Bio 121 Lab: Exam 2 Guide

A dihybrid cross consists of 2 heterozygotes in the P generation. What i expected phenotypic ratio of their offspring?

*dihybrid* = 4 numbers = 9:3:3:1 9= Dominant/Dominant 3= Dominant/Recessive 3= Recessive/Dominant 1= Recessive/Recessive

What will be be the phenotypic ration of offspring in a monohybrid cross of 1 parent that is Heterozygous and 1 parent that is homozygous recessive?

*monohybrid= 2 numbers* Aa x aa = 1:1

can grow in the presence of the antibiotic ampicillin

+pGLO

Given the following- list all the condition sets where you would expect to see colony Growth.

-pGLO LB +pGLO LB/amp +pGLO LB/amp/ara * no growth in -pGLO LB/amp*

On the test, we will be told a marker was found. A reaction happened. Means?

-reaction means a marker was found. A blood means A marker B blood means B marker. AB is A and B marker. Antisera identifies the marker. Antisera A finds the A marker etc. 4 reactions: A, B, A+B, none=O (recessive)

What is the condition we observed in blood type where 2 dominant alleles can be expressed at once?

1. Codominance AB blood type or Genotype I^A I^B - means we have on our red blood cells, we have the A shaped marker and the B shaped marker

What blood type is expressed as dominant? Recessive? Codominant? (make sure to note which answer is which type of expression)

1. Dominant blood type is either A or B blood 2. Recessive blood type is O blood 3. Codominant blood type is AB

Define electrophoresis and how does it manipulate DNA in a way that is useful to us?

1. Is the technique used to separates DNA fragments based on size 2. this technique is useful to us to because it can identify individuals or can identify changes in DNA sequences (such as mutations)

Name the 3 genes contained on the pGLO plasmid

1. bla, araC, GFP

Name an describe the function of ONE of the genes contained in the pGLO plasmid.

1. bla- produces the enzyme for the bacteria to grow in the presence of ampicillin 2. araC- the promoter gene that is turned on in the presence of the sugar arabinose in the environment 3. GFP- produces the fluorescent pigment

Describe 1 similarity between the 2 types of bacteria used in this lab. -pGLO bacteria (untransformed) and +pGLO (transformed)

1. both are HB101 non-virulent strains of E. coli bacteria 2. both need LB agar to survive 3. both replicate at 37°C and take overnight to replicate enough for us to visualize colonies

What procedures do the cells require to undergo transformation

1. competence 2. stressing out the cells 3. letting them recover

What is a competent cell? And what did we do to make our cells competent?

1. competent- the cell membrane has holes in it that allow the plasmid to enter the cell. 2. to make them competent, we added calcium chloride, we heat shocked them and ice bathed them. page 131

Describe 2 difference between the 2 types of bacteria used in this lab. +pGLO bacteria (transformed)

1. contains plasmid 2. can survive in the presence of ampicillin and glows if there is arabinose in the agar

Describe 2 difference between the 2 types of bacteria used in this lab. -pGLO bacteria (untransformed)

1. does not contain plasmid 2. is killed by ampicillin

What is necessary for the cell to take up plasmid?

1. gave CaCl2 which poked holes in the cell membrane 2. heat shocking which stresses out the bacterial cell which so they will suck up the juice from the environment which ours had the plasmid.

There were a total of 400 corn kernel counted (exactly) by Jack and Jill in the lab last week. 311 of the kernels were purple and 89 were yellow. What is the EXPECTED phenotypic ratio of the offspring? (chai square test)

1. only 2 colors so its monohybrid = 2 numbers 2. Either 1:1 or 3:1 3. Based on the question, its 3:1

There are multiple conditions necessary for the E. coli to GLOW. Names at least ONE unique condition that would enable the bacteria to GLOW.

1. pGLO plasmid 2. UV light 3. Presence of the sugar

Define the concept of DNA fingerprinting. What is its purpose? What are the 4 samples that we observed in our experiment?

1. purpose is to identify DNA samples from the same individual. 2. sample from crime scene and 3 suspects.

