Bio 1201 {2}
A codon is GCA. What is the sequence of the corresponding anticodon?
...
Missense mutations change the first letter
...
Nonsense changes it to a stop codon
...
resolving power of the naked eye..
.1 mm
A cell has a diameter of 10 um. What is the distance in millimeters?
0.01 mm
Vinegar has a pH of about 5. What is the concentration of H+ of vinegar?
1 x 10^-5 M
A red rose Rryy is crossed with a yellow rose rrYy. What fraction of the plants would have red flowers?
1/4 of them
The H+ concentration of the vinegar in the previous question is _____ times more acidic than pure water.
100
Most plants make sucrose, a 12 carbon sugar, from CO2 fixed during photosynthesis. How many CO2 molecules are needed to make one sucrose molecule?
12
18O and 16O are different isotopes of oxygen. What makes them different?
18O had two more neutrons then 16O
Fermentation nets _ ATP per molecule of glucose
2
max number of electrons in: first shell... second shell... third shell...
2 8 8
for two pyruvates... the krebs cycle makes
2 ATP 8 NADH 2 FADH2 cut that number in half for one pyruvate
During aerobic respiration the Kreb's cycle provides the cell with _____ from one acetyl CoA molecule.
2 CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2
What is the result when a diploid cell undergoes mitosis?
2 diploid cells
______ Different Amino Acids Can Be Found in Proteins
20
**Assume you have a mature mRNA about 600 nucleotides from start (AUG) to stop (UAA)** How many amino acids will be in the final protein this mRNA codes for?
200
Flower color in snapdragons is an example of incomplete dominance. If a red flowered plant is crossed with a white flowered plant, the F1 generation has pink flowers. If a pink flowered plant was crossed with a pink flowered plant, the progeny plants would be _____.
25% red, 50% pink, and 25% white
How many CO2 molecules are released by a single pyruvate molecule during aerobic respiration?
3
electron transport Protons are transported through the ATP synthase which captures energy to make ATP (1 NADH = __ ATP; 1 FADH2 = __ ATP)
3 2
Which type of linkage connects the nucleotides in RNA?
3'-5' phosphodiester linkages
aerobic respiration The energy released can make about ___ ATP from ADP and phosphate
36
Dog intestinal cells have 78 chromosomes. How many chromosomes do dog sperm cells have?
39
Consider the DNA sequence: 5'-TAGCGGCATTAA-3'
5'-TTAATGCCGCTA-3'
Glucose has __ carbons --- so one glucose produces __ CO2 molecules
6
You have a brother that has sickle cell anemia. Your parents are healthy and you are healthy. What is the chance that you are a carrier of the sickle cell trait?
66.7 chance
photosynthesis equation
6CO2 + 12H2O + light ---> C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
An atom having an atomic number of 7 and a mass of 15 would be expected to have _____.
8
Which of the following is an example of secondary protein structure?
A B-sheet occurs
Chemiosmosis drives _____ and occurs in ______.
ATP formation; the mitochondrion and the chloroplast
electron transport Another protein, ______, is needed to make ATP
ATP synthase
While at the store you buy some carrots. The cells in those carrots are _____.
Alive
If a white-eyed female is crossed with a red eyed male what is the phenotype of the progeny
All of the males and females will have pinkeye
How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction?
By lowering the activation energy of a reaction
lipids Made up of ___, ___, and ___ Building blocks are _____ and _____ Classified as _______, _______ (Phospholipids) Functions: _________ Main component of _____
C H O glycerol, fatty acids triglycerides, diglycerides energy storage membranes
carbohydrates are made up of ___, ____, and ____. _____ or _____ structures classified as three things... Functions are...
C H O linear or ringed monsaccharides, dissacharides, and polysaccharides Energy storage, mobile energy molecules and structural functions
proteins Made up of ___, ___, ___, ___ and ___ Building blocks are _____ Functions: Structural, catalysis, movement, _____!!
C H O N S amino acids everything!!
most common natural carbon isotope
C-12
radioactive natural carbon isotope
C-14
The molecular formula of glucose C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula of a polymer made by linking five glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?
