BIO 168 Chapter 8: Joints and Movement

The range of motion for a given joint is influenced by a number of factors:

1. shape of the articular surfaces of the bones forming the joint 2. amount and shape of cartilage covering those articular surfaces 3. strength and location of ligaments and tendons surrounding the joint 4. strength and location of the muscles associated with the joint 5. amount of fluid in and around the joint 6. amount of pain in and around the joint 7. amount of use or disuse the joint has received over time

synovial fluid is rich in (choose all that apply)

Answer: blood filtrate, hyaluronic acid (polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and cells derived from serum filtrate and secretions from the synovial cells. the major polysaccharide is hyaluronic acid)

an example of a saddle joint would be the ____.

carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Joints joined together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage would be classified as ____ joints.

cartilaginous

Synchondroses and symphyses are types of ____ joints.

cartilaginous

Circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. occurs freely at the moveable joints like the shoulder.

A motion in which one end of an appendage is stationary while the other makes a circular motion is called _____. It is a combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction.

circumduction

tibial collateral ligament

connects the medial epicondyle of the femur to the tibia

symphyses

consists of fibrocartilage uniting two bones. Examples include the junction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum and the intervertebral disks. some of these joints are slightly flexible due to the somewhat flexible nature of fibrocartilage. it also acts as a shock absorber between the vertebrae.

joint capsule

consists of two layers; an outer fibrous capsule and an inner synovial membrane. the fibrous capsule is the outer layer of the joint capsule consists of dense irregular connective tissue

Synovial joints

contain synovial fluid and allow considerable movement are more complex than fibrous and cartilaginous joints most joints that unite the bones of the appendicular skeleton are synovial joints, reflecting the far greater mobility of the appendicular skeleton compared with the axial skeleton.

both parietal bones join with the frontal bone at the

coronal suture

categorize each joint by its structural classification

coronal suture - fibrous carpometacarpal joint - synovial pubic symphysis - cartilaginous

the hip joint is a joint between the

coxal bone and the femur

Using a structural classification, the hip joint is classified as a _____, whereas sutures are structurally classified as _____.

synovial; fibrous using a structural classification, the hip joint is classified as a SYNOVIAL, whereas sutures are structurally classified as FIBROUS.

flexion and pronation are two movements allowed at the

elbow joint

A movement that raises a body part superiorly is called:

elevation

the anatomical name for the joint between the talus, fibula, and tibia is the

talocrural (ankle) joint

name the bones that are involved in the jaw joint

temporal and mandible

inflammation of a tendon sheath is a form of bursitis called

tendinitis

active range of motion

the amount of movement that can be accomplished by contracting the muscles that normally act across a joint

Teeth anchored in their sockets are the only examples of ____ in the human body.

gomphoses

A joint in which a hard object, such as a tooth, is held in a bone cavity is called a:

gomphosis

a joint disorder in which uric acid crystals accumulate in joints is called

gout

synovial joints

have considerable movement

fibrous and cartilaginous joints

have little or no movement

The classification of a joint as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial describes:

how the bone ends are held together within the joint

articular cartilage is composed of what type of cartilage?

hyaline

An abnormal, forced extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion is called _____.

hyperextension

passive range of motion

the amount of movement that can be accomplished when the structures that meet at the joint are moved by an outside force

joints (articulations) are commonly named according to:

the bones or portions of bones that join together.

articular disks help adjust:

the connection between articulating bones, which improves joints stability and reduces wear on the articular cartilage.

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

the mandible articulates with the temporal bone to form the TMJ.

