Bio 211 A&P

Match the male accessory gland with its secretions. 1. Prostate gland 2.Bulbourethral glands 3.Seminal vesicles

(2) Thick, salty fluid for lubrication (3)Fructose, used for energy for the sperm (1_)Coagulating and decoagulating substances

In the centrifuged sample of blood shown above, which number indicates the layer containing water, plasma proteins, nutrients, and waste products?

1

Ovulation typically occurs on day 14 of the ovarian cycle, and the luteal phase occurs on days

15-28.

The temperature of blood is about _________ than measured body temperature

1° C higher

During a cardiac cycle, how many of the four chambers contract at any one time?

2

Which of the following describes the lobe structure of the lungs?

2 lobes in the left lung and 3 lobes in the right lung

There are a total of ____ deciduous teeth.

20

Match the hormone or term to fill in the blanks. Not all choices will be used. You should know these hormones in detail by now!! 1.Renin 2.Angiotensin II 3.Aldosterone 4.Antidiuretic hormone 5.Increase 6.Decrease

2: The activation of ___________ stimulates widespread vasoconstriction and stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone. 5: The net result of angiotensin II, aldosterone, and ADH cooperatively is a(n) _________ in blood pressure resulting largely from an increased blood volume. 1: Low blood pressure causes the kidneys to secrete the enzyme _____________ from the JGA cells. 3: acts on the kidney tubules to reabsorb greater amounts of sodium from the filtrate. 4: The release of __________ directly stimulates the collecting ducts of the kidney to increase water reabsorption from the filtrate/urine.

Label the internal anatomy of the heart.

3) Right AV (tricuspid) valve 8)Interventricular septum 5)Papillary muscle 7)Trabeculae carneae 1)Fossa ovalis __6__Pulmonary semilunar valve 2)Opening for coronary sinus 4)Chordae tendineae

What is the sequence of events in the transmission of an impulse through the heart muscle? AV node AV bundle SA node Bundle branches Purkinje fibers

3, 1, 2, 4, 5

Two sets of teeth develop throughout a person's lifetime: the first set are 20 teeth called deciduous teeth and the final set are ____ teeth called permanent teeth.

32

How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule?

4

How many haploid cells are produced during the process of spermatogenesis?

4

Which of the following is the flow of blood as blood moves from the heart to the tissues back to the heart? 1 Arterioles2 Muscular arteries3 Capillaries4 Elastic arteries5 Veins6 Venules

4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 5

If a patient's systolic pressure is 120 mm Hg and diastolic pressure is 80 mm Hg, what is the patient's pulse pressure?

40 mm Hg

If someone's blood pressure were listed as 125/75 mmHg, then their pulse pressure would be

50 mmHg.

Plasma makes up about ______ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood.

55

If end-diastolic volume (EDV) is 130 mL and end-systolic volume (ESV) is 60 mL, then stroke volume (SV) is equal to _______ mL (enter the numeric value).

70

If someone's blood pressure were listed as 110/65 mmHg, then their mean arterial pressure (MAP) would be

80 mmHg.

If a patient's systolic pressure is 110 mm Hg and diastolic pressure is 80 mm Hg, what is the patient's mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

90 mm Hg

What may be the cause of hyperopia?

A short eyeball

Which of the following is an effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on water retention in the collecting duct? Check all that apply.

ADH increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct. ADH stimulates production of aquaporins

Before entering the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is converted into which of the following molecules?

Acetyl-CoA

Which of the following describes the correct flow of lymph through a lymph node?

Afferent lymphatic vessel, lymph node, efferent lymphatic vessel

Which of the following is an effect of aldosterone?

All of the above are caused by aldosterone

Which of the following factors effects venous return to the heart?

All of the above effect venous return

Which of the following statements is true about teeth?

All of the choices are correct.

What thin membrane secretes fluid to bathe the embryo?

Amnion

Match the region of taste sensation to the proper cranial nerve that innervates each region.

Anterior two-thirds of tongue-->Facial Nerve (CN VII) Posterior one-third of tongue-->Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) Vagus Nerve (CN X)-->Pharynx

The left ventricle pumps blood into the

Aorta

Which of the following is attached to the cecum?

Appendix

Water occupies two main fluid compartments within the body, the intracellular fluid compartment and the extracellular fluid compartment. Which of the following statements is true concerning the volume of intracellular fluid?

Approximately two-thirds of the body's water is in the intracellular fluid compartment.

Which of the following hormones increases urine output?

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Select the correct word to complete each sentence. Choices will each be used only once.

Axons from the olfactory organs extend through the skull and synapse within the ______________ of cranial nerve I. __1__ The sensory receptors responsible for olfaction are located in the _____________. __2__ In olfaction, chemicals called _________ must dissolve in the mucus of our nasal cavity to be detected by chemoreceptors.

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?

B12

Which of the following sensory receptors detects changes in arterial stretch?

Baroreceptors

This leukocyte releases histamine and heparin.

Basophil

Which type of leukocyte releases histamine and heparin?

Basophil

Which are the least numerous of the leukocytes?

Basophils

Which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?

Bicuspid valve

What is the fluid-filled cavity in the center of the blastocyst?

Blastocoele

Which of the following is an embryonic structure that is a hollow sphere of cells with a fluid-filled cavity?

Blastocyst

Which of the following are the primary factors that influence blood flow? Check ALL that apply.

Blood vessel diameter Blood viscosity Blood vessel length

Which part of the nephron surrounds the glomerulus?

Bowman's capsule

Which glands produce a clear, viscous mucin that serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse?

Bulbourethral gland

Choose THREE molecules that are the main products of the Krebs cycle.

Carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2

Carbon dioxide when combined with water forms:

Carbonic acid

Which region of the stomach is continuous with the esophagus?

Cardia

Which phase of gastric activity involves the thought, smell, and sight of food?

Cephalic phase

These receptors detect specific molecules in our external and internal environments.

Chemoreceptors

___________ detect specific molecules in our external and internal environments, such as tastants and odorants.

Chemoreceptors

Which cell of the gastric glands produces pepsinogen?

Chief cell

Of the four types of secretory cells in the gastric glands, which ones secrete pepsinogen?

Chief cells

What are the string-like structures that attach the atrioventricular valves to the heart wall?

Chordae tendineae

Which of the following extra-embryonic membranes is associated with the placenta?

Chorion

The wall of the small intestine has several modifications. Which of these is the largest modification that increases surface area but acts like "speed bumps" to slow down the movement of chyme for maximal nutrient absorption?

Circular folds

What fluid-filled chamber is found between the vestibular membrane and the basilar membrane of the cochlea?

Cochlear duct

Which of the following is the gene expression seen in the ABO blood types, in which the alleles for A antigens and B antigens are both dominant?

Codominance

After urine flows from the distal convoluted tubules, what structure does it enter next?

Collecting duct

Which of the following best describes opsonization?

Complement proteins cover the surface of a pathogen to enhance phagocytosis

Which is the most common type of capillary?

Continuous

Which action leads to the closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves?

Contraction of the ventricles

What is the function of the iris?

Control the size of the pupil

Which of the following is the function of renin?

Conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

Which of the following is formed by the ruptured follicle after ovulation?

Corpus luteum

Which duct transports bile to and from the gallbladder?

