Bio 2 Final Study Guide

Which of these scientific names of species is correctly written?

Crotalus horridus (the timber rattlenake)

How did photosynthetic protists come to possess chloroplasts?

Endosymbiosis

Which type of protist is unicellular, liven in fresh water, is photosynthetic or heterotrophic, has a flagellum used for swimming, may have an eyespot, and was once thought to be the smallest animal?

Euglena

Why must amphibians stay tied to watery environments?

Amphibian skin is used for respiration and must remain moist

Why are vertebrates so much larger than arthropods?

An endoskeleton provides support without the weight of the exoskeleton.

Which of the following statements regarding symmetry is correct?

Animals with radial symmetry typically develop from two embryonic tissue layers.

How do arthropods grow while being contained in an exoskeleton, which is a rigid, heavy structure?

Arthropods molt, or shed, their exoskeleton and replace it with a bigger one.

What type of symmetry does the animal in the figure have? (Image of a sea star)

Bilateral symmetry as larvae, radial symmetry as adults

How are fungi and animals similar?

Both are heterotrophs

_______ are to plants as amphibians are to animals.

Bryophytes

Which of the following did the ancestors of modern plants possess?

Chlorophyll

What is one of the main differences between club moss and moss?

Club moss has vascular tissue.

Which of the following is NOT a plant adaptation for life on land?

Colonial living, which maximizes use of resources while expending less energy

Which of the following would be useless for determining whether a horse is more related to a pig or a human?

Comparison of analogous structures

Which of the following is an example of a healthy blood pressure reading?

Diastolic of 80 and systolic of 120

Which protists are photosynthetic or nonphotosynthetic, may form symbiotic relationships with corals, may be bioluminescent, may cause red tides during population explosions, and may cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in humans?

Dinoflagellates

What is a respiration challenge that monkeys face but fish don't?

Dry air makes it a challenge to keep respiratory structures moist

Which of the following is a reproductive adaptation of chytrids?

Flagellated swimming spores

Members of the same species of green sea turtle compete for sea jellies off the coast of Maui. The turtles are exhibiting

INTRAspecific competition

How is reproduction in fungi different from reproduction in plants and animals?

Fungi produce spores.

Which approach are scientists currently using to classify the protists?

Genetic analysis

How will a fever of 105°F affect metabolic reactions in a person's body?

Heat changes the catalysts' three-dimensional structure, which will shut down metabolic reactions

What are viruses made of?

Hereditary material and a protein coat

__________ are endotherms and __________ are ectotherms

Humans; fish

People who have been trapped in an avalanche or fallen through ice often lose their nose, fingers, and toes. Why does this happen?

In extreme cold, the blood is directed to the vital organs in the trunk of the body and around the brain

Why would an increase in erythropoietin be beneficial to an athlete?

It increases the production of red blood cells

Why is an open circulatory system less efficient than a closed circulatory system?

It is more difficult to extract nutrients and remove waste when they are in the same compartment

What is a potential consequence of attending loud rock concerts?

Loud sounds bend and damage hair cell

What major anatomical trait is shared by the organisms Plasmodium, slime molds, and amoebas?

Pseudopods

How do you know when your stomach is full?

Mechanoreceptors respond to being stretched and signal fullness

Among myriapods, what differentiates a millipede from a centipede?

Millipedes have more legs.

Why do you get "goose bumps" when you are cold and shiver?

Muscles surrounding skin hairs contract. This generates heat, making the hairs stand up on end, causing the bumpy appearance

What is NOT a major adaptation of angiosperms?

Needle-like leaves

Increased amounts of acid rain directly affect the saprophytes. How would the death of this group affect an entire ecosystem

Nutrients would not be recycled and made available to other organisms.

What is one of the main differences between seedless and seed plants?

Only seed plants produce pollen.

Which protists may live in a mutualistic relationship with a termite, aiding in food digestion, or may cause a sexually transmitted diseases such as trichomoniasis?

Parabasalid excavates

Why are phytoplankton significant to other organisms?

Phytoplankton are the largest group of primary producers, or autotrophs.

What is the difference between viroids and prions?

Prions consist of protein only

Without bacteria, other organisms would not be able to live on Earth. Which of the following is NOT a service that bacteria provide?