Flexion and extension

the person in this image is demonstrating what movements? *extension is when the limb is straight

the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments connect which two bones?

tibia and femur

at the knee, the fibular articulates with the

tibia bone

Rolling the ankle so that the plantar surface of the foot is facing medially is a special movement called _____.

inversion

rolling the ankle so that the plantar surface of the foot is facing medially is a special movement called

inversion

inversion/eversion

inversion turns the ankle so that the plantar surface of the foot faces medially toward the opposite foot (rolling out) eversion turns the ankle so that the plantar surface faces laterally (rolling in)

Circular movements

involve rotation around an axis or movements in an arc.

glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

is a ball-and-socket joint that has less stability but more mobility than the other ball and socket joint aka the hip. the rim of the glenoid cavity is built up slightly by the glenoid labrum, a fibrocartilage ring to which the joint capsule is attaches. subscapular bursa opens into the joint cavity subacromial bursa is located near the joint cavity but separated from the cavity by the joint capsule.

flextion

is a bending that decreases the angle of a joint to bring the articulating joint to bring the articulating bones closer together.

The movement of the thumb to touch the tip of the little finger is called ____.

opposition *the hand on the left represents opposition and right represents reposition

opposition/reposition

opposition is a movement unique to the thumb. it occurs when the thumb and the tip of a finger on the same hand are brought toward each other across the palm. reposition returns the thumb to the neutral anatomical position

the atlantoaxial joint is an example of a

pivot joint

types of synovial joints

plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket

Types of synovial joints: class and examples of joint

plane: -acromioclavicular -carpometacarpal -costovertebral -intercarpal -intertarsal -intervertebral -sacroiliac -tarsometatarsal saddle: -carpometacarpal pollicis -intercarpal -sternoclavicular hinge: -cubital (elbow) -knee -interphalangeal -talocrural (ankle) pivot: -atlantoaxial -proximal radioulnar -distal radioulnar ball-and-socket: -hip -glenohumeral (shoulder) -coxal ellipsoid: -atlantooccipital -metacarpophalangeal (knuckles) -metatarsophalangeal (ball of foot) -radiocarpal -temporomandibular *refer to table 8.8 on page 263

Ballet dancers often point their toes using a movement referred to as _____.

plantar flexion

a movement of the forearm that turns the palm posteriorly or downward is called ____.

pronation

Jutting out the jaw is an example of:

protraction

what is the anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane called?

protraction

protraction/retraction

protraction is a gliding motion that moves a structure in an anterior direction (forward) - jutting out the jaw retraction is a gliding motion that moves a structure in a posterior direction (backward) - pulling the jaw back Anterior / posterior movement along transverse plane example: Mandible (stick chin out / pull chin back)

when supinating the forearm, the bone that rotates, or "spins", is the ____

radius

the structure of the joint (articular surfaces, joint capsule), the strength of ligaments, and the actions of muscles across a joint all determine the joint's:

range of motion

The joint between the first rib and the sternum is classified as a:

synchondrosis

What is a cartilaginous joint in which hyaline cartilage binds the bones together called?

synchondrosis

A joint in which bones are held together by only a ligament or band of fibrous tissue would be classified as a _____.

syndesmosis

Which is an example of a fibrous joint?

syndesmosis

the ligament that binds the radius and ulna together in the center of the bones is a ___ joint.

syndesmosis

when two bones grown together, the result is a joint called a(n) ____.

synostosis

synchondrosis is converted to

synostosis as bone replaces the existing cartilage

a joint in which bones are separated by a narrow, fluid-filled, encapsulated space is a(n) _____ joint.

synovial

flexion extension protraction and eversion are all examples of movements allowed by what general type of joints?

synovial

of the structural joint classifications, ___ joints are the most complex

synovial

of the structural joint classifications, _____ joints are the most complex.

synovial

the fluid-filled space found in the synovial joints is called the ____ ____.

synovial cavity.

the fluid within the articular (joint) cavity is called the ____.

synovial fluid

a joint in which bones are separated by a narrow fluid filled encapsulated space is a

synovial joint

the inner lining of the joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid is the ____ ____.

synovial membrane

true or false: the tightness of the ligaments at each joint is the only limiting factor of movement at that joint.