There are multiple conditions necessary for the E. coli to Glow. Name at least ONE unique condition that would enable the bacteria to GLOW.

1. the presence of the sugar in the environment 2. the UV light

Which of the genotypes above indicates resistance to malaria? List all that apply 1. Homozygous Dominant 2. Heterozygous Recessive 3. Homozygous Recessive

2. Heterozygous Recessive 3. Homozygous Recessive - the environment keeps it around

Name the genotype that has sickle cell anemia. 1 . HbA/HbA 2. HbA/HbS 3. HbS/HbS

3. HbS/HbS also aa or q2

Ideal temperature for the growth of E.coli?

37 degrees C 98.7 degrees F

Know how to construct a monohybrid punnet square

4 square box with either male allele or female allele on the top or side cross multiply

genetic drift

A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.

natural selection

A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.

What is a plasmid and what are general characteristics of plasmids?

A small circular self-replicating DNA molecule that is separate from the bacterial chromosome

What will be the phenotypic ratio of offspring in a monohybrid cross of one parent that is Heterozygous and one parent that is homozygous recessive?

Aa x aa = ratio is 1:1

gene pool

All the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population at any one time

Prevents growth of untransformed bacteria on LB/amp plates

Ampicillin

Genotypes vs phenotypes

An organism's genotype is the set of genes that it carries/ genetic makeup. An organism's phenotype is all of its observable characteristics/ physically expressed traits Blood- Geno is I^A; Pheno is A or B

Sugar (ose) that turns on GFP gene ( enables the +pGLO bacteria to glow)

Arabinose

derived character in only one taxon

Autapomorphy

Predictions of phenotypic ratios of offspring results of a monohybrid or a dihybrid cross, and given ratios of offspring, predict parental genotypes

Basically, the information in a question will be given and we need to set up a punnet square to answer the pheno and geno types -Heterozygous x Heterozygous = Mono-(AaxAa) is 3:1; Dihyb-(AaBbxAaBb) is 9:3:3:1. Heterozygous x Homozygous= Mono-(Azxaa) is 1:1; Dihyb- (AaBbxaabb) is 1:1:1:1

Compare and contrast population bottle necks and the founder effect. These are examples of _____?

Bottle necks: catastrophic event/ kills a huge portion of the population Founder effect: when individuals are separated from the original population and start a new population Both are examples of genetic drift due to chance

pokes holes in the cell membrane so plasmid can enter the cell

CaCL2 or calcium chloride

evolution

Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

Define what it means that a bacterial cell is competent

Competence means the cell membrane has holes to allow the plasmid to enter the cell- holes are created by CaCI2

Are the colored pigments on a gel that are seen with our naked eye that show up after performing electrophoreses bands of DNA

DNA bands either have to be stained or some other treatment to be seen after electrophoresis. the pigments seen on the gel directly after electrophoresis are just the loading dye.

What is the charge of DNA - therefore, DNA moves toward which charge

DNA has a negative charge. DNA then moves towards positive charge.

Cladogram

Diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms

species of bacteria used in the experiment

E. coli

Device used to generate a difference in electrical charge

Electrophoresis chamber

In regard to blood type, a person with type AB blood can donate to both type A and type B individuals. T/F

False If someone receives a blood type, they can't receive something different than they already have. If a person with A blood received AB blood, the body would recognize the B as foreign and attack it and vice versus.

Larger DNA fragments travel faster than smaller ones? T/F

False, smaller DNA would land further from their starting point.

gene that produces a pigment that will fluoresce under UV light

GFP

What strain of E.coli was used in the experiment and why

HB101 it is a non-virulent strain

Which of the genotypes indicates resistance to malaria and also sickle cell anemia symptoms? 1. Homozygous Dominant 2. Heterozygous Recessive 3. Homozygous Recessive

Heterozygous Recessive (sickle cell anemia is recessive disorder) sickle cell is genetic and malaria is environment

Heterozygous x heterozygous Mono (Aa x Aa) 3:1 Bi (AaBb x AaBa) 9:3:3:1

Heterozygous x Homozygous Recessive Mono (Aa x aa) = 1:1 Di (AaBa x aabb) = 1:1:1:1

Difference between homology and analogy

Homology: similarity due to shared ancestry Analogy: similarity due to convergent evolution

How can we use these equations to determine what is happening to the gene pool of a population over time?

