BIO 2, FINAL

Traditionally, most ecologists have assumed that community stability is a consequence of:

community complexity

the sun's energy is produced by:

nuclear fusion reactions

What would be the growth rate (r) of an island population of 1000 that has 30 births per 100 populations, and 10 emigrants per 100 population?

+50

based on the accompanying figure, Which of the following age intervals has the highest death rate

0-1

Which of the lakes in the accompanying figure may experience turnover (cups & temps)

1 and 3

approximatly what proportion of the radiant energy entering an ecosystem is used in photosynthesis

1%

The Earth's carrying capacity is:

16 billion

Approximately ___ percent of the sun's energy is reflected back into space

30

glacier ice occupied about ___% of earths land during the last ice Age, Then began retreating about 17,000 years ago. Today, glacier ice occupies about ___% of land surfaces

30; 10

arrange the following from the ecosystem with the smallest average NPP to the ecosystem with the largest NPP 1) lake 2) savannah 3) estuary 4)tropical rain forest 5) open ocean

5,1,2,3,4

A frog that lacks chemical defenses, yet resembles a poison arrow frog, would exhibit:

Batesian mimicry

Which statement about earths biomes is FALSE

Deserts have less rainfall die to their distance from the ocean

The primary reason that earth experiences seasons is because of the:

Earths tilt on its axis

Which issue is least likely to have been the result of human impact on the nitrogen cycle?

El Nino-Southern Oscillation events

Biologists in which of the following applied disciplines must understand population ecology?

Forestry, agronomy, and wildlife management

Tawny owls (strix aluco)pair-bond for life, with both members of a pair living and hunting is adjacent, well-defined territories. Their reproduction is regulated in accordance with the resources, especially the food supply, present in their territories. Tawny owls can best described as

K strategists

which statement about food chains is FALSE?

Mice consumption of grasses is harmful to the grasses

Tundra soils are usually ____ and have ___ in the uppermost layer of soul.

Nutrient poor, little organic litter

____ begins in an area where there was a preexisting community and well-formed soil

Primary succession

Which are the three main roles played by organisms in community life?

Producer, consumer, decomposer

the dominate vegetation of the temperate rain forest includes which of the following?

Sitka spruce

If you were to study all of the insect-eating birds in a forest, you would see that many birds eat insects, yet you may not see any evidence of competition. What is the most probable explanation?

The birds are exhibiting resource partitioning

The accompanying figure is representative of:

Type III survivorship

the clockwise gyre of surface ocean currents in the North Atlantic results in:

Warmer water on the atlantic beaches of North America than pacific beaches of the same latitude

Climbed dispersion is often influenced by:

a patchy distribution of resources

which of the following consists of organisms, all of which share a common gene pool?

a population

Adaptation found in inhabitants of the rocky intertidal zone include:

an anchor or some other means of attachment

what environment is characterized by high nutrient inputs and by relatively great fluctuations in salinity and temperature

an estuary

which statement best describes a typical food chain?

an owl has a positive impact on the grass population

In experimental condition 1 of the accompanying figure, the distribution of Baluns suggest: that

an unfavorable environmental factor kept Baluns from extending higher into the internal area

Which of the following applies to the deepest zone of a large lake?

anaerobic conditions

Keystone species:

are typically not the most abundant species in the community

Plant roots absorb nitrate or ammonia and incorporate these compounds into plant proteins via the process of:

assimilation

Bacterial decomposition of organic nitrogen results in the production of:

atmospheric nitrogen

Refer to the accompanying figure. At which point on the graph is the population increasing exponentially?

b (in the middle of slope)

The growth rate of a population is expressed as:

b-d

at zero population growth:

b=d

the community found on a rotting log would include

bacteria

which of the following organisms would have the highest intrinsic rate of increase?

bacteria

dissolved phosphorus in aquatic ecosystems may return to the land via:

birds eating fish and mollusks

Which organism would be found exclusively in the benthic environment

bloodworms

the ___ covers approximately 11% of earths land and contains numerous lakes and ponds

boreal forest

To date, humans have entered with all of the biogeochemical cycles on earth, but this interference has been of the greatest magnitude, in terms of human-induced changes in climates, in the:

carbon cycle

A primary source of carbon for photosynthesis organisms is:

carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and water

during ___ between predator and prey species, the predatory species becomes more efficient at catching prey, while the prey species becomes better at escaping predators.

