BIO 168 Chapter 8: Joints and Movement
The range of motion for a given joint is influenced by a number of factors:
1. shape of the articular surfaces of the bones forming the joint 2. amount and shape of cartilage covering those articular surfaces 3. strength and location of ligaments and tendons surrounding the joint 4. strength and location of the muscles associated with the joint 5. amount of fluid in and around the joint 6. amount of pain in and around the joint 7. amount of use or disuse the joint has received over time
synovial fluid is rich in (choose all that apply)
Answer: blood filtrate, hyaluronic acid (polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and cells derived from serum filtrate and secretions from the synovial cells. the major polysaccharide is hyaluronic acid)
an example of a saddle joint would be the ____.
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
Joints joined together by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage would be classified as ____ joints.
cartilaginous
Synchondroses and symphyses are types of ____ joints.
cartilaginous
Circumduction
circular movement of a limb at the far end is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. occurs freely at the moveable joints like the shoulder.
A motion in which one end of an appendage is stationary while the other makes a circular motion is called _____. It is a combination of flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction.
circumduction
tibial collateral ligament
connects the medial epicondyle of the femur to the tibia
symphyses
consists of fibrocartilage uniting two bones. Examples include the junction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum and the intervertebral disks. some of these joints are slightly flexible due to the somewhat flexible nature of fibrocartilage. it also acts as a shock absorber between the vertebrae.
joint capsule
consists of two layers; an outer fibrous capsule and an inner synovial membrane. the fibrous capsule is the outer layer of the joint capsule consists of dense irregular connective tissue
Synovial joints
contain synovial fluid and allow considerable movement are more complex than fibrous and cartilaginous joints most joints that unite the bones of the appendicular skeleton are synovial joints, reflecting the far greater mobility of the appendicular skeleton compared with the axial skeleton.
both parietal bones join with the frontal bone at the
coronal suture
categorize each joint by its structural classification
coronal suture - fibrous carpometacarpal joint - synovial pubic symphysis - cartilaginous
the hip joint is a joint between the
coxal bone and the femur
Using a structural classification, the hip joint is classified as a _____, whereas sutures are structurally classified as _____.
synovial; fibrous using a structural classification, the hip joint is classified as a SYNOVIAL, whereas sutures are structurally classified as FIBROUS.
flexion and pronation are two movements allowed at the
elbow joint
A movement that raises a body part superiorly is called:
elevation
the anatomical name for the joint between the talus, fibula, and tibia is the
talocrural (ankle) joint
name the bones that are involved in the jaw joint
temporal and mandible
inflammation of a tendon sheath is a form of bursitis called
tendinitis
active range of motion
the amount of movement that can be accomplished by contracting the muscles that normally act across a joint
Teeth anchored in their sockets are the only examples of ____ in the human body.
gomphoses
A joint in which a hard object, such as a tooth, is held in a bone cavity is called a:
gomphosis
a joint disorder in which uric acid crystals accumulate in joints is called
gout
synovial joints
have considerable movement
fibrous and cartilaginous joints
have little or no movement
The classification of a joint as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial describes:
how the bone ends are held together within the joint
articular cartilage is composed of what type of cartilage?
hyaline
An abnormal, forced extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion is called _____.
hyperextension
passive range of motion
the amount of movement that can be accomplished when the structures that meet at the joint are moved by an outside force
joints (articulations) are commonly named according to:
the bones or portions of bones that join together.
articular disks help adjust:
the connection between articulating bones, which improves joints stability and reduces wear on the articular cartilage.
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
the mandible articulates with the temporal bone to form the TMJ.
