CJ Quiz 1 Possible qs
What were John Howard's four principles?
(1) A secure and sanitary structure, (2) systematic inspections, (3) abolition of fees, and (4) a reformatory regimen.
Based on the Transportation Act of 1718, from 1718 to 1776, approximately ______________ English men and women were shipped to the American colonies to alleviate overcrowding in prisons in England.
52,200
Which group represents nearly 12 percent of the American prison population?
African American men 20-40 years old
The Great Law was replaced by the ________ in 1718.
Anglican Code
The New York penitentiary system was also referred to as the ________ system.
Auburn
John Howard was a leader of prison reform in England but was also the Sheriff of _____________.
Bedfordshire, England
Which of the following best explains hedonic calculus?
Bentham claimed that one could categorize all human actions, and, either through pleasurable (hedonic) incentives or through punishment, direct individuals to desirable activities.
As a jail administrator, you know that your elected officials are afraid of increased drug-related overdose issues resulting from drug crimes. Which previously-discussed historical figure would best inform a correctional strategy that would resonate with these elected officials from a correctional perspective?
Cesare Beccaria
The Enlightenment period and its emphasis on individual rights was applied to criminal justice by Italian scholar ____________.
Cesare Beccaria
Which of the following is NOT a Positivist school concept?
Criminal behavior is inherent and unchangeable.
You are a corrections administrator who wants to request additional funding to update your local jail facility. You believe that this funding could have the potential to promote rehabilitation so that people could return to society as productive citizens. In proposing this idea to councilpersons, which of the following ideologies would you provide in support of your funding need?
Howard—social conscience
A current correctional policy takes into consideration the idea that punishments should fit crimes and that the punishment should help to protect society. To which individual's ideology is this policy most closely aligned?
Jeremy Bentham
English penal reformer ____________ was impressed with the cleanliness, discipline, and emphasis on rehabilitation at institutions similar to the houses of correction in Holland, France, Germany, and Italy in 1775.
John Howard
Which of the following is true?
Nearly 3 percent of all adults are under some form of correctional control.
John Howard's book was named The State of ____________.
Prisons in England and Wales
Which phrase does NOT describe Progressives?
Progressives believed in individual action to deal with the social problems of vice, and crime.
The book Discipline and Punish written by Michel Foucalt, depicted the punishment of ____________ who was convicted of assassinating King Louis XV.
Robert-Francois Damiens
Which of the following statements about the Elmira system is FALSE?
The Elmira system emphasized solitary meditation and study.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
The Pennsylvania system viewed communal work as necessary for reform of those imprisoned.
How did the Enlightenment period impact the way in which people thought about punishment in England and France?
The cultural movement shifted thinking toward liberalism, rationality, equality, and individualism.
Which statement is true about the present status of corrections?
The financial and human costs of the retributive crime control policies of the 1990s are now being scrutinized
Progressive reforms could NOT have occurred without ________.
advances in social and biological sciences
The shift to urbanization and ________ drove the development of progressive reforms.
an influx of immigrants
The Ghent's Maison de Force (1772) was best known for its design in the shape of ____________.
an octagon
How did the classical school of criminology view criminal behavior?
as a matter of free will
Payment of money as compensation for a wrong was developed in England as a way of reducing _____________.
blood feuds
Early methods of execution included being _______, _______, _______, and ________.
boiled alive; broken on the wheel; burned internally; flayed alive
Cesare Beccaria established six principles that set the foundation for the _________________ of criminology.
classical school
A situation in which a convicted person who formerly abused narcotics and is completing a rehabilitative sentence that involves residing in a group home is an example of ________.
community corrections
Black Codes were used to ________.
control African Americans after the Civil War ended
The programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of individuals who have been accused or convicted of criminal offense is the definition of ________.
corrections
To deter, to rehabilitate, to incapacitate, to punish, or to achieve retribution are all functions of ________.
corrections
Most jails are administered by _______ governments; sometimes they are part of the ____ government.
county; state
Police, prosecutors, judges, and corrections are components of the ________.
criminal justice system
Community corrections ________.
