Bio 1B Organismal Biology Midterm
posterior flagellum, heterotroph, store carbon as glycogen
Key similarities between Fungi and Animals
Tips of the gills
Location of spore production for Basidiomycetes
Wind
Method of Fungi spore dispersal
Wind Dispersal
Mode of Fungi spore dispersal
three domains and five kingdoms
Modern Classification System
Fungi
Monophyletic Clade, eukaryotic organisms that have cell walls, non-motile, filamentous, stores glycogen, life cycle uses spores to reproduce, and is a heterotroph that feeds by absorbing its food. Can be uni- or multicellular
Two Kingdom View of Life
Scientific classification framework until 1960s
5 Kingdom View of Life
Since the 1960s, the view of life has followed the
Stomata
Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move, fungi can enter through here
Animatodes
Specialized hyphae can capture these disease-causing organisms
dikaryotic stage
Stage between Plasmogamy and Karyogamy Plasma membrane and cytoplasm have fused, but nuclei have not joined yet (n + n)
Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, and Monera
The 5 Kingdom System includes
plant life cycle
haplodiplontic, mitosis occurs after meiosis to produce haploid organisms and after fertilization to produce diploid organisms
coenocytic hyphae
hyphae that contain no septa and appear as long, continuous cells with many nuclei
septate hyphae
hyphae whose cells are divided by septa
Deuteromycota
imperfect fungi, asexual reproduction
Hyphae
The branching, threadlike tubes with a high surface-volume ratio that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi. Aids in nutrient absorption.
Inert in isolation of living organisms
Why are Viruses considered non-living
Cytoplasm
Yellow area bound in hypha
Pilobulus
Zygomycete that can launch spores up to 2m
Chytridiomycosis
a disease of amphibians caused by a fungus thought to be a major cause of the global amphibian decline
Fruticose
shrub-like lichen
Botany
study of plants
Lichen
symbiotic association between a fungus and a unicellular photosynthetic green alga or cyanobacterium
polymerase chain reaction
technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene
Septa
the cells that make up hyphae are divided by these cross sections, broken up by pores
Meiosis
a type of cell division that results in four haploid (n) daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
arbuscular mycorrhizae
a type of mycorrhiza in which the fungus penetrates the root cell walls and have immediate contact with the cell membrane
Halophiles
"salt-loving" archaea that live in environments that have very high salt concentrations
Two Kingdom definition of Animals
-Mobile -Sense/perceptive capacity
Two Kingdom definition of Plants
-Nutritive and Reproductive Capability -Immobile -No sensory/perceptive capability
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
3 domains
oxygen production, nitrogen fixation, decomposition
3 important processes done by Bacteria
cytridiomycota, zygomycota, glomeromycota, ascomycota, and basidiomycota
5 Major Clades of Fungi
Endophytes
A fungus that lives inside a leaf or other plant part without causing harm to the plant.
Methanogens
A group of archaebacteria that produce methane as a by product of their metabolism, can live in guts
Flagellum
A long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move.
Parasitism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed
Mutualism
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit
Ectomycorrhizae
A type of mycorrhizae in which the mycelium forms a dense sheath, or mantle, over the surface of the root. Hyphae extend from the mantle into the soil, greatly increasing the surface area for water and mineral absorption. DO NOT penetrate cell walls of plants
Haploid
An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.
-Haplontic -Gametes only haploid stage -Fertilization occurs after meiosis -No mitosis in between meiosis and fertilization
Animal Reproductive Life Cycle
Eukarya
Archaea are more closely related to this Domain
Thermophiles
Archaea that thrive in very hot environments, such as boiling volcanic springs.