coevolution

the realized niche for the green anole was determined by: competition

competition

In a lake, a certain native species of zooplankton is found evenly distributed in the water column. After introduction of a different species of zooplankton, the native species is only found in the shallow water zone. this is most likely an illustration of

competitive exclusion

In a human population with a high proportion of prereproductive individuals, the population will:

continue to increase even if the fertility rate is at replacement levels

Commercial logging

cuts trees primarily for export

The equation that would best describe the curve in the accompanying figure is:

dN/dt=rN

which factors are an example of a negative feedback system

density dependent

An organism's role within the structure and function of a particular community is its:

ecological niche

A(n) _____ is the transition zone where two ecosystems meet and intergrade

ecotone

What key factor limits the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem?

energy loss

which organisms may be a keystone species in a tropical rain forest?

fig trees

A linear depiction of energy flow in an ecosystem is a(n):

food chain

El Nino-southern Oscillation has resulted in:

global weather changes

Drier climates tend to prevail:

in a rain shadow

the event in human history that changed natural balance of the carbon cycle was the:

industrial revolution

In experimental condition 2 of the accompanying figure, the distribution of Chthamalis suggest that:

infraspecific competition kept chtamalus from extending lower into the interidal area

The moose population on Isle Royale is an example of: interspecific exploitation competition

interspecific exploitation competition

The exact elevation at which the treeline occurs depends on the ___ and ___

latitude, distance from the ocean

The almost complete loss of the american chestnut tree to the chestnut blight fungus had ____ ecological impact on the moderately diverse Appalachian woodlands of which it was formerly a part

little

The species richness of high-latitude communities is ___ compared with that of a low-latitude communities.

low

pollution affects species diversity, thus the species richness of a highly polluted stream is ___ compared with that of a nearby pristine stream

low

A population that is divided into several local populations among which individuals occasionally disperse (emigrate and immigrate) is known as a:

metapopulation

What term refers to the average rate at which organisms produce offspring?

natality

The current concept of a climax community states that forest communities

never reach a state of permanent equilibrium

which process is NOT involved in the hydrologic cycle

nitrification

Primary succession may be seen

on new lava or on sand dunes

Fixation of carbon is accomplished by

photosynthetic organisms

Solar radiation

powers the hydrologic and other biochemical cycles

Sponges and brittle stars are members of the ____ category of organisms

profundal zone

_____ is the least frequent of the dispersal patterns seen in nature.

random dispersion

Resource partitioning may include which of the following

relocating nesting sites

Based on the temperature range and precipitation, the area on the accompanying figure labeled as 3 represents which of the following biomes

savanna

what is the third trophic level of a food chain

secondary consumers

Populations that experience significant contest competition:

show changes in population size over time

refer to the accompanying figure. Assuming the pattern remains the same, what will the population experience in 50 years?

slow growth

A human population that is shrinking would be characterized by a(n):

small proportion of prereproductive individuals

Surplus individuals in the ___ disperse and find another habitat in which to settle and reproduce.

source habitats

One reason that the realized niche and fundamental niche are typically the same is

species diversity

The orderly replacement of one community by another is known as:

succession

Competition, predation, and ___ are the main types of interactions that occur among species in a community

symbiosis

The ____ biome is found in states such as Iowa, minnesota, nebraska, and other midwestern states, and is characterized by which, rich soils, and which mat of sod

tall grass prairie

Currently, much commercial lumber and wood products cine erin which biome?

temperate rain forest

Near the poles, what is generally the overriding climate factor?

temperature

during the cycling of phosphorus, phosphorus does not enter ___ in appreciable amounts

the atmosphere

Refer to the accompanying figure. How would the survivorship curve for elephants be represented?

the curve C

which statement about decomposers is FALSE?

they include bacteria but not fungi

which of the following is most characteristic of desert animals?

they mostly only come out at night

Much precipitation in the tropical rain forest is derived form

transpiration

Lianas and epiphytes are especially common in the

tropical rain forest

the ___ biome has the greatest species richness of the terrestrial biome

tropical rain forest

which biome has the greatest number of distinct layers of vegetation

tropical rain forest

which biome has the longest growing season

tropical rain forest

which habitat would most likely have the greatest species richness

tropical rain forest

Which biome has the fewest types of species

tundra

which biome has the shortest growing season?

tundra

When r=-0.00057, the population size:

will increase