C30H52O26
What type of photosynthesis is done by sugar cane?
C4-type photosynthesis
Erythrose, a 4 carbon sugar, has the following chemical formula
C4H8O4
Plants that fix CO2 into C4 acids at night when stomates are open and carry out the Calvin Cycle during the day when stomates are closed are called _____.
CAM plants
Bases are: A,T,C,G Extremely long-lived molecule
DNA
genetic material
DNA
In trying to determine whether DNA or protein is the genetic material, Hershey and Chase made use of which of the following facts?
DNA does not contain sulfur, whereas protein does and DNA contains phosphorus, but protein does not.
the nucleus separates _____ from _____. ______ from ______.
DNA from cytosol transcription from translation
Links two pieces of DNA together
DNA ligase
The molecule that links together Okazaki fragments during DNA replication is..
DNA ligase
eukaryotic cells...
DNA packaged in nucleus; possess other organelles such as mitochondria Large: 10-100 micrometers (mm)
Removes the RNA primer and replaces with DNA
DNA polymerase I
makes most of the new DNA strand
DNA polymerase II
what is the order of information flow during gene expression?
DNA-->RNA-->Protein
In the murder mystery you are reading the victim has been killed by his evil twin using carbon monoxide poisoning. Which part of aerobic respiration is inhibited by carbon monoxide?
Electron transport
The stage of the cell cycle that occurs immediately after cytokinesis is:
G1 phase
Which molecule will yield the most energy in aerobic respiration?
Glucose
Which pathway or reaction is common in both aerobic respiration and alcohol fermentation?
Glycolysis
ER products modified, stored and packaged
Golgi apparatus stacked membranes form sacs
_____ wavelengths are reflected or transmitted by leaves
Green
If a heterozygous red-eyed female is crossed with a white-eyed male what is the phenotype of the progeny?
Half of the males will have red eyes and half will have white. Half of the females will have red and the other half will have white
name the x linked traits
Hemophilia color blindness muscular dystrophy
You have a yeast strain that has a defect and the electron transport chain does not function. Under what conditions, if any, could the yeast grow?
It can grow by alcohol fermentation
You accidentally leave your favorite house/dorm plant in the dark over Thanksgiving vacation. To your surprise it is still alive when you return because _______.
It obtained energy from stored sugar and starch molecules produced before your vacation
A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Which of the following statements is true concerning this compound?
It should dissolve in water
You have a friend that recently lost 15 pounds. Where did the fat go?
It was released as CO2 and H2O
prokaryotic cells...
Lack nucleus, other organelles Small: 1-10 micrometers (mm)
____double bonds: more oxidized, fewer e- ____double bonds: more reduced, more e-
MORE FEWER
In his transformation experiments, Griffith observed that ____.
Mixing a heat-killed pathogenic strain of bacteria with a living nonpathogenic strain can convert some of the living cells into the pathogenic form.
Which molecule is the most oxidized?
N with 3 lines connecting to another N
aerobic respiration ____ picks up electrons from glucose during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle forming NADH
NAD+
Which of the following molecules directly donates electrons to the mitochondrial electron transport chain?
NADH
aerobic respiration Produces the high energy molecules ___ and ____
NADH ATP
aerobic respiration _____ via the electron transport chain donates ____ to O2 forming H2O
NADH electrons
A father has blood type AB and a mother has a blood type B. Which blood type is NOT POSSIBLE among their children?
O
Describe a hydroxyl group
O single bonded to an H
Which organism produces O2?
Only photosynthetic organisms produce O2
What protein listed below bind chlorophyll?
Photosystem I
Which of the following is a protein function?
Proteins transport molecules across membranes, proteins move vesicles along microtubules, microtubules are made of proteins, and some hormones are proteins
Bases are: A,U,C,G Shorter-lived molecule
RNA
Which enzyme is responsible for making the RNA strand during transcription?
RNA polymerase
Which of the following is a difference between RNA and DNA?
RNA uses the base uracil, which DNA uses the base thymidine
Which runner has the best chance of winning the race?
Runner C has normal blood glucose levels and his muscles are well oxygenated
At this moment, which runner is probably using glucose at the fastest rate?