Cystic duct

What is the function of pepsin in the gastric juices?

Digests proteins

A human cell that contains 23 pairs of chromosomes is

Diploid

Which is going to result in significant agglutination?

Donor is type AB, recipient is type B

Which of the following is the correct sequence of regions of the small intestine, from beginning to end?

Duodenum - jejunum - ileum

What does the inner cell mass develop into during embryonic development?

Embryo

A structure that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx is the

Eustachian (auditory) tube

Which term best describes receptors that detect stimuli from the external environment?

Exteroceptors

Which cranial nerves are the primary nerves involved in transmitting taste sensations to the brain?

Facial (VII) and Glossopharyngeal (IX)

A normal female has one X and one Y chromosome (XY).

False

A substance that dissociates in water to form cations and anions is called a nonelectrolyte.

False

Cardiac output (CO) is defined as the volume of blood that is pumped from the heart in one beat

False

Each kidney typically has eight to fifteen major calyces and two to three minor calyces.

False

Glucagon stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose.

False

Lymph contains red blood cells.

False

Preload refers to the resistance of blood flow as it is pumped from the ventricles.

False

The cells in the retina that respond to light stimuli are an example of a chemoreceptor.

False

The ideal temperature of the testes, inside the scrotum, is the same as internal body temperature.

False

The tunica intima is the innermost blood vessel tunic, and contains predominantly smooth muscle cells supported by elastic fibers.

False

Which of the following is the union of the sperm cell and secondary oocyte?

Fertilization

Which of the following is the developing human from the 8th week of life until birth?

Fetus

Which layer is made of tough, dense connective tissue?

Fibrous pericardium

Which papillae, distributed on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue surface, lack taste buds?

Filiform

Which statement accurately compares filtration and reabsorption?

Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood.

What is the correct order for the phases of the ovarian cycle, beginning with day 1?

Follicular, ovulation, luteal

Which of the following is an effect of cholecystokinin?

Gallbladder contracts

Which of the following pressures causes the formation of filtrate in Bowman's capsule?

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Which of the following reactions occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell and produces pyruvate, NADH, and some ATP?

Glycolysis

Which of the stages of cellular respiration produces pyruvate, ATP, and NADH?

Glycolysis

Which stage of cellular respiration can be described as breaking down a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate?

Glycolysis

Which statement accurately describes a taste bud?

Gustatory cells have microvilli that are stimulated by tastants.

In acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), immunity decreases due to destruction of

Helper T-lymphocytes

Which of the following is an effect of secretin?

Hepatocytes of the liver secrete bile

An individual with two same alleles (genes) for a particular trait is said to be

Homozygous

If a person has lost their sense of smell, which cranial nerve has most likely been damaged?

I Olfactory

Potassium (K+) distribution depends on H+ concentration in body fluids. When H+ increases in the ECF (making the ECF more acidic), H+ will be moved to the ICF to help maintain acid-base balance in the ECF. When H+ is moved into the ICF, it is usually exchanged with K+. So, K+ is always moved INTO the more acidic fluid compartment, in exchange for H+. When the pH of the ECF decreases, K+ is moved from the

ICF to the ECF.

Which immunoglobulin class is attached to the external surface of B cells and acts as an antigen receptor of the B cell?

IgD

Which type of antibody is the largest antibody, is a pentamer, and has binding sites for up to 10 antigens?

IgM

The process by which a blastocyst embeds within the uterine endometrium is known as

Implantation

Which of the following is an effect of the release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) by the heart?

Increased loss of water in urine

Which of the following is an effect of the release of atrial natriuretic hormone (ANP) by the heart?

Increased urine output

_____________ is a hormone that decreases glucose levels in the blood by stimulating the conversion of glucose molecules into glycogen.

Insulin

What are the cell-to-cell junctions between cardiac muscle cells called?

Intercalated discs

Which term best describes receptors that detect stimuli from internal organs?

Interoceptors

Which of the following statements about erythropoietin is true?

It increases blood erythrocyte levels.

Which of the following statements about albumin is true?

It is the most abundant plasma protein.

Which of the following is NOT a structure where chemoreceptors are located that effect blood pressure?

Jugular veins

Which less common type of nephron, that has a long nephron loop, is important in establishing a salt concentration gradient in the kidney?

Juxtamedullary nephron

A vitamin that is produced by bacteria in the colon and is necessary for the production of clotting factors in the blood is vitamin _______.

K

What is the function of lysozyme that is present in lacrimal fluid?

Killing bacteria

Ovulation is induced by a peak in the secretion of

LH

Which of the following are lymphatic vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat?

Lacteals

Which of the following equations describes the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)?

MAP = DP + PP/3

Which of the following is the molecule that displays an antigen on the surface of cells?

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule

These receptors respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch.

Mechanoreceptors

Which of the following increases the surface area of the individual simple columnar epithelial cells of the small intestine?

Microvilli

Which is NOT a function of the digestive system?

Micturition

Which of the following is NOT one of the 6 general functions of the digestive system?

Micturition

Which agranulocyte has a kidney-shaped nucleus and exits the blood vessel to become a macrophage?

Monocytes

Which of the following is the embryonic structure that is a solid ball of 16 cells?

Morula

Which layer of the GI tract contains epithelial tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic capillaries, and a thin layer of smooth muscle?

Mucosa

Which of the following substances is reabsorbed from the ascending loop of Henle into the blood?

Na+

Which eye layer and its components is matched correctly?

Neural tunic - retina

Which of the following are the most numerous leukocytes?

Neutrophils

These receptors respond to pain caused by external and internal stimuli.

Nociceptors

Which of the following blood types has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the blood plasma?

O

Which of the following is unique to cardiac muscle cells?

Only cardiac muscle cells have intercalated disc.

What part of the retina lacks photoreceptors?

Optic disc

In which stage of cellular respiration do NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to be used to produce large amounts of ATP?

Oxidative phosphorylation (ETC)

Which of the following is the effect of cholecystokinin on the pancreas?

Pancreas releases enzymes in the pancreatic juice

Manufacturers of some medications used to treat heartburn advertise that their products shut down the acid-producing pumps in the stomach. Where are these "acid-producing pumps"? In other words, which type of cell in a gastric gland secretes acid?

Parietal cells

Which are the salivary glands that are located anterior to the ears?

Parotid glands

Which of the following is NOT a primary taste?

Pepperminty

_________________ are the collections of the lymphatic nodules in small intestine, especially in ileum.

Peyer's patches

Which of the following is the physical appearance of a person that has a given trait?

Phenotype

Which of the following is NOT an example of a formed element?

Plasma

Which of the following cells are found in the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule?

Podocytes

Which of the following is NOT a major effect of cytotoxic T cells?

Production of antibodies

Which term best describes receptors that detect body and limb movements, skeletal muscle contraction and stretch, and joint capsule structure?

Proprioceptors

Which of the male accessory glands encircles the urethra?

Prostate gland

Which of the following is a step within the common pathway of blood clotting?

Prothrombin is activated to thrombin.

Which one of the following is NOT a germ layer?

Protoderm

Which of the cardiovascular system's circuits has deoxygenated blood in its arteries?

Pulmonary circuit

Which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

Pulmonary veins

What is the difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressures called?