If genetic frequencies are changing or staying the same

List 2 of the assumptions of the Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium

Individuals do not come into or leave the population No mutations no sexual selection

On the test, page 107, the numbers for the dihybrid cross is given. set up on a table the headings given for the math.

Know to find all the values. 1. add all observed 1st 2. expected are all 100 (in a perfect world) 3. multiply across and don't forget x2 3. di= 3rd line on the probability line. line them up and then your answer is not sign or sign diff

What is required for E. coli to grow? Glow?

LB (Process substance) - to glow, araC

The food for all E.coli bacteria

LB agar

Perfect environment to grow E.coli

Lb agar

Identify the following and environment or genetic: Malaria and Sickle cell anemia

Malaria is environmental Sickle cell anemia is genetic

Tool for transporting small amount of liquid

Micropipette

------------ are the complementary base pairing of nitrogenous bases that form sequences that can be read the same forwards and backwards.

Palindrome

mutations

Random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides. The source of all genetic diversity.

---------- enzymes have specific active site that recognizes particular nucleotide sequences called recognition sequences.

Restriction enzymes

population genetics

Study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of evolutionary processes.

shared derived character

Synapomorphy

Liquid that carries electricity

TAE buffer

Cladogenesis

The process by which sexually reproducing species arise

Taxonomy

The scientific study of how living things are classified

How does size of a DNA band effect how far it moves on the gel

The smaller the DNA fragment, the faster the band will travel.

What is the purpose of preforming a chi square statistical test?

To make a count and see if the observed values are close enough to the perfect expected ratio or are they to far away. We need a statistical test to back up our if they are close enough or not

DNA's backbone is negatively charged and therefore migrates to the positive (red) end of the gel. T/F?

True

The presence of Malaria maintains the sickle cell allele in a gene pool. T/F? explain your answer for credit

True - if it wasn't for the environmental factor of malaria, then the diseased allele for natural selection we would expect to get rid of

p2 = HbA/HbA Homozygous dominant allele q2 = HbS/HbS 2pq HbA/HbS Heterozygous

What is the genotype of villagers with sickle-cell anemia? HbS/HbS

Be able to interpret the results of a ran gel (i.e. banding patterns)

Whatever section lines up exactly with the crime scene is the killed based on the DNA matching

know how to construct a dihybrid punnet square

a 16 square box with either male allele or female allele on the top or side cross multiply -FOIL

population

a group of organisms of the same species populating a given area

What sugar is used to make the gels used in electrophoresis?

agarose

What is a "well"

an indentation in a gel where DNA is inserted

promoter gene turned on by arabinose sugar

araC

Polysaccharide that forms a gel matrix

aragose sugar

gene that provides ampicillin resistance

bla

Form growth by bacteria on agar

colony

The ability for the cell to take up plasmid

competence

Define what it means that a bacterial cell is competent. what was done in this experiment to make the bacteria cells competent.

competence= the cell membrane has holes to allow the plasmid to enter the cell-holes are created by CaCL2

Jill has a mother with O blood and a father withAB. What are the possibilities of blood type that Jill could have? List all that apply.

draw punnet square. ii top, I^A;I^B left side. cross them and it will be A or B blood. -phenotype is the A or B -geno is the I^A or I^B

What happens in population when any of the assumptions of Hardy Weinburg equilibrium aren't met?

evolution

Dominant allele

expresses no matter what the second allele is a Capital letter

altering the genetic makeup of an organisms by giving it extra genetic material through its cell membrane

genetic transformation

stresses the bacteria to encourage taking up plasmid from the environment

heat shock

Heterozygous

homologous chromosomes have different alleles at the same locus hetero means different

Homozygous

homologous chromosomes have the same allele at a given locus Homo means same

What is DNA fingerprinting/profiling and what is one example is can be used?

identifying DNA from a specific individual

What conditions are necessary to have genetic equilibrium?