Runner D has normal blood glucose levels and his muscles are anaerobic
Referring again to the runners above, which runners had to stop?
Runners A and B (Runner A has depleted his blood glucose and his muscles are well oxygenated/Runner B has depleted his blood glucose and his muscles are anaerobic)
Compare the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis in humans. Which process takes longer?
Spermatogenesis takes about the same time as oogenesis
In the scientific method what step comes immediately after you formulate your hypothesis?
Testing the hypothesis
Which of the following is an example of a hydrogen bond?
The bond between the H of one water molecule and the O of another water molecule
The gene for black or grey body color in fruit flies (b) has a recombination rate of 17% with the gene for vestigial wings (vg). The gene for black or grey body color in fruit flies has a recombination rate of 9% with the gene for red or cinnabar eyes (cn). Which statement below is true?
The gene b is closer to the gene cn than the gene vg
A couple has a son who is colorblind. Neither parent is color blind. Which parent or parents has/have the color blind trait.
The mother has the trait, the father does not
In class I did a demonstration of the following reaction: 2H2O2 --> 2H2O + O2. This reaction did not occur until the catalase was added. What did the catalase do?
The reaction is always exergonic but catalase lowered the activation energy
Which of the following is TRUE of both starch and cellulose?
They are both polymers of glucose
**Assume that you have given a bacteria cell radioactive thymidine so that the DNA in the cell was completely labeled. Also assume that no other component of the cell is labeled. Now you take away the radioactive thymidine and allow the cells to divide. Remember the DNA is still radioactive.** After two rounds of cell division there are four cells. How many of these cells will be radioactive?
Two will be radioactive
Consider the DNA sequence: 5'-CCTGTGAA-3' This is the template strand. What mRNA would be produced from this sequence?
UUCACAGG
How do water molecules interact with large molecules like a protein?
Water can form hydrogen bonds with the protein
In a test cross, a pea plant with yellow round peas of uncertain heritage was crossed with a plant that had green wrinkled peas. One half of the resulting plants had yellow wrinkled peas and one half had yellow round peas. What was the genotype of the parent that had yellow round peas?
YyRr
Another person has found out that both his father and mother are carriers of the cystic fibrosis trait. This person does not have cystic fibrosis. What is the chance that he is a carrier of the trait?
a 25% chance
What are the features of a typical mRNA found in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell?
a 5' cap, 5' to 3' untranslated regions (UTRs), a poly-adenine tail, and an intron
If one parent is heterozygous for Huntington's disease and the other is homozygous normal, which is the chance that a child of theirs will have Huntington's disease?
a 50% chance
You have recently found out that your father is a carrier of the cystic fibrosis trait and your mother is homozygous normal. You do not have cystic fibrosis. What is the chance that you are a carrier of the trait?
a 50% chance
Describe a carboxylic acid
a C with a double bonded O and a single bonded O
An unfavorable reaction that occurs along with the cleavage at ATP to ADP and Pi is an example of ______.
a coupled reaction
all cells both prokaryotic and eukaryotic have...
a plasma membrane cytoplasm ribsomes DNA
A human cell contains 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome. What is this cell?
a sperm cell
If a plant with green round peas (yyRr) is crossed with a plant with yellow round peas (YyRr) what percentage of the pea plant will have wrinkled peas?
about 25%
What fraction of the pea plants in question will have green round peas?
about 3/8
What percentage of pea plants in question will have yellow peas?
about 50%
Chlorophyll _____ blue and red wavelengths but not green
absorbs
types of membrane transport requires energy and a transport protein
active transport
All of the following are functions of the Kreb's Cycle EXCEPT ______.
adding electrons and protons to oxygen to form water
Glucose + O2 --> CO2 + H2O
aerobic respiration
Occurs in anaerobic yeast cells but not aerobic yeast cells
alcoholic fermentation
Form amines, normally act as bases Functional group for amino acids
amino
Describe an amino group
an N with 2 single bonded Hs
K+ concentration is higher inside than outside a cell and is transported into the cell by the Na+-K+ ATPase. K+ transport into a cell is best described as _____.
