma membrane

atoms that share electrons unequally have a ___ bond

polar covalent bonds

level of structure amino acid sequence

primary

makes a small RNA primer (helps DNA polyerase get started)

primase

phase where chromosomes condense mitotic spindle (microtubules) form nucleoli disappear

prophase

DNA -> RNA -> Protein the DNA to RNA step is... the RNA to Protein step is...

protein syntesis transcription [[nucleus of eukaryotes]] translation [[cytoplasm of eukaryotes]]

Which of the groups of organic molecules below would be expected to contain sulfur?

proteins

In the reaction: pyruvate + NAD+ --> acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+, which of the reactants has been oxidized?

pyruvate has been oxidized

level of structure aggregation of polypeptides

quaternary

Chlorophyll molecules mostly absorb the _____ wavelengths of visible light.

red and blue

electrons gained

reduction

pentoses, or 5 carbon sugars are...

ribose and ribulose

made up of proteins and RNA (ribosomal RNA, or rRNA, produced in the nucleolus) is the site of translation (protein synthesis)

ribosomes

protein-RNA structures that make proteins

ribsomes

bound ribosomes no ribosomes

rough ER -- synthesis of proteins smooth ER -- synthesis of lipids

Ribosomes are found with ______ where they are involved with _______.

rough ER, protein biosynthesis

_____ is probably the most abundant enzyme on the planet.

rubisco

level of structure coils and folds of primary chain hydrogen bonds in backbone beta pleated sheet

secondary

Pumps 3 sodiums out of the cell, moves 2 potassium ions in. Inside of cell becomes a negative charge and outside becomes positive.

sodium potassium ATPase

c3 plants

soy beans cotton ribose

carbohydrate functions energy storage mostly found in plants

starch

surface area increases while total volume ______.

stays constant

carbohydrate functions mobile sugar found in plants

sucrose

Commonly form thiols Disulfide bonds can form between molecules Disulfide bonds are important for protein structure

sulfhydryl

What type of RNA has codons?

tRNA

level of structure shape produced by bonds between side chains hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions

tertiary

what determines the funtional characteristics of a molecule?

the R group

Microtubules and microfilaments are components of _________.

the cytoskeleton

where does electron transport happen

the inner mitochondrial memrbane

Referring to the previous question, none of the child's grandparents is color blind. Which grandparent must be a carrier of the color blind allele?

the maternal grandmother

In which structure below do all of the atoms have reasonable numbers of chemical bonds?

the structure with N in the middle and 3 Hs surrounding it

Oxygen has an atomic mass of 16. Therefore, ______

the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in oxygen must be 16

This is the location of the chloroplast electron transport chain

thylakoid membrane

The photosystems, chlorophyll and the electron transport chain are embedded in ______

thylakoid membranes

A delta G that is positive is __________. A negative delta G is _______.

unfavorable favorable

a recombination number of 50%

unlinked

electrons in outer shell

valence electrons

outermost shell containing electrons

valence shell

The concentration of oxygen in the earth's atmosphere is approximately 21% and this concentration is maintained by the breakdown of _____ in photosynthesis.

water

**Assume you have a mature mRNA about 600 nucleotides from start (AUG) to stop (UAA)** Can you predict the exact amino acid sequence that the mRNA codes for?

yes