Pulse pressure

There are five basic taste sensations. Select the one that is NOT a basic taste sensation.

Pungent

What sphincter connects the stomach to the small intestine?

Pyloric sphincter

Test your knowledge about the specific functions of the five types of white blood cells: 1. Neutrophils 2. Lymphocytes 3. Monocytes 4. Eosinophils 5. Basophils

Release histamine, which promotes inflammation.-->5.Basophils Enlarge and become macrophages which engulf foreign substances.-->3 Monocytes Increase in number during a parasitic infection or allergic reaction.--> 4. Eosinophils Contain cytoplasmic granules that stain bright red or pink.--> 4. Eosinophils Two to five-lobed nucleus; most common type of white blood cell.-->1. Neutrophils The nucleus is large and round, and only a thin ring of cytoplasm is visible in a microscopic view.--> 2. Lymphocytes Contain numerous large cytoplasmic granules that stain dark blue or purple; nucleus is not usually visible in a microscopic view.--> 5. Basophils

Where are the renal pyramids located within the kidney?

Renal medulla

Which of the following is released by the kidneys in response to decreased blood pressure?

Renin

Which of the following is secreted by the cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Renin

In an ECG, what does the T wave represent?

Repolarization of the ventricles

Which of the following organ systems is involved in maintaining acid-base balance in addition to the urinary (renal) system?

Respiratory system

In this figure showing an anterior view of the heart, what is depicted by number 7?

Right atrioventricular valve

Which heart chambers contain deoxygenated blood?

Right atrium and right ventricle

Which is NOT drained by the right lymphatic duct?

Right side of abdomen

Which photoreceptors are responsible for low-light and non-color vision?

Rods

Which is not a lobe of the liver?

Round lobe

The correct sequence of structures of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart is:

SA node --> AV node --> AV bundle --> bundle branches --> Purkinje fibers

What disease can result from a deficiency of vitamin C?

Scurvy

Which gland secretes a fluid containing fructose?

Seminal vesicle

Which of the following reproductive glands secretes a fluid that contains fructose and other nutrients to nourish sperm?

Seminal vesicles

Which of the following events occur during anaphase I?

Separation of homologous chromosomes

The gastroenterologist has just determined that you have a blockage in your jejunum and he will have to perform surgery, making a small incision in the wall to remove the obstruction. Which tunic will be cut first?

Serosa

Which of the following is NOT a chemical that is detected by chemoreceptors that effects blood pressure?

Sodium

Which of these is an organ of the alimentary canal as opposed to an accessory organ?

Stomach

Which of the following could lead to metabolic acidosis?

Strenuous exercise and production of lactic acid

Which layer(s) of the wall of the GI tract contain a nerve plexus? Check all that apply.

Submucosa Muscularis

What specific structures are attached to the lens to change its shape during focusing?

Suspensory ligaments

Which circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions?

Systemic circuit

Without the process of lymphocyte maturation

T-cells would not be able to properly bind to antigen presenting cells and therefore not be activated by them.

Which is the larger of the sex chromosomes and is more commonly involved in sex-linked inheritance?

The X chromosome

The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of

The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of

What normally happens to fluids and solutes that are not reabsorbed at the venous end of a capillary bed?

The excess is picked up by lymphatic vessels. It is filtered, and then returned to blood circulation.

Which statement is accurate about veins?

The largest tunic in a vein in the tunica externa.

Check ALL that occur during ventricular systole.

The semilunar valves open to allow blood to flow into the aorta and pulmonary trunk. The AV valves close to prevent backflow of blood into the atria.

Select the statement below that does NOT occur during meiosis I.

The sister chromatids are separated from each other.

Which of the following is not true for ventricular systole?

The ventricles relax.

These receptors respond to changes in temperature.

Thermoreceptors

Which of the following statements about mature, circulating erythrocytes is true?

They have no nucleus.

What is the name of the blood vessel that directly connects a metarteriole to a venule?

Thoroughfare channel

What is the function of the pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube?

To equalize air pressure between the atmosphere and the middle ear

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones?

Transportation

What is the single layer of cells that surrounds the fluid-filled cavity of the blastocyst?

Trophoblast

A reticulocyte is a cell formed during erythropoiesis that has lost its nucleus and all organelles except some ribosomes.

True

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) increases GFR which leads to a decrease in blood volume and a decrease in blood pressure.

True

Cardiac output (CO) is equivalent to heart rate (HR) multiplied by stroke volume (SV).

True

Crossing over is a process whereby genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes during the event called meiosis.

True

Essential vitamins must be ingested through the diet.

True

Fluid intake causes blood volume to increase.

True

Glucose and fructose are carbohydrates

True

In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes in the parent cell pair up to form a tetrad.

True

In the parietal cells, carbonic acid dissociates into a bicarbonate ion and a hydrogen ion.

True

Incomplete proteins are generally found in plant-based foods, while most animal proteins are usually complete proteins.

True

Macula densa cells signal juxtaglomerular cells to release renin.

True

Most of the fluid in our body is contained within our cells.

True

Nutrients such as glucose and amino acids within the filtrate are usually completely reabsorbed within the proximal convoluted tubule.

True

Pepsinogen is activated to become pepsin by the presence of hydrochloric acid (HCl).

True

Secretin is released from the small intestine and causes the release of an alkaline solution containing bicarbonate from the pancreas.

True

Sympathetic stimulation of the heart increases heart rate and force of contraction

True

The contraction of skeletal muscles plays an important role in the movement of blood in the veins

True

The left ventricle walls are typically thicker than the right ventricular wall.

True

The muscularis of the stomach contains three layers of smooth muscles: the circular layer, the longitudinal layer, and the oblique layer

True

The outer layer of the muscularis of the colon is discontinuous (does not entirely surround the colon), and forms ribbon-like bundles of smooth muscle known as the teniae coli.

True

The receiving chambers of the heart are the atria, and the forcefully pumping chambers of the heart are the ventricles.

True

Vitamin K is produced by bacteria of the large intestine.

True

When comparing two individuals of the same body weight, the one with more muscle and less fat will have a higher percentage of fluid in their body.

True

When the osmolarity of blood plasma increases, as in dehydration, water will move from intracellular fluid to extracellular fluid.

True

Which of the tunics are present in a capillary? Check all that apply.

Tunica intima

Which of the following develops from the allantois?

Urinary bladder

If a person suffers from nerve deafness, which cranial nerve has most likely been damaged?

VIII Vestibulocochlear

Angiotensin II is a powerful

Vasoconstrictor

Which region of the medulla oblongata directly regulates blood pressure by controlling vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

Vasomotor center

Which vessel drains blood from a capillary bed?

Venule

What membrane covers the surface of the heart?

Visceral pericardium

Which is the layer of the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity that directly covers the surface of internal organs?

Visceral peritoneum

Which of the following could lead to metabolic alkalosis?

Vomiting

Choose the molecules that are the main products of cellular respiration.

