Bio 190 A: Chapter 2 Pre Lecture

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Carbon has six protons, six electrons, and six neutrons. What is its atomic mass?

12

A mole of a certain substance has a number of particles equal to?

12g of Carbon

Oxygen has eight protons, eight electrons, and eight neutrons. What is its atomic mass?

16

The atomic mass of carbon is 12, and the atomic mass of hydrogen is 1. What is the molecular mass of a methane molecule (CH4)?

16

The atomic mass of hydrogen is 1, and the atomic mass of oxygen is 16. What is the molecular mass of a water molecule (H2O)?

18

A new element found on earth has four unpaired electrons in its outer shell. Predict the maximum number of bonds in which the new element can participate.

4

The chemical formula of glucose is C6H12O6. How many oxygen atoms are in one molecule of glucose?

6

Which of the following contributes to water's stability in a liquid state?

A high heat of fusion A high heat of vaporization

A Na+ ion forms when

A sodium atom loses an electron

Arrange the following solutions in order of increasing proton concentration. The solution with the lowest proton concentration should be placed at the top of the list.

Alkaline Neutral Acidic

Van der Waals interactions can form between?

Any atoms

A mole of any substance contains the same number of particles as they are

Atoms in exactly 12g of Carbon

Why is the atomic mass of carbon reported in the periodic table slightly greater than its predicted mass?

Because of the presence of a small amount of heavier isotopes

Why are atoms likely to share electrons?

Because they have unfilled outer electron shells

Ionic bond

Bond between a carbon and an anion

Hydrogen Bond

Bond between atoms with a partial positive and partial positive negative charges

Nonpolar covalent bond

Bond in which two atoms share electrons equally

Polar covalent bond

Bond in which two atoms share electrons unequally

What types of compounds minimize pH fluctuations in the fluids of living organisms?

Buffer and Buffer agent

Living organisms minimize charges in their internal pH using compounds called?

Buffers

Which of the following covalent bonds are nonpolar?

C-H O-O H-H

Polar covalent O-H bonds in water molecules enable hydrogen bonds to form between water molecules. Which of the following properties of water result from hydrogen bond formation?

Cohesion Adhesion Surface tension High Specific heat High heat of vaporization

The amount of solute (in grams) dissolved in a given volume of solution is the solution's...

Concentration

Neutral Solution

Contains equal numbers of OH- and H+ ions

Acidic Solution

Contains more H+ than OH- ions

Alkaline Solution

Contains more OH- than H+ ions

T/F: Electrons are found in the atom's nucleus.

False

In a polar covalent bond, the shared electrons are closer to the nucleus of the atom with?

Greater electronegativity

When water ionizes, it produces what ions?

H+ and OH-

Sodium hydroxide is a base because when dissolved in water it binds ___ ions that are in solution.

Hydrogen

The bond between the hydrogen atom and oxygen atom of separate water molecules is a(n) _______ bond.

Hydrogen

High specific heat, surface tension, and cohesion, are several properties of water involving ___ bonds.

Hydrogen (H)

When water is heated, the rate at which______ bonds break increases, and water molecules are converted to the _____ state.

Hydrogen (H); gaseous (gas or vapor)

What type of bond is indicated by the arrow in the diagram?

Hydrogen bond

Within an atom's structure, electrons can be found?

In cloud-like orbitals

What type of bond forms when a cation with a positive charge interacts with an anion carrying a negative charge?

Ionic

Which type of chemical bonds are easily broken in water?

Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds

Which type of chemical bonds are easily broken in water?

Ionic bonds Hydrogen bonds

A covalent bond is one in which a pair of electrons

Is shared between two atoms

Water has a high heat of fusion. This means that...

Much energy must be withdrawn to cause water to change from a liquid to solid

Which of the following covalent bonds are polar?

N-H O-H

pH is defined as the ____ _____ to the base 10 of the ____ ion concentration.