emphasized reintegration and advocacy for convicts
Two goals of corrections are ________.
fair punishment and community protection
The federal government operates correctional organizations to handle people convicted of breaking ________.
federal laws
The Great Law emphasized the use of ________ as punishment and ________ execution.
hard labor; limited
Alexander Maconochie's mark system did NOT provide for ________.
incentives that could lengthen one's incarceration time
Since the 1970s and 1980s, as incarceration budgets have greatly expanded, incarceration rates have ________.
increased
Americans in the post-Revolutionary War period thought that crime could be entirely eliminated if ______.
individuals could be isolated from bad influences and encouraged to repent
The Pennsylvania system gave way to the Auburn system because ________.
inmates often had mental breakdowns
Budget-minded prison officials, family-focused groups and politicians, and others in the criminal justice profession hope that the future of corrections will focus on ________.
innovative strategies to reduce crime's costs
The first penitentiary appeared in 1790, with the conversion of a portion of the Walnut Street Jail to allow for the ________ of inmates to encourage ________.
isolation; repentance
The reformatory movement failed because ________.
it was not much different from past systems of incarceration
The practice of businesses in need of workers ________ inmates from the state for ________ began in Massachusetts in 1798 and later spread to other states.
leasing; hard labor
Jails are typically operated and funded by ________.
local governments
The rapid growth of prisons can be referred to as ________.
mass incarceration
Recent political positions from the conservative group, Right on Crime, and the liberal group, Smart on Crime, agree that most people convicted of nonviolent crimes should ________.
not be in prison
In England, boiling alive in water was used to punish the crime of ____________ in the first half of the sixteenth century.
poisoning
How does the representative democracy of the United States complicate the corrections system?
politicians control funding
Why was London more focused on convictions and punishment during the 1600s?
population growth, widespread poverty, and ballooning crime rates
What is the most expensive budget cost of the US penal system?
prisons
The Cincinnati Declaration asserted that ________.
prisons should reform convicted individuals, then release them
Sentencing, classification, supervision, programming, and revocation are ________.
processes of corrections
Psychologists, counselors, and administrators who work in prison settings are typically referred to as ________.
professional staff
After World War II, ________.
psychiatrists and therapeutic treatment programs in corrections increased sharply
Throughout the United States, political leaders are looking for ways to ________.
reduce the costs of corrections
The Civil Rights Movement, the war on poverty, and resistance to the Vietnam War occurred in the United States throughout the 1960s and 1970s. This set the stage for a new system of corrections that ________.
reintegrated convicted individuals into the community
What did Cesare Beccaria argue was the true aim and justification for punishment?
safety through crime prevention
The Age of Reform was marked by ________.
scientific advances
Criminal punishment is one form of ________, a method by which a group of people tries to manage citizens' behaviors.
social control
Punishment is a form of ________.
social control
The central purpose of corrections is to carry out the criminal sentence in an effort to change the convicted person's behavior so it fits the needs of ________.
society
Progressives did NOT believe __________.
specific punishment should be tailored to fit the severity of the crime.
Most criminal justice and correctional activity takes place at which level?
state
Public servants who directly work with citizens, granting them access to government programs and services, are an example of ________.
street-level bureaucrats
According to the classical school of criminology, what factor has the most effect on crime deterrence?
swiftness to enact punishment
The decline of the use of rehabilitation in corrections is a result of ________.
the Crime Control model
The earliest-known comprehensive statements of prohibited behavior included ________.
the Sumerian Law of Mesopotamia and the Code of the Hammurabi
Zebulon Brockway's ideas led to ________.
the first reformatory, at Elmira, New York
In the 1700s, ___________ as a means of punishment increased as prisons and houses of correction filled beyond capacity in Europe.
transportation
Thirty years ago, corrections primarily consisted of ________.
treatment plans and programs
What types of theories was Jeremy Bentham best known for?
utilitarian theories
The medical model differs from the Progressive approach in that the medical model viewed criminals as people ________.
whose social, psychological, or biological deficiencies caused them to commit crimes