Water, CO2, ATP

Select the correct term from the list to complete each sentence regarding the relationship between blood flow, vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and vessel length. Choices may be used more than once or not at all. . decreases 2. increases 3. larger 4. smaller

__1__ As blood viscosity increases, blood flow _________. (increases or decreases) __1__ As blood vessel length increases, blood flow ___________. (increases or decreases) __2__ As the diameter of a vessel increases, blood flow ________. (increases or decreases) __3__ The ________ the diameter of a vessel, the greater the blood flow. (larger or smaller)

Classify the following leukocytes as granulocytes or agranulocytes: 1. Granulocyte 2. Agranulocyte

__1__ Basophil __2__ Lymphocyte __1__ Eosinophil __1__ Neutrophil __2__ Monocyte

Match the events with the appropriate phase of meiosis I. 1.Prophase I 2.Metaphase I 3.Anaphase I 4.Telophase I

__1__ The nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle production begins, crossing over occurs __2__ Tetrads align on the equator of the cell __4__ Nuclear envelope reforms around two new clusters of chromosomes. Two new nuclei are formed. __3__ Homologous pairs separate, and chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell

Match the stages of development of an ovarian follicle with the characteristics. Each choice will be used once.

__1__A primary oocyte surrounded by one or two layers of cube-shaped granulosa cells that secrete estrogen.__ 5__Structure that is a remnant of a ruptured follicle; secretes progesterone.__ 4__Ovulation__ 3__A secondary oocyte, numerous layers of granulosa cells that surround a large fluid-filled antrum.__ 2__A primary oocyte surrounded by many layers of granulosa cells that surround a small fluid-filled chamber.

Arrange the vessels in the order that blood flows through them, beginning as blood exits the ventricles of the heart and ending as blood enters the atria.

__1__Elastic arteries__3__Arterioles__4__Capillaries__2__Muscular arteries__Large veins (7) Medium-sized veins (6) venules (5)

Label the parts of the blood smear:

__1__Leukocyte__3__Platelets__2__Erythrocyte

Identify the microscopic image of each of the five white blood cell types

__1__Lymphocyte__3__Neutrophil__5__Basophil__2__Monocyte__4__Eosinophil

Identify the salivary glands in the figure.

__1__Parotid gland__2__Sublingual gland__3__Submandibular gland

Place the structures of the male reproductive tract in the order that sperm passes through from the testes to the penis.

__1__epididymis__ (2) ductus deferens (3)ampulla of the ductus deferens 5__urethra__ 4__ejaculatory duct__

Match the phases of the ovarian cycle with their descriptions. 1. Follicular phase 2.Ovulation 3.Luteal phase

__2__ A secondary oocyte is released from the ovary and enters the uterine tube. __3__ The ruptured follicle becomes the corpus luteum, which primarily secretes progesterone. __1__ Primary follicles develop into secondary follicles; one follicle within the ovary matures; developing follicles secrete estrogen.

Identify whether each characteristic is indicative of an artery or a vein. 1. Artery 2. Vein

__2__ Collapse and flatten when empty __2__ Have valves __2__ Usually colored blue on diagrams and models __1__ Have the highest blood pressure of any vessels __1__ Most carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body

Match each characteristic to the appropriate type of capillary. 1. Continuous capillary 2. Fenestrated capillary 3. Sinusoid

__2__ Endothelial cells contain pores so that small proteins can pass through __1__ The most common type of capillary __3__ Large substances, such as blood cells, are able to pass through the vessel wall __3__ Found in bone marrow

Match the given structures with the function that they are most associated. 1. Hearing 2. Equilibrium

__2__ Maculae __2__ Otolithic Membrane __1__ Cochlea __1__ Ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) __2__ Crista ampullares __2__ Semicircular Canals __1__ Basilar Membrane __2__ Vestibule __1__ Spiral Organ (organ of Corti)

Match each stage of cellular respiration with the specific location where it occurs. 1. Glycolysis 2. Transformation of Pyruvate into Acetyl CoA 3. Krebs Cycle 4. Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC)

__2__ Occurs as pyruvate travels from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria __4__ Occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondria __1__ Occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell __3__ Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria

Match the region of the small intestine with one of its functions. 1. Jejunum 2. Duodenum 3. Ileum

__2__ Receives bile and pancreatic juice from the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. (1) Performs most chemical digestion and absorption. (3) Controls entry of material into large intestine.

The common bile duct merges with the pancreatic duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla, which empties into the duodenum. The accessory pancreatic duct also empties into the duodenum. There are two papillae in the duodenum where pancreatic ducts empty their secretions into the duodenum are the major duodenal papilla and the minor duodenal papilla. Match the following structures with their descriptions: 1. Major duodenal papilla 2. Minor duodenal papilla

__2__ The site where the accessory pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum. __1__ The site where the hepatopancreatic ampulla empties into the duodenum.

As material moves through the large intestine, in what order does it pass through these structures?

__2__Ascending colon__5__Sigmoid colon__1__Cecum__3__Transverse colon__6__Rectum__4__Descending colon__7__Anal canal

Put the steps of the cardiac cycle into the correct order, starting with the beginning of the cardiac cycle.

__2__Atrial diastole __1__Atrial systole 5)Ventricular diastole 3)Isovolumetric contraction 4)Ventricular ejection

Label the anatomy of the structures of the pancreas.

__2__Hepatopancreatic ampulla__4__Minor duodenal papilla__1__Pancreatic duct__5__Accessory pancreatic duct__3__Major duodenal papilla

Place the blood vessel tunics in order from most external to most internal.

__2__Tunica media__1__Tunica externa__3__Tunica intima

Label the wall of an artery and vein.

__2__Valve__5__Tunica externa__4__Tunica media__1__Lumen__3__Tunica intima

Match the following structures into the region of the ear in which they are found. 1. Outer Ear 2. Middle Ear 3. Inner Ear

__3__ Cochlea __3__ Semicircular Canals __2__ Auditory Tube __2__ Stapes __2__ Malleus 1 External acoustic meatus __1__ Auricle (Pinna) __3__ Vestibule

Match the definition with the appropriate pathway of hemostasis. 1. Intrinsic Pathway 2. Extrinsic Pathway 3. Common Pathway

__3__ Involves the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin. __2__ Begins with tissue damage outside the blood vessel. __3__ Prothrombin activator (Factor X) is used to convert prothrombin into thrombin. __1__ Begins with clotting factors that are in the bloodstream.

Match the minerals with the appropriate functions. 1. Iron 2. Calcium 3. Sodium 4. Iodine

__3__ Required in regulating nerve function, blood pressure, and blood volume. __1__ Found in hemoglobin; binds to oxygen for transport in the blood. __2__ Needed for the bone development. __4__ Needed to produce thyroid hormone.

Match the component of the electrocardiogram to the correct definition. 1. Atrial depolarization 2. Ventricular depolarization 3. Ventricular repolarization

__3__ T wave __2__ QRS Complex __1__ P wave

The vascular tunic of the eye has three distinct regions. From anterior to posterior, what are they?

__3__Choroid__1__Iris__2__Ciliary body

Label the structures of a capillary bed.

__3__True capillaries__2__Metarteriole__5__Thoroughfare channel__6__Venule__1__Arteriole__4__Precapillary sphincter

Place the stages of spermatogenesis in the correct order.