FALSE *there are several more factors that limit the range of motion, including articular surface shape, strength of tendons and muscles, and amount of use over time, to name a few.

ellipsoid joints are

biaxial

fibrous sacs filled with synovial fluid and located in areas where friction must be reduced are called

bursa

the olecranon _____ cushions movement of tendons over the posterior aspect of the elbow joint

bursa

the subacromial and subscapular ____ cushion muscles and tissues within the shoulder joint

bursa

the categories of movement allowed at the synovial joint

gliding, angular, and circular

abduction/adduction

movement away/into from midline

multiaxial

movement occurring around several axes

Extension

movement of a body part posterior to the coronal plane

there are special cases of flexion

movement of the foot toward the plantar surface (standing on toes) = plantar flexion movement of the foot toward the shin (walking on heels) = dorsiflexion

Dorsiflexion

movement of the foot towards the shin

Lateral excursion

movement of the mandible to the right or left of the midline

Plantar flexion may best be described as _____.

moving the foot downward, such as standing on the toes.

Dorsiflexion can be described as ____.

moving the foot upwards as occurs when walking on your heels.

synarthroses

nomovable joint

match the description of the degree of motion with the proper functional classification.

non-movable - synarthroses slightly movable - amphiarthroses freely movable- diarthroses

what bones are joined at the lambdoid suture?

occipital and parietal

biaxial

occurring around two axes situated at right angles to eachother

sprain

occurs when ligaments are damaged. the degree of damage can range from stretched to completely torn ligaments.

Where are sutures found?

only in the skull

The joints between the vertebral bodies are structurally classified as:

symphyses

a joint in which fibrocartilage binds bones together is a

symphysis

a joint in which fibrocartilage binds together is a

symphysis

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS:Class/example, bones/structures joined, movement.

*Synchondroses: Epiohyseal plate - diaphysis and epiphysis of a long bone - no movement Sternocostal - anterior cartilaginous part of first rib; between rib and sternum - slight movement Sphenooccipital - sphenoid and occipital - no movement *Symphyses: Intervertebral - bodies of adjacent vertebrae - slight movement Manubriosternal - manubrium and body of sternum - no movement Symphysis pubis - the two hipbones - no movement (expect during childbirth) Xiphisternal - xiphoid process and body of sternum - no movement

The categories of movement allowed at a synovial joint:

-angular -circular -gliding

The types of circular movements allowed at synovial joints.

-circumduction -rotation -pronation

The types of angular movements allowed at synovial joints:

-extension -flexion -abduction

what is found in a joint capsule?

-fibrous capsule -synovial membrane

what general changes occur in the body tissues as a person ages?

-less flexibility -slower tissue repair -less elasticity

select all of the movements allowed at the temporomandibular joint

-medial and lateral excursion -protraction and extension -depression and elevation

identify the structures that stabilize the knee joint

-popliteal ligaments -cruciate ligaments -collateral ligaments -tendons of quadriceps

what movements are allowed to some extent at the knee joint?

-rotation -flexion -extension

the nutrient supply of joint cartilage comes from which sources?

-synovial fluid -blood vessels in spongy bone of epiphyses -vessels around periphery of articular cartilage nourishment form blood vessels that form a vascular circle at the peripheral margin of the cartilage but do not actually penetrate the cartilage or enter the joint cavity. additional nourishment to the articular cartilage comes from the underlying spongy bone and from the synovial fluid covering the articular cartilage.

cubital joint (elbow)

-synovial joint -involves distal humerus and proximal radius and ulna -flexion and extension -compound hinge joint -between the humerus and ulna = humeroulnar joint -between the humerus and radius = humeroradial joint -between the proximal radius and ulna = proximal radioulnar joint -the movement at the elbow is limited to flexion and extension -elbow joint is an example of a pivot joint

joint cavity

-the articular surfaces of the bones meet at a synovial joint are enclosed within a joint cavity. -joint cavities are filled with synovial fluid. -the joint cavity is surrounded by a joint capsule that helps hold the bones together while still allowing for movement.