Produce water to replenish freshwater reservoirs

Why do prokaryotes evolve at a faster rate than humans do?

Prokaryotes reproduce at a faster rate

Which of the following is NOT one of the most common shapes of bacteria?

Rectangular

Which of the following functions that anchor ecosystems is NOT performed by plants?

Recycle energy from dead organisms

Which of the following adaptations protects hagfish from predators?

Secretions of large amounts of slime, allowing hagfish to slip through the grasp of predators

________ and ________ are reproductive adaptations that allowed successful habitation of plants on land.

Seeds; pollen

You touch a hot stove and quickly move your hand away. What is the order of the signaling pathway?

Sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and effector

How do sharks differ from other fish such as salmon, tuna, or goldfish?

Sharks do not have a skeleton of bone

What important role do slime molds play in an ecosystem?

Slime molds are decomposers

How are sponges different from other animals?

Sponges do not have tissue-level organization

Plants alternate between diploid and haploid generations. What is the proper order of the plant life cycle?

Sporophyte, meiosis, haploid spore, haploid plant (gametophyte), gamete production, zygote, sporophyte

Elephantiasis results when interstitial fluids in tissues can't be returned to the circulatory system. What symptoms would this cause?

Swelling in the lower extremities

Why do you need to get a flu shot every year?

The DNA of the flu virus mutates and evolves every year, rendering last year's flu shot useless

Why is it beneficial to a Hydra to have a nerve net?

The Hydra can detect predators and prey from any direction surrounding it

What problem is associated with the use of the drug chloroquine to treat malaria?

The Plasmodium are developing a resistance to the drug

What would happen to a lichen if the cyanobacteria or green algae were to die?

The fungi would die.

What does homeostasis mean?

The maintenance of stable conditions in the body for optimal cell functioning

If an action potential is produced from an axon in the eye in response to low light, how does the brain know if the light is increased?

The number of action potentials per amount of time increases

Which of the following factors does NOT influence biotic potential?

The number of members in a population

In angiosperms, how does the sperm reach the egg?

The pollen forms a tube in the stigma, through which the sperm travels to meet the egg.

A beaver gnaws a complete ring of bark around the trunk of a tree. What will happen to the tree?

The roots will be unable to receive sugars from the leaves and will not be able to absorb water and minerals. The roots will die, as will the entire tree

Why is water needed for bryophyte reproduction?

The sperm must swim to the egg.

Why would a constant supply of glucose and oxygen be important to a cell?

Their presence allows the cell to enter metabolic reactions that generate the ATP required to fuel cell activities

How is the helpful E. coli that colonizes your digestive tract different for the pathogenic E. coli that kills about 60 Americans per year?

They are different genetically

What specialized adaptation do birds have that other animals do not?

They can remove oxygen from air during exhalation and inhalation

Elephants contribute to their ecosystems by helping plants grow in new areas. Why is it important that the plant seeds elephants eat be enclosed in hard coverings?

To allow the seeds to survive while passing through the elephant's digestive system

Why would it be beneficial for a parasitic flatworm to be hermaphroditic?

To be able to reproduce if no other flatworms are around with which to mate

Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?

To filter the blood of toxins and excess vitamins and drugs

Why are roots covered in root hairs?

To increase surface area

Why is it advantageous for a parasite NOT to kill its host?

To live off the host for as long as possible

Which of the following is NOT an adaptation that enables evergreen trees to live in a cold, dry ecosystem?

To protect the embryos from the cold, they develop in the roots.

How do plants get water into their leaves?

Transpiration drives the movement of cohesive water molecules from the roots to the shoots.

Which of the following transport mechanisms in the blood is shared by both carbon dioxide and oxygen?

Transported on hemoglobin

After being bitten by a tsetse fly in Africa, you become infected with a unicellular flagellated parasite and develop sleeping sickness. You harbor _______

Trypanosoma

What mechanism helps promote the return of the blood to the heart through the veins?

Valves force the blood to move in one direction through the veins back toward the heart

Which describes the correct flow of blood returned to the heart by the vena cavas?

Vena cavas, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta

Why are viral infections difficult to treat?

Viruses evolve quickly and develop resistance to antiviral drugs

What type of respiratory system do sponges have?

Water delivers gases directly to the sponge cells, eliminating the need for respiratory structures

What is NOT a characteristic of an angiosperm?

