bio 2 test 1 anatomy and physiology

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Cecum, appendix, portions of small intestines, reproductive organs (right ovary in female and right spermatic cord in male) right ureter

Abdominal cavity

Contains the liver, gall bladder, intestines, kidneys, spleen, and stomach

Pelvic cavity

Contains the rectum, reproductive system, and urinary bladder

Vertebral cavity

Covers the spinal column

Thoracic (Spinal column)

12 vertebrae, second to top

Sacral (Spinal column)

5 vertebrae fused

Lumbar (Spinal column)

6 vertebrae, middle

Cervical (Spinal column)

7 vertebrae, top

Flexion

Joint angle decreased

Extension

Joint angle increased

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Most of small intestine, portions of large intestine, left ureter, reproductive organs (left ovary in female and left spermatic cord in male)

Dorsal

Near the back of the animal

Ventral

Near the belly of the animal

Medial

Near the midline

Caudal (posterior)

Near the tail

Thoracic cavity

Provides coverings that encase the esophagus, heart, lungs, and respiratory tree. Smaller linings within the thoracic cavity separate the heart and each lung

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, small and large intestines

Palmer

The "walking" surface of the front paw

Planter

The "walking" surface of the hind paw

Physiology

The functions of an organism

Rostral

Towards the muzzle

Levels of Organization

atom - molecule - organelle - cell - tissue - organ - organ system - organism

Midsagittal

divides the body exactly down the middle

Frontal (coronal) plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior

Sagittal plane

divides the body into left and right

Transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior

Adduction

movement towards the midline of the body

Cranial (anterior)

near the skull

Lateral rotation

rotation away from the midline

Inversion

rotation of the foot inwards.; sole is faced outwards

eversion

rotation of the foot outwards. sole is faced inwards

Pronation

rotation of the wrist inwards, so the palm is facing down

Medial rotation

rotation towards the middle of the body

Subination

rotations of the wrist outwards, so the palm is facing down

Coccyx (Spinal column)

3 vertebrae usless part of spine

Proximal

Closer to the body (only used for structures on limbs)

Distal

Further from the body (only used for structures on limbs)

Lateral

Further from the midline

Cranial cavity-

Houses the brain

Alcmaeon and Empodocles

Human anatomy was first studied by the Greek scientists in the 5th century. They created detailed drawings of the human bodies using cadavers(dead bodies).

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestines

Respiratory System

Physiology: Delivers air to alveoli Provides oxygen to the bloodstream Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream Produces sounds for communication Anatomy: Nasal cavities, Sinuses, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Alveoli

Lymphatic System

Physiology: Defends against infection and disease Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream Anatomy: Spleen, Thymus, Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Tonsils

Nervous System

Physiology: Directs immediate response to stimuli Coordinates or moderates activity of other organ systems Provides and interprets the sensory information about external conditions Anatomy: Brain, Spinal Cord, Sensory organs, Peripheral nerves

Urinary System

Physiology: Excretes waste products from the blood Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination Regulates blood ion concentration and pH Anatomy: Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra

Digestive System

Physiology: Processes and digest food Absorbs and conserves water Absorbs nutrients( ions, water, and the breakdown products of dietary sugars and proteins and fats} Stores energy reserves Anatomy: Teeth, Tongue, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas

Reproductive system (Female)

Physiology: Produces female sex cells(oocytes) and hormones Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery Provides milk to nourish newborn infant Anatomy: Ovaries, Uterine tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Labia, Clitoris, Mammary glands

Integumentary System

Physiology: Protects against environmental hazards Helps regulate body temperature Provides sensory information Anatomy: Skin, Hair, Sweat glands, Nails

Muscular System

Physiology: Provides movement. Provides protection and support for other tissues Generates heat that maintains body temperature Anatomy: Skeletal muscles and associated tendons and aponeuroses (tendinous sheets

Endocrine System

Physiology: Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body Controls many anatomical and physiological changes during development Anatomy: Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Pancreas, Adrenal glands, Gonads(testes/ovaries), Endocrine tissues in other organs

Circulatory System

Physiology: Distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen and carbon dioxide Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature Anatomy: Heart, Blood, Blood vessels

Reproductive System (Male)

Physiology: Produce male sex cells (sperm) and hormones Anatomy: Testes, Epididymis, Ductus deferens, Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland, Penis, Scrotum

Skeletal System

Physiology: Provides structure and support for other tissues. Stores calcium and other minerals. Forms RBCs Anatomy: Bones, Cartilages, Associated ligaments, Bone Marrow

Anatomy

The structural make-up of an organism

Morphology

The structural make-up of an organism, referring to differences and similarities in anatomy

Gross Anatomy

The study of anatomy concerned with features of the body visible to the naked eye

Fine Anatomy

The study of anatomy concerned with the microscopic features of the body

Abduction

movement away from the midline of the body