joints can be classified by:

-the presence of a fluid filled cavity -the degree of movement allowed at the joint -the type of connective tissue binding the bones

the types of movements that occur at a joint are determined by the

-types of connecting tissue -shape of articulating surfaces -tightness of ligaments

identify the correct descriptions of fibrous joints

-united by fibrous tissue -having no joint cavity -having a limited range of motion

anterior cruciate ligament

A ligament in the knee that attaches to the anterior aspect of the tibial plateau. restricting anterior movement of the tibia on the femur

Table 8.6 JOINTS

Arthritis Inflammation of a joint, leading to pain and stiffness of the joint; over 100 causes, including infectious agents, metabolic disorders, trauma, and immune disorders Degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis) Most common type of arthritis; affects 85% of Americans over age 70; characterized by gradual degeneration of a joint with advancing age; can be delayed with exercise Rheumatoid arthritis General connective tissue autoimmune disorder that predominantly affects joints Gout Group of metabolic disorders that lead to increased production and accumulation of uric acid crystals in tissues, including joint capsules; can lead to arthritis Lyme disease Caused by a bacterial infection that affects multiple organs, including the joints; can lead to chronic arthritis Bursitis Inflammation of a bursa, often due to forceful contact or prolonged contact, such as student's elbow from leaning on a desk Bunion Most bunions are deformations of the first metatarsal (the great toe); bursitis may accompany this deformity; irritated by tight shoes Tendinitis Inflammation of tendon sheaths, often from overuse, such as tennis elbow Dislocation Movement of bones out of their correct alignment at a joint; a partial dislocation is a subluxation Sprain Stretching or tearing of ligaments supporting a joint

elevation/depression

Elevation - moves structure superior Depression - moves structure inferior example -shrugging shoulders (scapular elevation), opening/closing mouth (mandible depression/elevation)

which is an example of a synchondrosis?

Epiphyseal plate of juvenile bones

which is an example of synchondrosis?

Epiphyseal plate of juvenile bones

types of movement

Gliding, Angular, Circular gliding: the simplest of all the types of movement, occurs between two flat or nearly flat surfaces that glide over each other. angular: one part of a linear structure, i.e. the trunk or a limb, beds relative to another part of the structure, thereby changing the angle between the two parts. the most common angular movements are flexion and extension and abduction and adduction.

General Structure of Synovial Joints

Have following basic features: 1. Articular cartilage 2. Joint cavity (synovial cavity) 3. Articular capsule 4. Synovial fluid 5. Reinforcing ligaments 6. Nerves and vessels

in reference to the degree of movement, syndesmosis joint would typically allow _____ movement. a. a lot of b. no or slight

NO OR SLIGHT

FIBROUS JOINTS*: Class/example, bones/structures joined, movement.

Sutures*: Coronal - Frontal and parietal - no movement Lambdoid - Occipital and parietal - no movement Sagittal - The two parietal bones - no movement Squamous - Parietal and temporal - slight movement Syndesmoses*: Radioulnar - radius and ulna - slight movement Stylohyoid - styloid process and hyoid bone - slight Stylomandibular - styloid process and mandible - slight Tibiofibular - tibia and fibula - slight movement Gomphoses*: Dentoalveolar - tooth and alveolar process - slight

coxal joint (hip)

This ball and socket with acetabulum deepened by fibro cartilage. More stable that shoulder joint.

symphysis pubis

a cartilaginous joint that is the point of fusion for two pubic bones

the joint between the two pubic bones is specifically classifies as:

a symphysis

the articular surfaces of bones within synovial joints are covered with:

a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called ARTICULAR cartilage. articular cartilage provides a smooth surface where the bones meet in some synovial joints, a flat pad of fibrocartilage (articular disk, meniscus) lies between the articular cartilages of bones. the circumference of the disk is attached to the fibrous capsule. a meniscus is a type of articular disk that only partially spans the synovial cavity. joints with menisci include the knee and wrist, while the disks in the temporpmandibular, sternoclavicular, and acromioclavicular joints span the entire cavity.