Flexion and extension
the person in this image is demonstrating what movements? *extension is when the limb is straight
the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments connect which two bones?
tibia and femur
at the knee, the fibular articulates with the
tibia bone
Rolling the ankle so that the plantar surface of the foot is facing medially is a special movement called _____.
inversion
rolling the ankle so that the plantar surface of the foot is facing medially is a special movement called
inversion
inversion/eversion
inversion turns the ankle so that the plantar surface of the foot faces medially toward the opposite foot (rolling out) eversion turns the ankle so that the plantar surface faces laterally (rolling in)
Circular movements
involve rotation around an axis or movements in an arc.
glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
is a ball-and-socket joint that has less stability but more mobility than the other ball and socket joint aka the hip. the rim of the glenoid cavity is built up slightly by the glenoid labrum, a fibrocartilage ring to which the joint capsule is attaches. subscapular bursa opens into the joint cavity subacromial bursa is located near the joint cavity but separated from the cavity by the joint capsule.
flextion
is a bending that decreases the angle of a joint to bring the articulating joint to bring the articulating bones closer together.
The movement of the thumb to touch the tip of the little finger is called ____.
opposition *the hand on the left represents opposition and right represents reposition
opposition/reposition
opposition is a movement unique to the thumb. it occurs when the thumb and the tip of a finger on the same hand are brought toward each other across the palm. reposition returns the thumb to the neutral anatomical position
the atlantoaxial joint is an example of a
pivot joint
types of synovial joints
plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket
Types of synovial joints: class and examples of joint
plane: -acromioclavicular -carpometacarpal -costovertebral -intercarpal -intertarsal -intervertebral -sacroiliac -tarsometatarsal saddle: -carpometacarpal pollicis -intercarpal -sternoclavicular hinge: -cubital (elbow) -knee -interphalangeal -talocrural (ankle) pivot: -atlantoaxial -proximal radioulnar -distal radioulnar ball-and-socket: -hip -glenohumeral (shoulder) -coxal ellipsoid: -atlantooccipital -metacarpophalangeal (knuckles) -metatarsophalangeal (ball of foot) -radiocarpal -temporomandibular *refer to table 8.8 on page 263
Ballet dancers often point their toes using a movement referred to as _____.
plantar flexion
a movement of the forearm that turns the palm posteriorly or downward is called ____.
pronation
Jutting out the jaw is an example of:
protraction
what is the anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane called?
protraction
protraction/retraction
protraction is a gliding motion that moves a structure in an anterior direction (forward) - jutting out the jaw retraction is a gliding motion that moves a structure in a posterior direction (backward) - pulling the jaw back Anterior / posterior movement along transverse plane example: Mandible (stick chin out / pull chin back)
when supinating the forearm, the bone that rotates, or "spins", is the ____
radius
the structure of the joint (articular surfaces, joint capsule), the strength of ligaments, and the actions of muscles across a joint all determine the joint's:
range of motion
The joint between the first rib and the sternum is classified as a:
synchondrosis
What is a cartilaginous joint in which hyaline cartilage binds the bones together called?
synchondrosis
A joint in which bones are held together by only a ligament or band of fibrous tissue would be classified as a _____.
syndesmosis
Which is an example of a fibrous joint?
syndesmosis
the ligament that binds the radius and ulna together in the center of the bones is a ___ joint.
syndesmosis
when two bones grown together, the result is a joint called a(n) ____.
synostosis
synchondrosis is converted to
synostosis as bone replaces the existing cartilage
a joint in which bones are separated by a narrow, fluid-filled, encapsulated space is a(n) _____ joint.
synovial
flexion extension protraction and eversion are all examples of movements allowed by what general type of joints?
synovial
of the structural joint classifications, ___ joints are the most complex
synovial
of the structural joint classifications, _____ joints are the most complex.
synovial
the fluid-filled space found in the synovial joints is called the ____ ____.
synovial cavity.
the fluid within the articular (joint) cavity is called the ____.
synovial fluid
a joint in which bones are separated by a narrow fluid filled encapsulated space is a
synovial joint
the inner lining of the joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid is the ____ ____.
synovial membrane
true or false: the tightness of the ligaments at each joint is the only limiting factor of movement at that joint.
