Bio 1B Organismal Biology Midterm

posterior flagellum, heterotroph, store carbon as glycogen

Key similarities between Fungi and Animals

Tips of the gills

Location of spore production for Basidiomycetes

Wind

Method of Fungi spore dispersal

Wind Dispersal

Mode of Fungi spore dispersal

three domains and five kingdoms

Modern Classification System

Fungi

Monophyletic Clade, eukaryotic organisms that have cell walls, non-motile, filamentous, stores glycogen, life cycle uses spores to reproduce, and is a heterotroph that feeds by absorbing its food. Can be uni- or multicellular

Two Kingdom View of Life

Scientific classification framework until 1960s

5 Kingdom View of Life

Since the 1960s, the view of life has followed the

Stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move, fungi can enter through here

Animatodes

Specialized hyphae can capture these disease-causing organisms

dikaryotic stage

Stage between Plasmogamy and Karyogamy Plasma membrane and cytoplasm have fused, but nuclei have not joined yet (n + n)

Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, and Monera

The 5 Kingdom System includes

plant life cycle

haplodiplontic, mitosis occurs after meiosis to produce haploid organisms and after fertilization to produce diploid organisms

coenocytic hyphae

hyphae that contain no septa and appear as long, continuous cells with many nuclei

septate hyphae

hyphae whose cells are divided by septa

Deuteromycota

imperfect fungi, asexual reproduction

Hyphae

The branching, threadlike tubes with a high surface-volume ratio that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi. Aids in nutrient absorption.

Inert in isolation of living organisms

Why are Viruses considered non-living

Cytoplasm

Yellow area bound in hypha

Pilobulus

Zygomycete that can launch spores up to 2m

Chytridiomycosis

a disease of amphibians caused by a fungus thought to be a major cause of the global amphibian decline

Fruticose

shrub-like lichen

Botany

study of plants

Lichen

symbiotic association between a fungus and a unicellular photosynthetic green alga or cyanobacterium

polymerase chain reaction

technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene

Septa

the cells that make up hyphae are divided by these cross sections, broken up by pores

Meiosis

a type of cell division that results in four haploid (n) daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

arbuscular mycorrhizae

a type of mycorrhiza in which the fungus penetrates the root cell walls and have immediate contact with the cell membrane

Halophiles

"salt-loving" archaea that live in environments that have very high salt concentrations

Two Kingdom definition of Animals

-Mobile -Sense/perceptive capacity

Two Kingdom definition of Plants

-Nutritive and Reproductive Capability -Immobile -No sensory/perceptive capability

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

3 domains

oxygen production, nitrogen fixation, decomposition

3 important processes done by Bacteria

cytridiomycota, zygomycota, glomeromycota, ascomycota, and basidiomycota

5 Major Clades of Fungi

Endophytes

A fungus that lives inside a leaf or other plant part without causing harm to the plant.

Methanogens

A group of archaebacteria that produce methane as a by product of their metabolism, can live in guts

Flagellum

A long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move.

Parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

Ectomycorrhizae

A type of mycorrhizae in which the mycelium forms a dense sheath, or mantle, over the surface of the root. Hyphae extend from the mantle into the soil, greatly increasing the surface area for water and mineral absorption. DO NOT penetrate cell walls of plants

Haploid

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.

-Haplontic -Gametes only haploid stage -Fertilization occurs after meiosis -No mitosis in between meiosis and fertilization

Animal Reproductive Life Cycle

Eukarya

Archaea are more closely related to this Domain

Thermophiles

Archaea that thrive in very hot environments, such as boiling volcanic springs.