Water-borne sperm

You dislike the taste of broccoli. The only way you can eat it is to hold your nose. Why does this enable you to bypass its taste so you can eat it?

What we perceive as taste includes the sense of smell, which is cut off by holding your nose

____ are the most important and pervasive fungal contributions to the human food supply.

Yeasts

A week after drinking unpurified water from a stream while you were camping, you develop stomach cramps, nausea, and then diarrhea. The cause of this illness in probably _____________________

a diplomonad excavate

Which of the following is NOT a reptilian adaptation to life on land?

a four-chambered heart

A flatworm has no internal body cavity separating the gut and the body wall. The flatworm is a(n) ______.

acoelomate

Why are protists so difficult to classify?

all of the above

After drinking tap water in Mexico, you experience stomach cramps, nausea, and then diarrhea ("Moctezuma's revenge"). The cause of this illness is ________________

amoebas

This figure represents (Africa: a rapidly growing population, male vs female graph, red and blue triangular shape)

an expanding population

A structure that is made of more than one kind of tissue is

an organ

Some protists can undergo both sexual and asexual reproduction, but prokaryotes can undergo asexual reproduction only. What do these characteristics indicate?

asexual reproduction evolved before sexual reproduction

In general, which of the following does NOT describe an animal?

autotroph

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all chordates at some point in life?

backbone

If a population has great biotic potential, doubling in size every year, it will exhibit

both b and c (a J shaped curve and exponential growth)

Humans do NOT rely on plants for ______.

breaking down waste

How does molecular genetics help us to distinguish and evaluate the degree of evolutionary relatedness among species?

by allowing us to compare nucleotide sequences of DNA from the same chromosomal regions from different species

A person was in a car accident in which she hit her head hard on the dashboard. She is experiencing slurred speech, the inability to write, and the inability to concentrate when reading. Most likely, the _______________ part of her brain is injured

cerebral cortex

forget new experiences and information

combination of breathing and cellular respiration

In binary fission, an exact genetic copy of the parent bacterium is produced. Aside from mutation, how can bacterial resistance be passed from one bacterium to another?

conjugation

Anatomical features of species may not always be useful for determining species relationships because of _____________

convergent evolution

All vertebrates exhibit ________ development

deuterostome

What is the most inclusive o the major taxonomic categories?

domain

When you choke on water or a small food particle, what structure is operating too slowly?

epiglottis

In the following sequence what is missing from the hierarchy of maor taxonomic categories: (please list in order) species-__________-family- ___________-class

genus, order

Which animal has bilateral symmetry?

flatworm

Damage to the hippocampus of the brain will cause a person to

forget new experiences and information

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that is unique to mammals?

four-chambered heart

Which of the following is the most important reason to brush your teeth every day?

it eliminates harmful bacteria that form biofilms on your teeth

A late-loss survivorship curve is characteristic of which organism?

mountain sheep

If you wear glasses because you cannot see far, you are ______________ and your eye is too _______________or your cornea is too______________

nearsighted; long; round

What differentiates bacteria from archaea?

one has peptidoglycan in its cell walls; the other does not

Nociceptors are _________________

pain receptors

Bacteria that cause disease are called _________________

pathogens

Which of the following does NOT describe an archaean?

photosynthetic

Embryos form during the reproduction of ___________

plants and animals

Which kingdom comprises eukaryotic organisms that are typically unicellular?

protista

The vertebrate group does not include the ________.

sea squirts

Wood is made of

secondary xylem

Which of the following in NOT used by taxonomists (biologists who classify organisms) to distinguish one species from another?

similar features due to convergent evolution acting on distant related species

This animal is most closely related to (Image of a platypus)

spiny anteaters

The human nervous system is made of two parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (P N S). The C N S includes ______ _____________ and the PNS includes__________________________________

the brain and spinal cord; neurons in ganglia adjacent to spinal cord and target organs

What is a domain?

the broadest taxonomic category of which there are three

Where would a single layer of ciliated, mucus-secreting epithelial cells be found?

trachea

Water molds (oomycetes) and fungi ___________

underwent convergent evolution

Which of the following is not a function of the shoot system?

water absorption

How will a population of butterfly fish respond to a decline in the anemone population on which they prey? The butterfly fish population

will decrease after awhile