bio 2 test 1 anatomy and physiology
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Cecum, appendix, portions of small intestines, reproductive organs (right ovary in female and right spermatic cord in male) right ureter
Abdominal cavity
Contains the liver, gall bladder, intestines, kidneys, spleen, and stomach
Pelvic cavity
Contains the rectum, reproductive system, and urinary bladder
Vertebral cavity
Covers the spinal column
Thoracic (Spinal column)
12 vertebrae, second to top
Sacral (Spinal column)
5 vertebrae fused
Lumbar (Spinal column)
6 vertebrae, middle
Cervical (Spinal column)
7 vertebrae, top
Flexion
Joint angle decreased
Extension
Joint angle increased
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Most of small intestine, portions of large intestine, left ureter, reproductive organs (left ovary in female and left spermatic cord in male)
Dorsal
Near the back of the animal
Ventral
Near the belly of the animal
Medial
Near the midline
Caudal (posterior)
Near the tail
Thoracic cavity
Provides coverings that encase the esophagus, heart, lungs, and respiratory tree. Smaller linings within the thoracic cavity separate the heart and each lung
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, small and large intestines
Palmer
The "walking" surface of the front paw
Planter
The "walking" surface of the hind paw
Physiology
The functions of an organism
Rostral
Towards the muzzle
Levels of Organization
atom - molecule - organelle - cell - tissue - organ - organ system - organism
Midsagittal
divides the body exactly down the middle
Frontal (coronal) plane
divides the body into anterior and posterior
Sagittal plane
divides the body into left and right
Transverse plane
divides the body into superior and inferior
Adduction
movement towards the midline of the body
Cranial (anterior)
near the skull
Lateral rotation
rotation away from the midline
Inversion
rotation of the foot inwards.; sole is faced outwards
eversion
rotation of the foot outwards. sole is faced inwards
Pronation
rotation of the wrist inwards, so the palm is facing down
Medial rotation
rotation towards the middle of the body
Subination
rotations of the wrist outwards, so the palm is facing down
Coccyx (Spinal column)
3 vertebrae usless part of spine
Proximal
Closer to the body (only used for structures on limbs)
Distal
Further from the body (only used for structures on limbs)
Lateral
Further from the midline
Cranial cavity-
Houses the brain
Alcmaeon and Empodocles
Human anatomy was first studied by the Greek scientists in the 5th century. They created detailed drawings of the human bodies using cadavers(dead bodies).
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestines
Respiratory System
Physiology: Delivers air to alveoli Provides oxygen to the bloodstream Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream Produces sounds for communication Anatomy: Nasal cavities, Sinuses, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Alveoli
Lymphatic System
Physiology: Defends against infection and disease Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream Anatomy: Spleen, Thymus, Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Tonsils
Nervous System
Physiology: Directs immediate response to stimuli Coordinates or moderates activity of other organ systems Provides and interprets the sensory information about external conditions Anatomy: Brain, Spinal Cord, Sensory organs, Peripheral nerves
Urinary System
Physiology: Excretes waste products from the blood Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination Regulates blood ion concentration and pH Anatomy: Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra
Digestive System
Physiology: Processes and digest food Absorbs and conserves water Absorbs nutrients( ions, water, and the breakdown products of dietary sugars and proteins and fats} Stores energy reserves Anatomy: Teeth, Tongue, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas
Reproductive system (Female)
Physiology: Produces female sex cells(oocytes) and hormones Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery Provides milk to nourish newborn infant Anatomy: Ovaries, Uterine tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Labia, Clitoris, Mammary glands
Integumentary System
Physiology: Protects against environmental hazards Helps regulate body temperature Provides sensory information Anatomy: Skin, Hair, Sweat glands, Nails
Muscular System
Physiology: Provides movement. Provides protection and support for other tissues Generates heat that maintains body temperature Anatomy: Skeletal muscles and associated tendons and aponeuroses (tendinous sheets
Endocrine System
Physiology: Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body Controls many anatomical and physiological changes during development Anatomy: Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Pancreas, Adrenal glands, Gonads(testes/ovaries), Endocrine tissues in other organs
Circulatory System
Physiology: Distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen and carbon dioxide Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature Anatomy: Heart, Blood, Blood vessels
Reproductive System (Male)
Physiology: Produce male sex cells (sperm) and hormones Anatomy: Testes, Epididymis, Ductus deferens, Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland, Penis, Scrotum
Skeletal System
Physiology: Provides structure and support for other tissues. Stores calcium and other minerals. Forms RBCs Anatomy: Bones, Cartilages, Associated ligaments, Bone Marrow
Anatomy
The structural make-up of an organism
Morphology
The structural make-up of an organism, referring to differences and similarities in anatomy
Gross Anatomy
The study of anatomy concerned with features of the body visible to the naked eye
Fine Anatomy
The study of anatomy concerned with the microscopic features of the body
Abduction
movement away from the midline of the body