an example of active transport
Cellulose does not readily react with O2 forming CO2 and H2O at room temperature because _____.
at room temp. the activation energy barrier for this reaction cannot be surmounted
number of protons in a cell
atomic number
the number to the bottom left of the atom is...
atomic number
mass of the atom, approximately the mass number
atomic weight
organisms that produce energy from chemical energy source, primarily by photosynthesis
autotrophic
Atoms that have a full outer electron shell tend to:
be stable and nonreactive
name the y linked traits
being male hairy ears
**Assume that you have given a bacteria cell radioactive thymidine so that the DNA in the cell was completely labeled. Also assume that no other component of the cell is labeled. Now you take away the radioactive thymidine and allow the cells to divide. Remember the DNA is still radioactive.** After one cell division which cell (s) is/are radioactive?
both cells will be radioactive
list the four types of macromolecules
carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids
Two types: aldehydes and ketones forms nonpolar molecules
carbonyl
Form carboxylic or organic acids Normally lose proton, produce ionic form Functional group on amino acids
carboxyl
formation of polypeptides Bond forms between _____ and ______ of two amino acids Bond forms by ______ Polypeptide has amino and carboxy ends
carboxyl, amino groups dehydration
Energy from _______makes ATP, all the energy for the other cell work makes ____.
catabolism ADP
found in plants protects from lysis controls shape found outside plasma membrane NOT a permeabilty factor
cell wall
carbohydrate functions found in plant cell walls
cellulose
transport is protein specific (only certain molecules can pass through)
channel proteins
light reactions ATP is formed by ______
chemiosmosis
Which is an example of a carbohydrate?
chitin
carbohydrate functions found in fungal cells wall, insect and arachnid exoskeletons
chitin
This is the location of the Calvin Cycle
chloroplast stroma
site of photosynthesis possesses dna
chloroplasts
animal cells lack...
chloroplasts central vacuole cell wall plasmodesmata
prokaryotic cells have ______ DNA.
circular (cytoplasm)
inhibition where active site is blocked
competitive inhibition
This molecule is a nucleotide
complicated structure
important c4 plants
corn sugar cane
an unfavorable reaction (endergonic reaction) is linked to a very favorable reaction (exergonic reaction) such as ATP cleavage. The favorable cleavage of ATP allows the unfavorable reaction to proceed
coupled reaction
A wife has type "A" blood and the husband has type "B" blood. Their child is type "O". What do you know about the genotypes of the parents?
crossover must have occurred for this to happen
name the recessive diseases
cycstic fibrosis tay sachs sickle cell a recessive disease means homozygous recessive has the disease (nn) and a heterozygouse is a carrier
electron transport The last protein, ______ gives electrons to O2
cytochrome oxidase
Most RNA processing in a eukaryotic cell takes place in the _____.
cytoplasm
aqueous interior of the cell
cytoplasm
where does glycolysis happen
cytoplasm
Mediates movement of cells and organelles Protein scaffolding (controls cell shape)
cytoskeleton
The portion of the cell enclosed by the plasma membrane but not part of any organelle
cytosol
Synthesis is by ______; breakdown is by _______ of monomers
dehydration [removing water] hydrolosis [addition of water]
passive transport of solute molecules Net movement of molecules down a concentration gradient
diffusion
types of membrane transport requires no energy and no protein
diffusion
Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond (formed by hydrolysis)
dissacharides
links new dna peices called okazaki fragments
dna ligase
removes primer and replaces it with dna
dna polymerase I
saturated fats do not have
double bonds between adjacent carbons
the nucleus is surrounded by a ______. possesses one or more ______ (the site of ribosome synthesis) possesses _____, general term for genetic info in the nucleus stores genetic info (_____), organized in chromosomes
double membrane (envelope) nucleoli chromatin DNA
name the dominant diseases
dwarfism huntingtons polydactyly a dominant disease is shown by the heterzygouse allele (Nn) there are no carriers
light reactions _______ produces H+ gradient across the thylakoid membrane
electron transport
variation in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon
enantiomers
a reaction that requires energy from the surroundings to occur. Example: DNA synthesis
endergonic reaction
import of molecules into vesicles (animal cells)
endocytosis
A reaction that releases energy when it takes place. Example 1: ATP cleavage to ADP and Pi Example 2: Glucose + O2 to CO2 and water
exergonic reaction
export of macromolecules by secretion (animal and plant cells)
exocytosis
types of membrane transport requires no energy but does require transport proteins
facilitated diffusion
unsaturated fats have a cis double bond that causes bendind
fat with double bonds between carbons
Which of the following solutions has the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions (H+)?