What is moving a body part in the frontal plane AWAY from the midline of the body called?

abduction

the rim of fibrocartilage around the margin of the acetabulum is called the

acetabular labrum

the stability of the hip joint is primarily die to the depth of the ____.

acetabulum the acetabulum is deepened and strengthened by the acetabular labrum (a lip of fibrocartilage) which is incomplete inferiorly.

moving a body part in the frontal plane towards the midline of the body is called:

adduction

A gomphosis joint would be functionally classified as a(n) _____.

amphiarthrosis

A gomphosis joint would be functionally classified as a(n) ____.

amphiarthrosis *gomphoses are specialized joints consisting of pegs that fit into sockets and are held into place by fine bundles of regular collagenous connective tissue. (think teeth)

A point where two bones meet is called a(n) _____.

articulation

with age, the rate or articular cartilage replacement

decreases

identify all of the functions of the menisci of the knee

deepening the articular surface

A special movement that lowers a body part inferiorly is called ____.

depression

range of motion

describes the amount of mobility that can be demonstrated in a given joint.

classifying by function (degree of movement), the elbow joint is classified as a

diarthrosis

most synovial joints are functionally classified as

diarthrotic

most synovial joints are functionally classified as:

diarthrotic

the displacement of a bone from its normal position is called

dislocation

movements allowed at the talocrural joint

dorsiflexion inversion eversion plantar flexion

match the movement with the correct description

elevation - movement of a structure superiorly protraction - gliding movement that moves a structure anteriorly abduction - movement of a structure away from the midline adduction - movement of a structure towards the midline flexion - movement of a structure anterior to the coronal plane pronation - rotation of the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly rotation - turning of a structure around its long axis

A movement that straightens a joint or moves a body part posterior to the coronal plane is called _____.

extension

two primary movements allowed at the knee are

extension and flexion

hyperextension

extension of a joint beyond 180 degrees can be a normal movement such as looking up at the stars but it can also result in injury. i.e. when a person puts their hand out to break their fall, the force of the fall can result in hyperextension of the wrist which results in a sprained joint or broken bone.

a gomphosis is structurally classified as a ____ joint.

fibrous

any joint consisting of two bones joined by dense regular connective tissue without a joint cavity would be classified as a(n) ____ joint.

fibrous

match the description of the degree of motion with the proper structural classification

fibrous - two bones united by fibrous connective tissue cartilaginous - two bones united by cartilage synovial - two bones united with an articular capsule and fluid

list the joint classification used to describe how the bone ends in a joint are held together.

fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial

Movement that bends or movement of a body part anterior to the coronal plane is called ____.

flexion *brings it closer to the body

types of angular movements allowed at synovial joints

flexion abduction extension

what major movements can occur at the elbow and knee joints?

flexion and extension

all of the movements that can occur to some extent at the shoulder and hip joints

flexion and extension circumduction lateral and medial rotation abduction and adduction

identify the movements at the hip that would be involved when stepping to the side at a 45 degree angle

flexion, abduction

The membranous areas in the sutures of infants are called ____.

fontanels

Diarthrosis

freely movable joint

the proper anatomical name for the joint between the humerus and the scapula is the

glenohumeral joint

the proper anatomical name for the shoulder joint is the ____ joint.

glenohumoral

The type of movements that occur between flat surfaces sliding over each other are _____.

gliding

talocrural joint (ankle joint)

is a highly modified hinge joint formed by the distal tibia and fibula. medial and lateral malleoli of the tibia and fibular, which form the medial and lateral margins of the ankle, are rather extensive whereas the anterior and posterior margins are almost non existent. fibrous capsule surrounds the joint, with medial and lateral parts thickened to form ligaments. other ligaments also help stabilize the joint. dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, and limited inversion and eversion can occur at this joint.