FALSE *there are several more factors that limit the range of motion, including articular surface shape, strength of tendons and muscles, and amount of use over time, to name a few.
ellipsoid joints are
biaxial
fibrous sacs filled with synovial fluid and located in areas where friction must be reduced are called
bursa
the olecranon _____ cushions movement of tendons over the posterior aspect of the elbow joint
bursa
the subacromial and subscapular ____ cushion muscles and tissues within the shoulder joint
bursa
the categories of movement allowed at the synovial joint
gliding, angular, and circular
abduction/adduction
movement away/into from midline
multiaxial
movement occurring around several axes
Extension
movement of a body part posterior to the coronal plane
there are special cases of flexion
movement of the foot toward the plantar surface (standing on toes) = plantar flexion movement of the foot toward the shin (walking on heels) = dorsiflexion
Dorsiflexion
movement of the foot towards the shin
Lateral excursion
movement of the mandible to the right or left of the midline
Plantar flexion may best be described as _____.
moving the foot downward, such as standing on the toes.
Dorsiflexion can be described as ____.
moving the foot upwards as occurs when walking on your heels.
synarthroses
nomovable joint
match the description of the degree of motion with the proper functional classification.
non-movable - synarthroses slightly movable - amphiarthroses freely movable- diarthroses
what bones are joined at the lambdoid suture?
occipital and parietal
biaxial
occurring around two axes situated at right angles to eachother
sprain
occurs when ligaments are damaged. the degree of damage can range from stretched to completely torn ligaments.
Where are sutures found?
only in the skull
The joints between the vertebral bodies are structurally classified as:
symphyses
a joint in which fibrocartilage binds bones together is a
symphysis
a joint in which fibrocartilage binds together is a
symphysis
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS:Class/example, bones/structures joined, movement.
*Synchondroses: Epiohyseal plate - diaphysis and epiphysis of a long bone - no movement Sternocostal - anterior cartilaginous part of first rib; between rib and sternum - slight movement Sphenooccipital - sphenoid and occipital - no movement *Symphyses: Intervertebral - bodies of adjacent vertebrae - slight movement Manubriosternal - manubrium and body of sternum - no movement Symphysis pubis - the two hipbones - no movement (expect during childbirth) Xiphisternal - xiphoid process and body of sternum - no movement
The categories of movement allowed at a synovial joint:
-angular -circular -gliding
The types of circular movements allowed at synovial joints.
-circumduction -rotation -pronation
The types of angular movements allowed at synovial joints:
-extension -flexion -abduction
what is found in a joint capsule?
-fibrous capsule -synovial membrane
what general changes occur in the body tissues as a person ages?
-less flexibility -slower tissue repair -less elasticity
select all of the movements allowed at the temporomandibular joint
-medial and lateral excursion -protraction and extension -depression and elevation
identify the structures that stabilize the knee joint
-popliteal ligaments -cruciate ligaments -collateral ligaments -tendons of quadriceps
what movements are allowed to some extent at the knee joint?
-rotation -flexion -extension
the nutrient supply of joint cartilage comes from which sources?
-synovial fluid -blood vessels in spongy bone of epiphyses -vessels around periphery of articular cartilage nourishment form blood vessels that form a vascular circle at the peripheral margin of the cartilage but do not actually penetrate the cartilage or enter the joint cavity. additional nourishment to the articular cartilage comes from the underlying spongy bone and from the synovial fluid covering the articular cartilage.
cubital joint (elbow)
-synovial joint -involves distal humerus and proximal radius and ulna -flexion and extension -compound hinge joint -between the humerus and ulna = humeroulnar joint -between the humerus and radius = humeroradial joint -between the proximal radius and ulna = proximal radioulnar joint -the movement at the elbow is limited to flexion and extension -elbow joint is an example of a pivot joint
joint cavity
-the articular surfaces of the bones meet at a synovial joint are enclosed within a joint cavity. -joint cavities are filled with synovial fluid. -the joint cavity is surrounded by a joint capsule that helps hold the bones together while still allowing for movement.