gastric juice at pH 2
Different arrangements about double bonds
geometric cis = same side trans = opposite sides
carbohydrate functions mobile sugar in our blood
glucose
Sucrose =
glucose + fructose (table sugar, transported in plants)
Lactose =
glucose + galactose (milk sugar)
Maltose =
glucose + glucose (malt sugar)
hexoses, or 6 carbon sugars are...
glucose, galactose, and fructose
carbohydrate functions energy storage mostly found in animals
glycogen
from one glucose 6 ATP from 30 ATP from
glycolysis krebs cycle
Which organism below is capable to aerobic respiration?
grass, yeast cells, oak trees, and mice
A child with Down's syndrome has _____
has an extra chromosome 21
Oxygen and sulfur atoms ______.
have different numbers of protons
Integral proteins would be expected to:
have hydrophobic regions
Separates the 2 DNA strands to unwind them
helicase
unwinds the DNA strand
helicase
organisms that produce energy from autotrophic organisms
heterotrophic
This molecule is a simple sugar
hexagon, OH, O, CH2OH, and HO
Chromosomes that carry the same assembly of genes controlling the same traits are best described as _____.
homologous chromosomes
If a person has two identical alleles, he/she is _____ for that gene.
homozygous
forms alcohols produces polar molecules
hydroxyl
relatively higher solute concentration - low water content
hypertonic
relatively lower solute concentration - high water content
hypotonic
This location becomes very acidic in the light
inside of the thylakoid
atoms have a ____ bond when electrons transferred
ionic
Common molecular formulae, different structures and properties
isomers
same solute and water concentrations
isotonic
Same number of Protons & Electrons. DIFFERENT number of Neutrons.
isotopes
During vigorous exercise, anaerobic muscle cells produce ____ and gain ____.
lactase; ATP
eukaryotic cells have _____ DNA.
linear (nucleus)
anything under that
linked
This molecule is a fatty acid
long chain of C with H and O
digestion of proteins and bacteria autophagy phagocytosis
lysosomes
sum of protons and neutrons in a nucleus
mass number
the number to the top left of the atom is...
mass number
number of neutrons =
mass number - atomic number
division of a diploid cell to form FOUR haploid cells - sexual reproduction
meiosis
Membranes prevent the movement of Na+ and charged solutes in cells because ______.
membranes contain phospholipids
The position of mitosis where the chromosomes are lined up at the center of the dividing cell is ______.
metaphase
The mitotic spindle is composed of:
microtubules
This organelle contains DNA
mitochondria
This organelle contains the enzymes for aerobic respiration
mitochondria
has two membranes possesses DNA (+ribosomes) aerobic respiration, produces ATP
mitochondria
This organelles contains membranes
mitochondria, lysosomes, and golgi apparatus
This process consumes O2, converting it to H2O
mitochondrial electron transport
This process takes place on the inner membrane of the mitochondria
mitochondrial electron transport
where does the krebs cycle happen
mitochondrial matrix
When you sprain your ankle there is damage to ligaments and blood vessels. What type of cell division is occurring during the healing process?
mitosis
division of a diploid to form two diploid cells - asexual
mitosis
Most macromolecules (not all) are polymers made up of repeating units called _____.
monomers
Which of the following elements has the same number of valence electrons as phosphorus?
nitrogen
inhibitor binds away from active site changing protein shape
noncompetitive inhibtion
A woman is a carrier of the color blind trait and her husband has normal color vision. What percentage of the children will be color blind?
none of the girls will be color blind but one half of the boys will be color blind
atoms that share electrons equally have a ___ bond
nonpolar covalent
Which type of bond is formed by an equal sharing of electrons between atoms?