__3__spermatid__2__secondary spermatocyte__1__primary spermatocyte__4__spermatozoan (sperm)

Match the secretory cell of the stomach with its secretion. 1. Parietal cell 2. Chief cell 3. Enteroendocrine cell (G cell) 4. Mucous neck cell

__4__ Mucin __3__ Gastrin __2__ Pepsinogen __1__ Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

Match the labeled structures on the diagram to the correct term. (Male)

__4__Bulbourethral gland__ 8__Urethra__ 7__Ductus deferens__ 3__Prostate gland__ (10)Glans 5__Epididymis 6__Testis__ 2__Ejaculatory duct__ (9)Prepuce __1__Seminal vesicle

Match the stimulus to the type of sensory receptor.

__5__ A hot day at the beach __2__ Glow stick __1__ Carbon dioxide __4__ A burn __3__ Touch 1. Chemoreceptor 2. Photoreceptor 3. Mechanoreceptor 4. Nociceptor 5. Thermoreceptor

Match the anatomical terms with the structures labeled on the diagram.

__6__Lens__1__Ciliary body__11__Fovea centralis__7__Vitreous humor__2__Suspensory ligaments__3__Cornea__13__Optic disc__5__Pupil__12__Optic nerve__10__Retina__8__Sclera__4__Iris__9__Choroid

Match the labeled structures with the terms.

__7__Labium majus (pl. labia majora)__ 5__Urethra__ 2__Uterine Tube__ 4__Urinary bladder__ 10__Cervix__ 3__Uterus__ 6__Clitoris__ 9__Vagina__ 1__Ovary__ 8__Labium minus (pl. labia minora)

Contraction of smooth muscle in the tunica media results in ___vasoconstriction___ or narrowing of the blood vessel lumen. Relaxation of the smooth muscle causes

___vasodilation___(50 %) , or widening of the blood vessel lumen (Choices: vasoconstriction or vasodilation).

The epiglottis is

a flap of elastic cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing.

Respiratory acidosis can occur when

a person's breathing is shallow or slow due to obstruction.

A clot is best described as

a web of fibrin.

What is the correct chronological sequence of events for hearing? The tympanic membrane vibrates.b: Ossicles vibrate.c: Spiral organ hair cells convert stimulus to nerve impulse.d: Pressure waves from oval window travel through the scala vestibuli.

a, b, d, c

Sinusoids are found ina: bone marrowb: spleenc: small intestined: kidneye: liverf: muscleg: skin

a, b, e

Which are characteristics of type O blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes

a, b, e

Which leukocytes are granulocytes? a: Neutrophils b: Eosinophils c: Lymphocytes d: Monocytes e: Basophils f: Erythrocytes

a, b, e

Sympathetic innervation of the heart a: increases the heart rateb: decreases the heart ratec: increases the force of contractionsd: decreases the force of contractionse: has no effect on contraction force

a, c

Which are true concerning blood flow in the human body? a: There is a unidirectional blood flow.b: Arteries always carry oxygenated blood.c: Veins always carry deoxygenated blood.d: Arteries carry blood away from the heart.e: Veins carry blood toward the heart.

a, d, e

Which are true concerning blood flow in the human body?a: There is a unidirectional blood flow.b: Arteries always carry oxygenated blood.c: Veins always carry deoxygenated blood.d: Arteries carry blood away from the heart.e: Veins carry blood toward the heart.

a, d, e

Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood?

a: Always has Rh (anti-D) antibodiesb: Only under certain conditions will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be presentc: Always has Rh (D) antigend: Only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be present -->B

In a color-blind person, which of the following would you most expect to see? (Hint: think about the functions of rods and cones)

absence of specific cones in their fovea

The process of moving substances through the epithelial cells that line the GI tract into the blood or lymph is called

absorption.

Immunity that develops in response to an environmental antigen, such as when a person gets sick with the chickenpox virus, is called __________.

active natural immunity

Juxtaglomerular cells surround the ___________, and macula densa cells are part of the ___________.

afferent arteriole; distal convoluted tubule

The most abundant plasma proteins are the

albumins.

Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid?

aldosterone

In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism,

aldosterone prompts the kidneys to reabsorb sodium

Semen is produced by

all of the above

Individuals who are described as heterozygous have different

alleles for a particular trait.

The function of the ossicles is to

amplify sound waves and transmit them to the inner ear.

You have just eaten a carbohydrate-rich meal. Which of the following enzymes will help you to digest the meal?

amylase

If someone begins to hyperventilate due to anxiety, the CO2 concentration in their blood decreases; this causes __________ in blood pH.

an increase

Which of the following hormones below is responsible for water reabsorption from the collecting duct?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

The fluid that maintains pressure within the anterior cavity of the eye is the

aqueous humor

The watery fluid that fills the anterior cavity of the eye is

aqueous humor.

The term "cuspids" or "canines" describes the teeth that

are lateral to the incisors, used for puncturing and tearing.

The pulmonary trunk receives blood from the right ventricle and conducts it toward the lung. The pulmonary trunk is a(n)

artery.

In an EKG, the P wave is generated when the

atria depolarize

The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates .

atrial depolarization

The footplate of the stapes is

attached to the oval window.

Each of the receiving chambers of the heart has a wrinkled flaplike extension called a(n)

auricle.

What is the correct sequence for lacrimal fluid production and drainage? a. Tears disperse across the surface of the eye.b: Tears are produced by the lacrimal gland.c: Fluid drains through the nasolacrimal duct.d: Fluid enters the nasal cavity.e: Fluid enters the lacrimal canaliculi and collects in the lacrimal sac.

b, a, e, c, d

Which are characteristic of leukocytes? a: Smaller than erythrocytes b: Have a nucleus c: Have no hemoglobin d: More numerous than erythrocytes e: Depending on type, may or may not contain granules

b, c, e

Which are characteristics of type A blood?a: Has anti-A antibodiesb: Has anti-B antibodiesc: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytesd: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytese: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytesf: Will agglutinate with blood type B

b, c, f

Which type of leukocyte releases histamine?

basophil

A patient has been experiencing severe, persistent allergy symptoms that are reduced when she takes an antihistamine. Before the treatment, this patient was likely to have had increased activity of which leukocyte?

basophils

During the production of HCl in parietal cells, the ion exchange protein in the plasma membrane of parietal cells exchanges ________ ions going out for chloride ions (Cl-) coming in.

bicarbonate

During the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes, the heme group is converted into biliverdin, and then converted to __________ in the liver, where it becomes the main component of bile.

bilirubin

In a capillary bed, the direction of movement of substances in or out of the blood is dependent upon the net pressure of two opposing forces : hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure. Which of the following is a measure of the blood pressure within capillaries, and is greatest at the arterial end of a capillary bed?

blood hydrostatic pressure

The first phase of hemostasis involves

blood vessel constriction.

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to

both oxygen and carbon dioxide.

The term used to indicate a resting heart rate that is slower than 60 bpm is

bradycardia

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin

by a decrease in the blood pressure

What is the correct order for the list of structures of the large intestine, starting at the cecum and ending at the rectum? a: Ascending colonb: Transverse colonc: Cecumd: Sigmoid colone: Descending colon

c, a, b, e, d

Arrange the middle ear bones from lateral to medial.

c, b, a

A nonessential nutrient is one that

can be made within the body.

Respiratory acidosis occurs when _____________ levels increase.

carbon dioxide

Tissues associated with the stomach produce not only digestive enzymes, but also hydrochloric acid (HCl). One type of cell, the parietal cell, secretes HCl, which helps to chemically break down the food in the stomach. In the parietal cells, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes a reaction between

carbon dioxide and water.