Negative, logarithm, hydrogen

Electron

Negatively charged, located outside the nucleus

Atoms share a pair of electrons when they form a(n) _________ bond.

Non polar covalent

Atoms share a pair of electrons when they form a(n) __________ bond.

Non polar covalent

By mass, the most abundant element in living organisms is?

Oxygen

What four elements are the most common in living organisms?

Oxygen Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen

A covalent bond in which the atoms share electrons unequally is a(n) _________covalent bond.

Polar

Amphipathic molecules have both ____ regions and ____ regions.

Polar (hydrophilic); nonpolar (hydrophobic)

A(n) ________ bond is when two atoms of different electronegatives share electrons.

Polar covalent

A(n) _________ bond is formed when two atoms of different electronegativities share electrons.

Polar covalent

Pure water can ionize into?

Positively charged protons (H+) and negatively charged hydroxide (OH+) ions

Proton

Positively charged, located in the nucleus

An atom's atomic number is based in the number of _______ it contains.

Protons

Van der Waals forces arise when

Random electron movement create short lived attractions

The concentration of a liquid is defined as the amount of _______dissolved in a unit volume of solution.

Solute

Which substance is acidic?

Stomach fluid

Polar covalent O-H bonds in water molecules enable hydrogen bonds to form between water molecules. Which of the following properties of water result from hydrogen bond formation?

Surface tension High heat of vaporization Adhesion High specific heat Cohesion

Which of the following statements are true of a polar covalent bond?

The atoms in the bond differ in electronegativity. The two atoms in the bond share the electrons unequally.

An atom's atomic number represents?

The number of protons

The atomic mass numbers reported in the periodic table do not exactly match calculations based on protons and neutrons due to?

The presence of different isotopes of the same element

When water freezes...

The rate of hydrogen bond breakage slows. Water molecules are packed into a more orderly formation.

Which of the following statements are true of a polar covalent bond?

The two atoms in the bond share the electrons unequally The atoms in the bond differ in electronegativity

Which of the following statements describe hydrophilic molecules?

They are soluble in water

What describes a hydrophobic molecule?

They contain many nonpolar covalent bonds They are relatively insoluble in water

Which of the following properties are shared by many chemical reactions that occur in cells?

They tend to proceed toward equilibrium They often require a catalyst They require energy

What is true about atoms having that have partially filled energy shells?

They tend to share, lose, or gain electrons They can form compounds

Nitrogen has three unpaired electrons in its outer shell. The maximum I'm number of covalent bonds that a nitrogen atom can form with other atoms while still remaining uncharged is?

Three

Neutron

Uncharged, located in the nucleus

Chemical reactions require a source of energy and also may require a substance called a(n) ______ that speeds up the reaction rate. Most chemical reactions proceed toward a state called ______, in which the rate of product formation equals the rate of reactant formation.

catalyst, equilibrium

An ionic bond forms when a positively charged ion, called a(n) ________, interacts with a negatively charged ion, called a (n) _________.

cation; anion

If an atom gains or loses a(n) _________, it acquired a net electrical charge and becomes an ion.

electrons

A covalent bond is one in which a pair of electrons....

is shared between two atoms

According to the __________ rule, atoms tend to be most stable when their outer shells are filled; this can be accomplished by gaining, losing, or sharing __________.

octet; electrons

An electron shell is composed of one or more ?

orbitals

The _____ of a solution is the negative base 10 logarithm of the H+ concentration of the solution.

pH

An amphipathic molecule has?

polar regions and non-polar regions

Atoms contain three types of particles, positively charged _________, negatively charged ________, and uncharged __________.

protons, electrons, neutrons

An electron __________ is composed of one or more orbitals.

shell

Water, with the chemical formula H2O contains, ________ hydrogen atom(s) and ______ oxygen atom(s).

two; one

Unpaired ________ electrons enable chemical bonds to form among atoms.

valence


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