Zygomycetes

Includes bread molds and other decomposers, coenocytic hyphae, reproduce asexually through fusion of gametangia of sexual hyphae

fungi life cycle

Haplontic, only diploid phase is the zygote, meiosis occurs after fertilization is complete, no mitosis in between fertilization and meiosis

foliose, crustose, fruticose

Identify the lichen types.

plasmodial smile molds

Characterized as a moving "blob", Diploid nuclei when mature, no cellular division, produces sporangia when food is scarce

Basidiomycetes

Club fungi, basidiocarps are fruiting bodies

produces acids that erode substrate and fix nitrogen

Importance of crustose lichen for primary ecological succession

High surface to volume ratio

Important characteristic for fungi that aids in heterotrophy but vulnerable to dessication

Animal Life Cycle

Diplontic, only haploid phase is gametes, fertilization occurs after meiosis, no mitosis in between meiosis and fertilization

Soredia

In lichens, a small cluster of fungal hyphae with embedded algae.

Basidiocarps

Elaborate fruiting body of a dikaryotic mycelium of a club fungus.

Chitin

Fungal Cell Walls are made up of this

Obtains organic nutrients from the plant

Fungal benefits from Mycorrhizae

Animalia, Plantae

Fungi are more closely related to ______ than _________

Moist environments

Fungi are most common in these types of environments

Animalia

Fungi more closely related to this kingdom

Saprophytes

Fungi that are decomposers

dikaryotic hyphae (n+n)

Fused hyphae with two new nuclei per cell, one from each parent.

Karyogamy

Fusion of two haploid nuclei to form a diploid nucleus. Occurs in many fungi, and in animals and plants during fertilization of gametes

Mitosis

Gametes in plants and fungi are produced through this process

Mycorrhizae

Mutualistic relationship between the mycelium of a fungus and the roots of certain plants

stromatolites

Oldest known fossils formed from many layers of bacteria and sediment, first evident prokaryotes

Stromatolites

Oldest known prokaryotes found in the ocean floor

Archaea

One of two prokaryotic domains of life, the other being Bacteria.

Autotrophs

Organisms that are able to make their own food

Chemoautotrophs

Organisms that use hydrogen sulfide or other inorganic chemicals as energy source instead of light.

Photoautotrophs

Organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances.

Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic, oxygen-producing bacteria responsible for the oxygen levels that sustain complex life evolution

Enhanced uptake of water and inorganic nutrients (Phosphorus)

Plant benefits from Mycorrhizae

Bacteria

Prokaryotic, a highly diverse group that represents EVERY mode of Nutrition

dikaryotic

Referring to a fungal mycelium with two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent.

Mycelium

The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested food, mass of hyphae

Cocoa Trees

These Trees are more susceptible to pathogens without fungal endophytes

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

Three Domains of Life

Plasmogamy and Karyogamy

Two Stage Fertilization of Basidiomycota (Fungi)

Pheromones

biochemical odorants emitted by fungal hypha to grow towards eachother to initiate plasmogamy

Mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into 2 diploid (2n) nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes as the parents

Glomeromycetes

characterized by a distinct branching form of mycorrhizae called arbuscular mycorrhizae, strictly asexual, oldest fossil record of any fungi

Diploid

containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Crustose

crust like lichen

Synagamy

fertilization

basidiocarp

fungi reproductive structure

plasmogamy

fusion of cytoplasm

karyogamy

fusion of nuclei

Foliose

leaf-like lichen

Extremophiles

lovers of extreme conditions includes archaeans and bacteria

Chytrids

microscopic, only fungi with flagellated spores and earliest lineage of fungi, live in aquatic environments or moist soil

Heterotroph

organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes

Eukaryotes

organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Prokaryotes

organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Slime molds

protists that resemble fungi in appearance and lifestyle by producing spores when resources are scarce, No longer considered a fungi, moving "blob"

Ascomycetes

sac fungi, spores produced in asci of ascocarps, includes truffles

Zoology

the study of animals

Plasmogamy

the union of the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia

mycorrhizal associations

tight symbiotic relationship between fungi and plants

Yeasts

unicellular fungi, reproduce asexually by mitotic budding, ascomycetes and basidiomycetes

Oomycota

water molds, NOT considered fungi, more closely related to alga, diploid hyphae