Valves in veins

cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction.

Functions of the stomach include

chemical and mechanical digestion.

____________ is the attraction of leukocytes to a site of infection due to the presence of molecules released by damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens.

chemotaxis

The hormone that promotes the release of bile from the gallbladder and increases the enzymatic secretions from the pancreas is _________.

cholecystokinin (CCK)

The intestinal hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile is

cholecystokinin (CCK)

The outermost extraembryonic membrane that eventually forms the placenta is the

chorion.

Mixing of food with gastric juice in the stomach creates a liquid called

chyme

The structure of the eye that is responsible for changing the shape of the lens and holding the lens in place is called the _____________.

ciliary body

The lens of the eye flattens when

ciliary muscles relax.

The least numerous but the largest of the papillae are arranged as a V-shape on the posterior dorsal surface of the tongue. They contain the majority of taste buds and are called _____ papillae.

circumvallate

Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?

closure of the heart valves

In the human ear, the receptors for hearing are located in the ___________.

cochlea

Receptors for hearing are located in the

cochlea

The formation of a web-like protein called fibrin occurs late in the _______ pathway of hemostasis.

common

The formation of fibrin occurs late in the ________ pathway of hemostasis.

common

Prothrombin is converted to thrombin during the

common pathway

Sharp, color vision is a result of the function of

cones.

The function of angiotensin II is to

constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure.

Upon dissection of a capillary, it is found to contain no pores, openings or gaps in the vessel wall. This is probably a __________ capillary.

continuous

Light passes through the following structures in which order?

cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

After the corpus luteum degenerates, it turns into a mass of white scar tissue called the

corpus albicans.

The duct system of the male reproductive system includes all of the following except

corpus spongiosum

In males, the erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra and forms the glans of the penis is the

corpus spongiosum.

Which of the following is NOT reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?

creatinine

MHC class I molecules on a cell are recognized by which type of lymphocyte?

cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

Tom is a 45-year-old male who has lost his ability to hear high frequency sounds (sensorineural deafness). The most likely explanation for this would be __________________.

damage to the hair cells near the oval window in the cochlear duct

Oxygen-poor blood is _________ in color.

dark red

During metabolism of proteins, ammonium is removed from amino acids in a process known as ___________.

deamination

Acetylcholine released from the vagus nerve (CN X) results in a(n) _________ in heart rate.

decrease

An increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will cause a(n) _______ in blood pH.

decrease

If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely

decrease.

Capillary beds have precapillary sphincters at the junction of capillaries and the metarteriole. Constriction of these sphincters _________ the blood flow into true capillaries.

decreases

Increased parasympathetic (vagus) stimulation __________ heart rate.

decreases

When carbon dioxide levels are low in the blood plasma, pH may be too high. The respiratory system _____________ ventilation, resulting in more plasma carbon dioxide and a lowered pH.

decreases

As blood moves from the arterial end to the venous end of a capillary, net filtration pressure

decreases, as blood hydrostatic pressure decreases.

The main function of leukocytes is to

defend against pathogens.

The process of swallowing is also called

deglutition.

The muscularis layer of the urinary bladder is commonly called the _____ muscle.

detrusor

Movement of leukocytes between the endothelial blood vessel cells into the body tissues is called _____________.

diapedesis

In a blood pressure measurement of 110/70 mmHg, the number 70 is the

diastolic pressure

Which of the following are the major components of pancreatic juice?

digestive enzymes and bicarbonate

Lymph leaves a lymph node via ___________________.

efferent lymphatic vessels

The largest arteries in the body are classified as ___________.

elastic arteries

The largest arteries of the body are classified as

elastic arteries.

Which pathway produces the most ATP molecules?

electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation)

The third through eighth weeks of development are known as the _________________ period.

embryonic

The function of bile is _____________ of lipids.

emulsification

The acrosome cap of a sperm cell contains

enzymes to allow penetration into the oocyte.

Which of the following is NOT important in preventing backflow of blood?

epicardium

Where are spermatozoa stored until they are fully mature?

epididymis

Which of the following lists the correct sequence of ducts that sperm travel through from the testes to the tip of the penis?

epididymis → ductus deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra

In the centrifuged sample of blood shown above, number 2 indicates:

erythrocytes.

When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds about 44% of the sample, which is composed mainly of

erythrocytes.

When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the

erythrocytes.

Which phase of deglutition (swallowing) involves peristalsis?

esophageal phase

As material moves through the digestive tract, what is the correct order in which it would pass through these sphincters/valves?

esophageal sphincter - pyloric sphincter - ileocecal valve

Tidal volume is air

exchanged during normal quiet breathing

Haustra are

expandable pouches of the colon

During platelet plug formation, platelets begin to stick to

exposed collagen.

After being funneled by the auricle, sound waves pass (in sequence) through the

external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, ossicles, and oval window.

Cerebrospinal fluid of the central nervous system and synovial fluid of joint cavities are both examples of

extracellular fluid.

The ___________ pathway of coagulation is initiated by damage to tissue outside of a blood vessel.

extrinsic

The _________ is a form of mesentery that divides the liver into right and left lobes, and anchors the liver to the abdominal wall.

falciform ligament

The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called the

fallopian tubes (uterine tubes)

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are

fat-soluble.

When blood flows through the glomerulus, both water and solutes are filtered from the blood plasma, moving across the wall of the glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space to form __________ .

filtrate

Bulk flow refers to the movement of large amounts of fluids and dissolved substances in one direction down a pressure gradient. There are two types of bulk flow in a capillary bed: filtration and reabsorption. Which type of bulk flow occurs at the arterial end of the capillary bed and involves movement of fluid out of the blood and into the surrounding tissues?

filtration

Which of the following processes of urine formation occurs at the glomerulus?

filtration

The three processes involved in urine formation are:

filtration, reabsorption and secretion.

The __________ allows blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium during fetal circulation.

foramen ovale

The antigens that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are

found on the surface of erythrocytes.

The absorptive state occurs

from when you are eating until about 4 hours after the meal.

The presence of fatty chyme in the small intestine stimulates the release of cholecystokinin (CCK), which causes the

gallbladder to contract and release bile.

G-cells of the gastric glands in the stomach produce a hormone called __________ that stimulates stomach secretions and motility.

gastrin

The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the __________ units.

globin

The amount of filtrate produced in the kidneys each minute is the ___________.

glomerular filtration rate

The primary force "pushing" water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle is

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Glucagon can increase glucose levels in the blood by stimulating the production of new glucose molecules from other non-carbohydrate sources. This process is called

gluconeogenesis

When blood glucose levels are elevated, glucose is converted to ____________ and stored in the liver and skeletal muscles.

glycogen

Which of the following processes occurs the earliest in carbohydrate metabolism (cellular respiration)?

glycolysis

Which hypothalamic hormone contributes to the regulation of the female reproductive system and controls the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland?