nonpolar covalent bond
In biological molecules, carbon atoms tend to form ______.
nonpolar covalent bonds
nucleic acids building blocks -- _____ two types: ____ and ____ funtion: _______________
nucleotides DNA and RNA store and transmit genetic information
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
osmosis
electrons lost
oxidation
ingestion of large particles (vacuole and lysosome)
phagocytosis
what are the three types of endocytosis...
phagocytosis pinocytosis receptor mediated
Organic phosphates Negatively charged Important for energy storage molecules
phosphate
the plasma membrane is made up of
phospholipids and proteins it regulates the movement of materials in and out of the cell
cam plants
pineapple agave spanish moss in desert areas
ingestion of extracellular fluid
pinocytosis
Which organelle prevents small charged molecules like Na+ from rapidly entering the cell?
plasma membrane
the bilayer that separates the outside from the cytoplasm.
plasma membrane
atoms that share electrons unequally have a ___ bond
polar covalent bonds
level of structure amino acid sequence
primary
makes a small RNA primer (helps DNA polyerase get started)
primase
phase where chromosomes condense mitotic spindle (microtubules) form nucleoli disappear
prophase
DNA -> RNA -> Protein the DNA to RNA step is... the RNA to Protein step is...
protein syntesis transcription [[nucleus of eukaryotes]] translation [[cytoplasm of eukaryotes]]
Which of the groups of organic molecules below would be expected to contain sulfur?
proteins
In the reaction: pyruvate + NAD+ --> acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+, which of the reactants has been oxidized?
pyruvate has been oxidized
level of structure aggregation of polypeptides
quaternary
Chlorophyll molecules mostly absorb the _____ wavelengths of visible light.
red and blue
electrons gained
reduction
pentoses, or 5 carbon sugars are...
ribose and ribulose
made up of proteins and RNA (ribosomal RNA, or rRNA, produced in the nucleolus) is the site of translation (protein synthesis)
ribosomes
protein-RNA structures that make proteins
ribsomes
bound ribosomes no ribosomes
rough ER -- synthesis of proteins smooth ER -- synthesis of lipids
Ribosomes are found with ______ where they are involved with _______.
rough ER, protein biosynthesis
_____ is probably the most abundant enzyme on the planet.
rubisco
level of structure coils and folds of primary chain hydrogen bonds in backbone beta pleated sheet
secondary
Pumps 3 sodiums out of the cell, moves 2 potassium ions in. Inside of cell becomes a negative charge and outside becomes positive.
sodium potassium ATPase
c3 plants
soy beans cotton ribose
carbohydrate functions energy storage mostly found in plants
starch
surface area increases while total volume ______.
stays constant
carbohydrate functions mobile sugar found in plants
sucrose
Commonly form thiols Disulfide bonds can form between molecules Disulfide bonds are important for protein structure
sulfhydryl
What type of RNA has codons?
tRNA
level of structure shape produced by bonds between side chains hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions
tertiary
what determines the funtional characteristics of a molecule?
the R group
Microtubules and microfilaments are components of _________.
the cytoskeleton
where does electron transport happen
the inner mitochondrial memrbane
Referring to the previous question, none of the child's grandparents is color blind. Which grandparent must be a carrier of the color blind allele?
the maternal grandmother
In which structure below do all of the atoms have reasonable numbers of chemical bonds?
the structure with N in the middle and 3 Hs surrounding it
Oxygen has an atomic mass of 16. Therefore, ______
the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in oxygen must be 16
This is the location of the chloroplast electron transport chain
thylakoid membrane
The photosystems, chlorophyll and the electron transport chain are embedded in ______
thylakoid membranes
A delta G that is positive is __________. A negative delta G is _______.
unfavorable favorable
a recombination number of 50%
unlinked
electrons in outer shell
valence electrons
outermost shell containing electrons
valence shell
The concentration of oxygen in the earth's atmosphere is approximately 21% and this concentration is maintained by the breakdown of _____ in photosynthesis.
water
**Assume you have a mature mRNA about 600 nucleotides from start (AUG) to stop (UAA)** Can you predict the exact amino acid sequence that the mRNA codes for?
yes