Zygomycetes
Includes bread molds and other decomposers, coenocytic hyphae, reproduce asexually through fusion of gametangia of sexual hyphae
fungi life cycle
Haplontic, only diploid phase is the zygote, meiosis occurs after fertilization is complete, no mitosis in between fertilization and meiosis
foliose, crustose, fruticose
Identify the lichen types.
plasmodial smile molds
Characterized as a moving "blob", Diploid nuclei when mature, no cellular division, produces sporangia when food is scarce
Basidiomycetes
Club fungi, basidiocarps are fruiting bodies
produces acids that erode substrate and fix nitrogen
Importance of crustose lichen for primary ecological succession
High surface to volume ratio
Important characteristic for fungi that aids in heterotrophy but vulnerable to dessication
Animal Life Cycle
Diplontic, only haploid phase is gametes, fertilization occurs after meiosis, no mitosis in between meiosis and fertilization
Soredia
In lichens, a small cluster of fungal hyphae with embedded algae.
Basidiocarps
Elaborate fruiting body of a dikaryotic mycelium of a club fungus.
Chitin
Fungal Cell Walls are made up of this
Obtains organic nutrients from the plant
Fungal benefits from Mycorrhizae
Animalia, Plantae
Fungi are more closely related to ______ than _________
Moist environments
Fungi are most common in these types of environments
Animalia
Fungi more closely related to this kingdom
Saprophytes
Fungi that are decomposers
dikaryotic hyphae (n+n)
Fused hyphae with two new nuclei per cell, one from each parent.
Karyogamy
Fusion of two haploid nuclei to form a diploid nucleus. Occurs in many fungi, and in animals and plants during fertilization of gametes
Mitosis
Gametes in plants and fungi are produced through this process
Mycorrhizae
Mutualistic relationship between the mycelium of a fungus and the roots of certain plants
stromatolites
Oldest known fossils formed from many layers of bacteria and sediment, first evident prokaryotes
Stromatolites
Oldest known prokaryotes found in the ocean floor
Archaea
One of two prokaryotic domains of life, the other being Bacteria.
Autotrophs
Organisms that are able to make their own food
Chemoautotrophs
Organisms that use hydrogen sulfide or other inorganic chemicals as energy source instead of light.
Photoautotrophs
Organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances.
Cyanobacteria
Photosynthetic, oxygen-producing bacteria responsible for the oxygen levels that sustain complex life evolution
Enhanced uptake of water and inorganic nutrients (Phosphorus)
Plant benefits from Mycorrhizae
Bacteria
Prokaryotic, a highly diverse group that represents EVERY mode of Nutrition
dikaryotic
Referring to a fungal mycelium with two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent.
Mycelium
The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested food, mass of hyphae
Cocoa Trees
These Trees are more susceptible to pathogens without fungal endophytes
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
Three Domains of Life
Plasmogamy and Karyogamy
Two Stage Fertilization of Basidiomycota (Fungi)
Pheromones
biochemical odorants emitted by fungal hypha to grow towards eachother to initiate plasmogamy
Mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into 2 diploid (2n) nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes as the parents
Glomeromycetes
characterized by a distinct branching form of mycorrhizae called arbuscular mycorrhizae, strictly asexual, oldest fossil record of any fungi
Diploid
containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
Crustose
crust like lichen
Synagamy
fertilization
basidiocarp
fungi reproductive structure
plasmogamy
fusion of cytoplasm
karyogamy
fusion of nuclei
Foliose
leaf-like lichen
Extremophiles
lovers of extreme conditions includes archaeans and bacteria
Chytrids
microscopic, only fungi with flagellated spores and earliest lineage of fungi, live in aquatic environments or moist soil
Heterotroph
organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes
Eukaryotes
organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Prokaryotes
organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Slime molds
protists that resemble fungi in appearance and lifestyle by producing spores when resources are scarce, No longer considered a fungi, moving "blob"
Ascomycetes
sac fungi, spores produced in asci of ascocarps, includes truffles
Zoology
the study of animals
Plasmogamy
the union of the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia
mycorrhizal associations
tight symbiotic relationship between fungi and plants
Yeasts
unicellular fungi, reproduce asexually by mitotic budding, ascomycetes and basidiomycetes
Oomycota
water molds, NOT considered fungi, more closely related to alga, diploid hyphae