joints can be classified by:
-the presence of a fluid filled cavity -the degree of movement allowed at the joint -the type of connective tissue binding the bones
the types of movements that occur at a joint are determined by the
-types of connecting tissue -shape of articulating surfaces -tightness of ligaments
identify the correct descriptions of fibrous joints
-united by fibrous tissue -having no joint cavity -having a limited range of motion
anterior cruciate ligament
A ligament in the knee that attaches to the anterior aspect of the tibial plateau. restricting anterior movement of the tibia on the femur
Table 8.6 JOINTS
Arthritis Inflammation of a joint, leading to pain and stiffness of the joint; over 100 causes, including infectious agents, metabolic disorders, trauma, and immune disorders Degenerative joint disease (osteoarthritis) Most common type of arthritis; affects 85% of Americans over age 70; characterized by gradual degeneration of a joint with advancing age; can be delayed with exercise Rheumatoid arthritis General connective tissue autoimmune disorder that predominantly affects joints Gout Group of metabolic disorders that lead to increased production and accumulation of uric acid crystals in tissues, including joint capsules; can lead to arthritis Lyme disease Caused by a bacterial infection that affects multiple organs, including the joints; can lead to chronic arthritis Bursitis Inflammation of a bursa, often due to forceful contact or prolonged contact, such as student's elbow from leaning on a desk Bunion Most bunions are deformations of the first metatarsal (the great toe); bursitis may accompany this deformity; irritated by tight shoes Tendinitis Inflammation of tendon sheaths, often from overuse, such as tennis elbow Dislocation Movement of bones out of their correct alignment at a joint; a partial dislocation is a subluxation Sprain Stretching or tearing of ligaments supporting a joint
elevation/depression
Elevation - moves structure superior Depression - moves structure inferior example -shrugging shoulders (scapular elevation), opening/closing mouth (mandible depression/elevation)
which is an example of a synchondrosis?
Epiphyseal plate of juvenile bones
which is an example of synchondrosis?
Epiphyseal plate of juvenile bones
types of movement
Gliding, Angular, Circular gliding: the simplest of all the types of movement, occurs between two flat or nearly flat surfaces that glide over each other. angular: one part of a linear structure, i.e. the trunk or a limb, beds relative to another part of the structure, thereby changing the angle between the two parts. the most common angular movements are flexion and extension and abduction and adduction.
General Structure of Synovial Joints
Have following basic features: 1. Articular cartilage 2. Joint cavity (synovial cavity) 3. Articular capsule 4. Synovial fluid 5. Reinforcing ligaments 6. Nerves and vessels
in reference to the degree of movement, syndesmosis joint would typically allow _____ movement. a. a lot of b. no or slight
NO OR SLIGHT
FIBROUS JOINTS*: Class/example, bones/structures joined, movement.
Sutures*: Coronal - Frontal and parietal - no movement Lambdoid - Occipital and parietal - no movement Sagittal - The two parietal bones - no movement Squamous - Parietal and temporal - slight movement Syndesmoses*: Radioulnar - radius and ulna - slight movement Stylohyoid - styloid process and hyoid bone - slight Stylomandibular - styloid process and mandible - slight Tibiofibular - tibia and fibula - slight movement Gomphoses*: Dentoalveolar - tooth and alveolar process - slight
coxal joint (hip)
This ball and socket with acetabulum deepened by fibro cartilage. More stable that shoulder joint.
symphysis pubis
a cartilaginous joint that is the point of fusion for two pubic bones
the joint between the two pubic bones is specifically classifies as:
a symphysis
the articular surfaces of bones within synovial joints are covered with:
a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called ARTICULAR cartilage. articular cartilage provides a smooth surface where the bones meet in some synovial joints, a flat pad of fibrocartilage (articular disk, meniscus) lies between the articular cartilages of bones. the circumference of the disk is attached to the fibrous capsule. a meniscus is a type of articular disk that only partially spans the synovial cavity. joints with menisci include the knee and wrist, while the disks in the temporpmandibular, sternoclavicular, and acromioclavicular joints span the entire cavity.