extension

is a straightening movement that increases the angle of the joint to extend the articulating bones. these movements are easily seen at the elbow and knee joints.

the connective tissue structure that encloses a synovial joint cavity is the ____.

joint capsule

structural composition and degree of movement are two ways to classify ____.

joints

places in the skeleton where bones meet are called

joints/articulations

the four sutures in the adult skull are the:

lambdoid, sagittal, coronal, and the squamous

excursion

lateral excursion is moving the mandible to either the right or left of the midline, occurs when grinding the teeth or chewing. medial excursion returns the mandible to the midline position

Bending the waist to one side is known as

lateral flexion

the tilting movement of the head or trunk to the right or left of the midline in the frontal plane is called:

lateral flexion

dislocation

luxation of a joint occurs when the articulating surfaces of the bones are move out of proper alignment a subluxation is a partial dislocation

within the knee joint, the articular surfaces are deepened by the

menisci

a fibrocartilage pad found between the bones within the knee joint is called a(n) ____.

meniscus

pronation/supination

refers to the unique rotation of the forearm. prone means lying facedown supine means lying face up. pronation is rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly in relation to the anatomical position. radius and ulna cross. supination is rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly in relation to the anatomical position. radius and ulna are parallel.

An autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks joint tissues is called _____.

rheumatoid arthritis RA is the second most common type of arthritis. RA affects about 3% of all women and 1% of all men in the US. RA is a general connective tissue disorder that affects the skin, vessels, lungs, and other organs BUT it is most pronounced in joints. RA is severely disabling and most commonly destroys small joints, such as those in the hands and feet.

A movement in which a bone turns on its longitudinal axis is called:

rotation

types of circular movements allowed at synovial joints

rotation circumduction pronation

medial/lateral rotation

rotation is the turning of a structure around its long axis. for example, rotating the head to shake the head "no" medial rotation of the humerus with the forearm flexed brings the hand toward the body. lateral rotation of the humerus moves the hand away from the body.

Supination

rotation of the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly

the four muscles that hold the head of the humerus tightly within the glenoid cavity are collectively referred to as the ___ ___.

rotator cuff

Amphiarthrosis

slightly movable joint

on each side of the head, a parietal and a temporal bone are joined with a

squamous suture

as you age, what activities can help prevent deterioration of synovial joints?

stretching and maintaining physical activity

A movement of the forearm that turns the palm forward or upward is called:

supination

Fibrous joints that bind the bones of the skull to each other are _____.

sutures

knee joint

traditionally classified as a modified hinge joint complex ellipsoid joint allows flexion, extension, and a small amount of rotation of the leg the femur articulates with the proximal end of the tibia margins of the tibia are built up by menisci - thick articular disks of fibrocartilage which deepen the articular surface the fibular articulates only with the lateral side of the tibia, not with the femur the knee joint is stabilized by a combination of ligaments and tendons major ligaments that provide stability are the cruciate and collateral ligaments. two cruciate ligaments extend between the inter condylar eminence of the tibia and the fossa of the femur the anterior cruciate ligament prevents anterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur the posterior cruciate ligament prevents posterior displacement of the tibia the medial and lateral collateral ligaments stabilize the medial and lateral sides of the knee. joint strength is also provided by popliteal ligaments and tendons of the thigh muscles that extend around the knee

Eversion

turning the ankle so that the plantar surface of the foot faces laterally.

Inversion

turning the ankle so that the plantar surface of the foot faces medially

A synchondrosis consists of

two bones joined by hyaline cartilage where little or no movement occurs. most synchondroses are temporary. the epiphyseal plates of growing bones are synchondroses.

combination movements

two or more other movements combined into one

what bones are joined at the sagittal suture?

two parietal bones

joints that allow movement along only one axis are classified as

uniaxial refer to table 8.8 pg 254