if things change is called evolution

Dawn has type B blood. Her mom has type O blood. What is/are the possible genotype(s) of Dawn's father? List all that apply.

ii=O Dad could be I^b I^B, I^Bi, I^A I^B Mom is I^Bi

Adaptation

inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival

Know how to do Chi-square and interpret the results (know how to complete table, formulas are not important)

is commonly used to compare observed results with predictions according to a specific hypothesis

What is an outgroup and how is it used in cladistics?

less closely related to the group being considered that it is to another taxon, is included in the comparison

In this experiment, what structure was given to the + E.coli?

means E.coli was give the plasmid

DNA has a -------- charge and is drawn to the ------- anode of the electrical unit in the electrophoresis.

negative charge; red or +

Recessive allele

only expressed when the second allele is the same

Be able to write out the 2 Hardy-Weinberg equations and be able to use them

p+q=1 p2+2pq+q2=1

genetically engineered plasmid given to the bacteria

pGLO

What plasmid was used in this experiment and what did the genes it contains/code for and do?

pGLO; bla- codes for b-lactamase, araC- promoter gene that turns on the GFP when working with GFP, GFP- when present with arabinose, the GFP will transcribe, translate and produce a green fluorescent protein

Know how to calculate expected numbers from observed

page 105 and 107 has the math of O,E, (O-E), (O-E)2, (O-E)2/E. this gives you the x2 value. based on mon or dihybrid, the numbers will help with expected ratio.

Blood typing- phenotypes, interpret results with antisera, transfusions possibilities, heredity

page 108-109

What is the relationship between sickle cell anemia and malaria? Be able to interpret results from the computer simulation based on this relationship (i.e.study your notes from the computer simulation)

pg 162-173

small circular self-replicating DNA molecule that is separate from the bacterial chromosome

plasmid

primitive character

plesiomorphy

Which plates would you expect to see growth/fluorescence and why?

prediction for -pGLO LB = grows/no glow prediction for -pGLO LB/amp = no grow/ no glow prediction for +pGLO LB/amp = grow/ no glow prediction for +pGLO LB/amp/ara = grow/ glow

What is transformation

process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria

There were a total of 400 corn kernel counted (exactly) by Jack and Jill in the lab last week. 311 of the kernels were purple and 89 were yellow. What are the expected values of (as used on a chi-square analysis) Purple________ Yellow________

purple- 300 yellow- 100 -expected needs to be pefect #s... and total was 400 so 3:1= 300 and 100.

What is the function of restriction enzymes

puts DNA within a particular sequence

If p= 0.25, what is q2? Show your work.

q=0.75 the square both sides q2 = 0.5625 p+q= 1 p2 +2pq+ q2 = 1 (AA+ Aa+ aa=1)=genotypes p= dominant and q= recessive

Know how to use the chart on page 107 in your lab manual to form a conclusion

refer to page 107 and understand how to to be able to tell if it is "not significantly different" or "significantly different"

Phylogeny defined

relatedness among species

What type of enzyme is substrate specific and is necessary for DNA fingerprinting/profiling?

restriction enzymes

What is a palindrome sequence

sequences that are read the same forwards as backwards

what is genetic equilibrium?

situation in which allele frequencies in a population remain the same

Why is sterile technique used in microbiology experiments?

so we don't have contamination of other bacterial cells in our results

Why does DNA respond to electrical current?

the backbone of DNA has a negative charge to it, so it is pulled to the positive end of the chamber.

Determine how far a band of DNA moves in electrophoresis?

the length of the DNA fragment determines how far DNA will travel down a gel

genetic fixation

the loss of all but one possible allele at a gene locus in a population

In this experiment, what structure was given the the "+" E. coli?

these E. coli were given the plasmid pGLO

Small fragments of DNA will travel farther through the gel than larger fragments of DNA when exposed to an electric current. T/F

true

What are some procedures that are part of sterile technique?

washing hands no contamination using new equipment

2 purposes of loading dye

weighs down the DNA and moves at a similar pace to watch the DNA progression of movement of DNA during electrophoresis