What is moving a body part in the frontal plane AWAY from the midline of the body called?
abduction
the rim of fibrocartilage around the margin of the acetabulum is called the
acetabular labrum
the stability of the hip joint is primarily die to the depth of the ____.
acetabulum the acetabulum is deepened and strengthened by the acetabular labrum (a lip of fibrocartilage) which is incomplete inferiorly.
moving a body part in the frontal plane towards the midline of the body is called:
adduction
A gomphosis joint would be functionally classified as a(n) _____.
amphiarthrosis
A gomphosis joint would be functionally classified as a(n) ____.
amphiarthrosis *gomphoses are specialized joints consisting of pegs that fit into sockets and are held into place by fine bundles of regular collagenous connective tissue. (think teeth)
A point where two bones meet is called a(n) _____.
articulation
with age, the rate or articular cartilage replacement
decreases
identify all of the functions of the menisci of the knee
deepening the articular surface
A special movement that lowers a body part inferiorly is called ____.
depression
range of motion
describes the amount of mobility that can be demonstrated in a given joint.
classifying by function (degree of movement), the elbow joint is classified as a
diarthrosis
most synovial joints are functionally classified as
diarthrotic
most synovial joints are functionally classified as:
diarthrotic
the displacement of a bone from its normal position is called
dislocation
movements allowed at the talocrural joint
dorsiflexion inversion eversion plantar flexion
match the movement with the correct description
elevation - movement of a structure superiorly protraction - gliding movement that moves a structure anteriorly abduction - movement of a structure away from the midline adduction - movement of a structure towards the midline flexion - movement of a structure anterior to the coronal plane pronation - rotation of the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly rotation - turning of a structure around its long axis
A movement that straightens a joint or moves a body part posterior to the coronal plane is called _____.
extension
two primary movements allowed at the knee are
extension and flexion
hyperextension
extension of a joint beyond 180 degrees can be a normal movement such as looking up at the stars but it can also result in injury. i.e. when a person puts their hand out to break their fall, the force of the fall can result in hyperextension of the wrist which results in a sprained joint or broken bone.
a gomphosis is structurally classified as a ____ joint.
fibrous
any joint consisting of two bones joined by dense regular connective tissue without a joint cavity would be classified as a(n) ____ joint.
fibrous
match the description of the degree of motion with the proper structural classification
fibrous - two bones united by fibrous connective tissue cartilaginous - two bones united by cartilage synovial - two bones united with an articular capsule and fluid
list the joint classification used to describe how the bone ends in a joint are held together.
fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial
Movement that bends or movement of a body part anterior to the coronal plane is called ____.
flexion *brings it closer to the body
types of angular movements allowed at synovial joints
flexion abduction extension
what major movements can occur at the elbow and knee joints?
flexion and extension
all of the movements that can occur to some extent at the shoulder and hip joints
flexion and extension circumduction lateral and medial rotation abduction and adduction
identify the movements at the hip that would be involved when stepping to the side at a 45 degree angle
flexion, abduction
The membranous areas in the sutures of infants are called ____.
fontanels
Diarthrosis
freely movable joint
the proper anatomical name for the joint between the humerus and the scapula is the
glenohumeral joint
the proper anatomical name for the shoulder joint is the ____ joint.
glenohumoral
The type of movements that occur between flat surfaces sliding over each other are _____.
gliding
talocrural joint (ankle joint)
is a highly modified hinge joint formed by the distal tibia and fibula. medial and lateral malleoli of the tibia and fibular, which form the medial and lateral margins of the ankle, are rather extensive whereas the anterior and posterior margins are almost non existent. fibrous capsule surrounds the joint, with medial and lateral parts thickened to form ligaments. other ligaments also help stabilize the joint. dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, and limited inversion and eversion can occur at this joint.