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

The series of pouches that form the wall of the colon are called the _________.

haustra

People with blood type AB _________________.

have both antigens A and B on their erythrocytes

What part of a sperm contains the genetic material (chromosomes)?

head

The coronary arteries supply blood to the ______________.

heart

The percentage of volume of all formed elements in the blood is called the _______________.

hematocrit

The process of hemopoiesis begins with stem cells in the bone marrow called ________________.

hemocytoblasts

The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called

hemopoiesis.

The enzyme pepsin is formed from pepsinogen through the presence of

hydrochloric acid (HCl).

Sour taste is the perception of:

hydrogen ions

An elevated level of potassium in the blood is referred to as __________.

hyperkalemia

Abnormally increased blood levels of sodium are termed as __________________.

hypernatremia

In which of the following conditions can a person clearly see distant objects but not objects that are close up?

hyperopia

A decreased level of sodium in the blood is referred to as __________.

hyponatremia

Overhydration causes a decrease in sodium concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF), which leads to a condition known as

hyponatremia

Dalton's Law states that

in a mixture of gases, such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

Taste buds are not found __________________.

in filiform papillae

Cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped from the heart

in one minute.

The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that

in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperms are produced from the parent cell.

When we initiate a rapid side-to-side rotation of our head, it results in bending of cilia on hair cells

in the crista ampullares of our semicircular canals.

Hemophilia is characterized by ___________________.

inadequate production of clotting factors

What is the function of intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells of the stomach?

increase absorption of vitamin B12

Villi

increase surface area in the small intestine.

An increase in ADH production results in a(n) _________ in water reabsorption in the kidneys, whereas a decrease in ADH production results in a(n) _________ in water reabsorption in the kidneys.

increase; decrease

The viscosity of blood is ________ if the amount of erythrocytes increases or if fluid decreases.

increased

What signal causes the heart to secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

increased blood pressure

Hypoventilation by a person with normal lung function tends to cause _________ levels of CO2 in the blood, which leads to a condition known as ____________.

increased; respiratory acidosis

The rate of blood flow ___________________.

increases as blood vessel diameter increases

The hormone gastrin:

increases the activity of the parietal and chief cells of the stomach.

The hormone atrial natriuretic hormone/peptide (ANH or ANP)

increases urine output and decreases blood volume.

If someone runs a marathon through a desert while eating pretzels and not drinking water, their plasma osmolarity

increases.

After causing vibrations of the malleus, sound waves pass (in sequence) through the

incus, stapes, oval window, scala vestibuli perilymph, and cochlear duct endolymph.

Fimbriae are fingerlike extensions of the

infundibulum of the uterine tube.

Clusters of lymph nodes found in the groin are ______________ lymph nodes.

inguinal

The foramen ovale of the fetal heart is an opening in the

interatrial septum.

The cells that produce testosterone in the testes are the

interstitial cells.

Which mineral is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone?

iodine

The structure of the eye that functions to control the size of the pupil is the _______.

iris

Which structure regulates the amount of light entering into the eyeball?

iris

Oxygen molecules bind to the _______________ of the hemoglobin molecule.

iron

A flattened lens

is necessary for distant vision.

In which event of the cardiac cycle are the ventricles in systole and all four valves are closed?

isovolumetric contraction

In the cardiac cycle during early ventricular diastole, there is a period of time when all four heart valves are closed, called ___________________.

isovolumetric relaxation

All of the following are true about the conjunctiva except

it covers the cornea.

The specialized structure of the kidney that monitors blood pressure and secretes renin is termed the __________.

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A deficiency in vitamin ______ may lead to bleeding problems.

k

A deficiency in vitamin _________ can lead to insufficient blood clotting.

k

Leukocytes are the _______ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have ______________.

largest, prominent nuclei

Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the

left atrium

The myocardium would be the thickest in the ________________

left ventricle

The myocardium would be the thickest in the ________________.

left ventricle

Triglycerides and steroids are both examples of

lipids.

At the end of their life cycle, old, dead, or defective erythrocytes are phagocytized and destroyed in the ____________.

liver and spleen

Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the

liver and spleen.

Progesterone levels are highest during the ________ phase of the ovarian cycle.

luteal

Small secondary lymphoid organs, which cluster along lymphatic vessels, are termed

lymph nodes

What inner ear structure detects position of the head and tilting of the head forward or backward (such as nodding the head to say "yes")?

maculae of the vestibule

The otolithic membrane is part of the

maculae of the vestibule.

When you nod "yes", the linear movement of your head is sensed by the

maculae of the vestibule.

Tactile sensation is a combination of touch, pressure, stretch, and vibration. Which of the following is most likely the receptor type that senses tactile stimulation?

mechanoreceptors

The cardiovascular centers are located in which area of the brain?

medulla oblongata

The consistency of the chromosome number from one generation to the next is maintained through the production of gametes, a process known as ___________.

meiosis

Elevated HCO3- levels brought about by vomiting is classified as

metabolic alkalosis.

Elevated blood levels of HCO3- brought about by vomiting is classified as

metabolic alkalosis.

Vessels that branch off arterioles and give rise to true capillaries are called ______________.

metarterioles

Cleavage involves a series of ____________ divisions and _________________ in the overall size of the embryo.

mitotic; no change

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n)

monocyte.

When compared to extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid contains ____ potassium and _____ sodium.

more; less

Where does the chemical digestion of starch begin?

mouth

The arteries that are also called distributing arteries and supply blood to the specific body regions, are the _______________________.

muscular arteries

Which histological layer of the digestive tube is primarily responsible for peristalsis?

muscularis

The muscular wall of the heart is called the _________.

myocardium

The layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle tissue is the

myocardium.

The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection because it secretes chemicals that breakdown bacterial cell walls is a(n)

neutrophil.

Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes?

neutrophils--> To remember the leukocytes from most abundant to the least abundant, remember Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas.

If someone spills very hot coffee (200°F) on their skin, they will likely perceive much pain. Which of the following receptor types is causing this sensation?

nociceptors

The lining of the oral cavity and esophagus are lined with __________ because they must withstand abrasion.

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

In olfaction, chemicals called _________ must dissolve in the mucus of our nasal cavity to be detected by chemoreceptors.

odorants

Axons from the olfactory organs extend through the skull and synapse within the ______________ of cranial nerve I.

olfactory bulbs

The sensory receptors responsible for olfaction are located in the

olfactory epithelium

Antigens are found ________, while antibodies are found __________.

on the cell membrane of the RBC; in the plasma

Axons from neurons in the retina make up what nerve?

optic nerve

The receptors that respond to the solute concentration of body fluids are called

osmoreceptors.

Female gonads are

ovaries

In which phase of cellular respiration is the most ATP produced?

oxidative phosphorylation (ETC)

In response to low blood ________, the kidneys secrete __________

oxygen; erythropoietin

In response to low blood ________, the kidneys secrete __________.

oxygen; erythropoietin

The thin membrane that covers the internal surface of the eyelids is called the ___________.

palpebral conjunctiva

Which of the following lists ONLY accessory organs of the digestive system?

pancreas, liver and gallbladder

The majority of lipid digestion occurs in the small intestine facilitated by the enzyme

pancreatic lipase.