extension
is a straightening movement that increases the angle of the joint to extend the articulating bones. these movements are easily seen at the elbow and knee joints.
the connective tissue structure that encloses a synovial joint cavity is the ____.
joint capsule
structural composition and degree of movement are two ways to classify ____.
joints
places in the skeleton where bones meet are called
joints/articulations
the four sutures in the adult skull are the:
lambdoid, sagittal, coronal, and the squamous
excursion
lateral excursion is moving the mandible to either the right or left of the midline, occurs when grinding the teeth or chewing. medial excursion returns the mandible to the midline position
Bending the waist to one side is known as
lateral flexion
the tilting movement of the head or trunk to the right or left of the midline in the frontal plane is called:
lateral flexion
dislocation
luxation of a joint occurs when the articulating surfaces of the bones are move out of proper alignment a subluxation is a partial dislocation
within the knee joint, the articular surfaces are deepened by the
menisci
a fibrocartilage pad found between the bones within the knee joint is called a(n) ____.
meniscus
pronation/supination
refers to the unique rotation of the forearm. prone means lying facedown supine means lying face up. pronation is rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly in relation to the anatomical position. radius and ulna cross. supination is rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly in relation to the anatomical position. radius and ulna are parallel.
An autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks joint tissues is called _____.
rheumatoid arthritis RA is the second most common type of arthritis. RA affects about 3% of all women and 1% of all men in the US. RA is a general connective tissue disorder that affects the skin, vessels, lungs, and other organs BUT it is most pronounced in joints. RA is severely disabling and most commonly destroys small joints, such as those in the hands and feet.
A movement in which a bone turns on its longitudinal axis is called:
rotation
types of circular movements allowed at synovial joints
rotation circumduction pronation
medial/lateral rotation
rotation is the turning of a structure around its long axis. for example, rotating the head to shake the head "no" medial rotation of the humerus with the forearm flexed brings the hand toward the body. lateral rotation of the humerus moves the hand away from the body.
Supination
rotation of the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly
the four muscles that hold the head of the humerus tightly within the glenoid cavity are collectively referred to as the ___ ___.
rotator cuff
Amphiarthrosis
slightly movable joint
on each side of the head, a parietal and a temporal bone are joined with a
squamous suture
as you age, what activities can help prevent deterioration of synovial joints?
stretching and maintaining physical activity
A movement of the forearm that turns the palm forward or upward is called:
supination
Fibrous joints that bind the bones of the skull to each other are _____.
sutures
knee joint
traditionally classified as a modified hinge joint complex ellipsoid joint allows flexion, extension, and a small amount of rotation of the leg the femur articulates with the proximal end of the tibia margins of the tibia are built up by menisci - thick articular disks of fibrocartilage which deepen the articular surface the fibular articulates only with the lateral side of the tibia, not with the femur the knee joint is stabilized by a combination of ligaments and tendons major ligaments that provide stability are the cruciate and collateral ligaments. two cruciate ligaments extend between the inter condylar eminence of the tibia and the fossa of the femur the anterior cruciate ligament prevents anterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur the posterior cruciate ligament prevents posterior displacement of the tibia the medial and lateral collateral ligaments stabilize the medial and lateral sides of the knee. joint strength is also provided by popliteal ligaments and tendons of the thigh muscles that extend around the knee
Eversion
turning the ankle so that the plantar surface of the foot faces laterally.
Inversion
turning the ankle so that the plantar surface of the foot faces medially
A synchondrosis consists of
two bones joined by hyaline cartilage where little or no movement occurs. most synchondroses are temporary. the epiphyseal plates of growing bones are synchondroses.
combination movements
two or more other movements combined into one
what bones are joined at the sagittal suture?
two parietal bones
joints that allow movement along only one axis are classified as
uniaxial refer to table 8.8 pg 254