Some antacid drugs block histamine receptors, resulting in reduction of the production and excretion of stomach acid. These drugs have the biggest effect on which of the following cells?

parietal cells

Digestion of proteins is initiated by the enzyme

pepsin

Which of the following is not found in pancreatic juice?

pepsinogen

The heart valves

permit the passage of blood in one direction

A vitamin B12 deficiency results in the type of anemia known as ________ anemia.

pernicious

A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12, is characteristic of

pernicious anemia

Innate immune system defenses include __________________.

phagocytosis

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the external ear?

pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube

The cartilaginous structure that surrounds the opening of the external auditory meatus is the ________.

pinna (auricle)

The "buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of

platelets and leukocytes.

Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in bone marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. The fragments that form from the extensions are

platelets.

The major cation in intracellular fluid is _________________.

potassium

The most abundant cation within cells is

potassium.

Blood pressure is the force per unit area that blood exerts against the inside wall of a vessel. The highest blood pressure generated in arteries is during ventricular systole when the artery is maximally stretched; this value is recorded as the ___systolic___

pressure. The lowest pressure is during ventricular diastole when the artery recoils no further; this value is recorded as the ___diastolic___(50 %) pressure. (Choices: systolic or diastolic)

Which of the following is NOT true about tonsils?

primary lymphatic structure

Vaccines work by

priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure

Interphase occurs

prior to meiosis

Chief cells ______________.

produce pepsinogen

What is the function of Type II alveolar cells of the lungs?

production of pulmonary surfactant

During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle

progesterone levels are at their highest

Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the ________, where cells have many microvilli.

proximal convoluted tubule

Which is the correct sequence of nephron structures that filtrate would flow through as it moves away from the glomerulus?

proximal convoluted tubule - loop of Henle - distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct

Which vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

pulmonary veins

The "double-pump" function of the heart includes the right side, which pumps blood into the _______ circuit, while the left side pumps blood into the ________ circuit.

pulmonary; systemic

The central cavity of a tooth is filled with

pulp

The difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure is the ________.

pulse pressure

Glycolysis results in the production of two _____________ molecules from a single molecule of glucose.

pyruvate

In glycolysis, glucose molecules are broken down into two molecules of _________.

pyruvate

When blood starts to become too acidic, the kidneys respond by

reabsorbing bicarbonate ions while secreting H+.

Which type of bulk flow occurs at the venous end of the capillary bed and involves movement of fluid out of tissues and into the blood ?

reabsorption

B-Lymphocytes develop and mature in the _________________.

red bone marrow

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention.

Which of the following arteries supply blood to the kidneys?

renal arteries

The renal pyramids are separated from each other by extensions of the renal cortex called

renal columns

An aspirin overdose overstimulates respiratory centers in the brain, leading to

respiratory alkalosis.

The thoracic duct collects lymph from all of the following except the

right arm.

Which chamber receives blood from the systemic circuit?

right atrium

The fossa ovalis appears just above the opening of the coronary sinus within the

right atrium.

If an individual's respiratory rate decreases, then blood CO2 levels

rise, blood H+ levels rise, and blood pH falls.

The seminal vesicles:

secrete a fructose-rich fluid

The intestinal hormone that stimulates the liver to produce bile and the pancreas to release a bicarbonate-rich solution is

secretin

When blood starts to become more alkaline than normal, the kidneys respond by

secreting bicarbonate while reabsorbing H+.

The active transport of solutes out of the blood and into the fluid of the renal tubules is called

secretion

Sperm are produced in the

seminiferous tubules.

Which of the following components of the heart conduction system is known as the "pacemaker" of the heart?

sinoatrial node

An especially leaky type of capillary found in the liver and spleen is called a

sinusoid capillary

During interphase, DNA in each chromosome is replicated and each duplicated chromosome is composed of two identical structures called

sister chromatids.

Nucleic acids are digested within the

small intestine.

The myometrium of the uterus is composed of

smooth muscle

Which ion is the principal solute of the ECF and is crucial for neuromuscular and renal function?

sodium

Which type of taste is sensitive to the low pH of saliva?

sour

What is the function of the epididymis?

sperm maturation and storage

In spermatogenesis, ________ are haploid cells produced at the end of meiosis II.

spermatids

Salivary amylase in the oral cavity begins the digestive process by digesting __________.

starch

During the absorptive state, insulin release is

stimulated

Which of the following choices below is NOT a function of testosterone?

stimulates mammary gland development

The salivary gland that is located inferior to the tongue and secretes mostly mucus is the __________ salivary gland.

sublingual

An increase in heart rate and cardiac output normally occurs during activation of the _________ nervous system.

sympathetic

The blood pressure that is measured when the ventricles contract is called the _______ pressure.

systolic

In the spiral organ of the cochlea (the organ of Corti), the cilia of hair cells make contact with the ___________________, which causes distortion of the cilia and stimulates action potentials in the vestibulocochlear nerve.

tectorial membrane

In the spiral organ of the cochlea, the cilia of the hair cells project into the

tectorial membrane.

The middle and inner ear are located within the _____ bone.

temporal

The papillary muscles of the ventricles are attached to the atrioventricular (AV) valves by the __________.

tendinous cords (chordae tendineae)

During ovulation, the ________ ruptures and the oocyte enters the uterine tube; later, the empty follicle undergoes structural and biochemical changes and a __________ is formed.

tertiary follicle; corpus luteum

If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells,

tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action.

When viewing an object closer than 20 feet, which of the following occurs?

the ciliary body contracts, so the lens becomes more rounded.

Which of the following is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, or the absorption of nutrients?

the esophagus

Intracellular fluid is

the fluid in the cytoplasm of the cells

Hydrostatic pressure is _________________________.

the pressure exerted by fluid on the capillary wall

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to

the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption.

Which of the following best describes veins?

thin walled, large lumen, low pressure

Study the above simplified image depicting the steps of coagulation. What molecule is necessary in the common pathway to convert fibrinogen into fibrin?

thrombin

The function of capillaries is

to allow for the exchange of substances between the blood and the surrounding tissues.

The primary function of red blood cells is:

to transport respiratory gases.

The urinary bladder is composed of ________________ epithelium.

transitional

Which of the following lists the valves in the order through which blood flows from the vena cava through the heart?

tricuspid (right AV valve), pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid (left AV valve), aortic semilunar

Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation through contraction and relaxation?

tunica media

In arteries, the thickest layer of the wall is the

tunica media.

A comparison of the two major body fluid compartments reveals that

two-thirds of the total fluid is within our cells and one-third is outside our cells.

The ossicles of the ear connect the

tympanic membrane to the oval window.

Factors that aid venous return include all except ___________________.

urinary output

The largest amount of water leaves the body via ___________________.

urine

A network of small arteries called the ___________ provides a blood supply to the tunica externa of very large vessels.

vasa vasorum

The first step in hemostasis is _______________.

vascular spasm

The first phase in hemostasis is

vascular spasm.

Podocytes are part of the

visceral layer of the Bowman's capsule.

Which of the following is the main function of the rod photoreceptor cell?

vision in dim light

In the human eye, the cavity posterior to the lens is filled with ____________.

vitreous humor

The three phases of deglutition are:

voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal

In oxidative phosphorylation, oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor. What molecule is formed when oxygen accepts electrons and protons from the ETC?

water

Vitamin C is a

water-soluble, essential vitamin.

Which of the following would have the least influence on blood pressure?

white blood cell count

Which of the following is the first cell formed after fertilization has occurred?

zygote