Bio 211 A&P
Match the male accessory gland with its secretions. 1. Prostate gland 2.Bulbourethral glands 3.Seminal vesicles
(2) Thick, salty fluid for lubrication (3)Fructose, used for energy for the sperm (1_)Coagulating and decoagulating substances
In the centrifuged sample of blood shown above, which number indicates the layer containing water, plasma proteins, nutrients, and waste products?
1
Ovulation typically occurs on day 14 of the ovarian cycle, and the luteal phase occurs on days
15-28.
The temperature of blood is about _________ than measured body temperature
1° C higher
During a cardiac cycle, how many of the four chambers contract at any one time?
2
Which of the following describes the lobe structure of the lungs?
2 lobes in the left lung and 3 lobes in the right lung
There are a total of ____ deciduous teeth.
20
Match the hormone or term to fill in the blanks. Not all choices will be used. You should know these hormones in detail by now!! 1.Renin 2.Angiotensin II 3.Aldosterone 4.Antidiuretic hormone 5.Increase 6.Decrease
2: The activation of ___________ stimulates widespread vasoconstriction and stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone. 5: The net result of angiotensin II, aldosterone, and ADH cooperatively is a(n) _________ in blood pressure resulting largely from an increased blood volume. 1: Low blood pressure causes the kidneys to secrete the enzyme _____________ from the JGA cells. 3: acts on the kidney tubules to reabsorb greater amounts of sodium from the filtrate. 4: The release of __________ directly stimulates the collecting ducts of the kidney to increase water reabsorption from the filtrate/urine.
Label the internal anatomy of the heart.
3) Right AV (tricuspid) valve 8)Interventricular septum 5)Papillary muscle 7)Trabeculae carneae 1)Fossa ovalis __6__Pulmonary semilunar valve 2)Opening for coronary sinus 4)Chordae tendineae
What is the sequence of events in the transmission of an impulse through the heart muscle? AV node AV bundle SA node Bundle branches Purkinje fibers
3, 1, 2, 4, 5
Two sets of teeth develop throughout a person's lifetime: the first set are 20 teeth called deciduous teeth and the final set are ____ teeth called permanent teeth.
32
How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule?
4
How many haploid cells are produced during the process of spermatogenesis?
4
Which of the following is the flow of blood as blood moves from the heart to the tissues back to the heart? 1 Arterioles2 Muscular arteries3 Capillaries4 Elastic arteries5 Veins6 Venules
4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 5
If a patient's systolic pressure is 120 mm Hg and diastolic pressure is 80 mm Hg, what is the patient's pulse pressure?
40 mm Hg
If someone's blood pressure were listed as 125/75 mmHg, then their pulse pressure would be
50 mmHg.
Plasma makes up about ______ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood.
55
If end-diastolic volume (EDV) is 130 mL and end-systolic volume (ESV) is 60 mL, then stroke volume (SV) is equal to _______ mL (enter the numeric value).
70
If someone's blood pressure were listed as 110/65 mmHg, then their mean arterial pressure (MAP) would be
80 mmHg.
If a patient's systolic pressure is 110 mm Hg and diastolic pressure is 80 mm Hg, what is the patient's mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
90 mm Hg
What may be the cause of hyperopia?
A short eyeball
Which of the following is an effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on water retention in the collecting duct? Check all that apply.
ADH increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct. ADH stimulates production of aquaporins
Before entering the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is converted into which of the following molecules?
Acetyl-CoA
Which of the following describes the correct flow of lymph through a lymph node?
Afferent lymphatic vessel, lymph node, efferent lymphatic vessel
Which of the following is an effect of aldosterone?
All of the above are caused by aldosterone
Which of the following factors effects venous return to the heart?
All of the above effect venous return
Which of the following statements is true about teeth?
All of the choices are correct.
What thin membrane secretes fluid to bathe the embryo?
Amnion
Match the region of taste sensation to the proper cranial nerve that innervates each region.
Anterior two-thirds of tongue-->Facial Nerve (CN VII) Posterior one-third of tongue-->Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) Vagus Nerve (CN X)-->Pharynx
The left ventricle pumps blood into the
Aorta
Which of the following is attached to the cecum?
Appendix
Water occupies two main fluid compartments within the body, the intracellular fluid compartment and the extracellular fluid compartment. Which of the following statements is true concerning the volume of intracellular fluid?
Approximately two-thirds of the body's water is in the intracellular fluid compartment.
Which of the following hormones increases urine output?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Select the correct word to complete each sentence. Choices will each be used only once.
Axons from the olfactory organs extend through the skull and synapse within the ______________ of cranial nerve I. __1__ The sensory receptors responsible for olfaction are located in the _____________. __2__ In olfaction, chemicals called _________ must dissolve in the mucus of our nasal cavity to be detected by chemoreceptors.
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?
B12
Which of the following sensory receptors detects changes in arterial stretch?
Baroreceptors
This leukocyte releases histamine and heparin.
Basophil
Which type of leukocyte releases histamine and heparin?
Basophil
Which are the least numerous of the leukocytes?
Basophils
Which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?
Bicuspid valve
What is the fluid-filled cavity in the center of the blastocyst?
Blastocoele
Which of the following is an embryonic structure that is a hollow sphere of cells with a fluid-filled cavity?
Blastocyst
Which of the following are the primary factors that influence blood flow? Check ALL that apply.
Blood vessel diameter Blood viscosity Blood vessel length
Which part of the nephron surrounds the glomerulus?
Bowman's capsule
Which glands produce a clear, viscous mucin that serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse?
Bulbourethral gland
Choose THREE molecules that are the main products of the Krebs cycle.
Carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2
Carbon dioxide when combined with water forms:
Carbonic acid
Which region of the stomach is continuous with the esophagus?
Cardia
Which phase of gastric activity involves the thought, smell, and sight of food?
Cephalic phase
These receptors detect specific molecules in our external and internal environments.
Chemoreceptors
___________ detect specific molecules in our external and internal environments, such as tastants and odorants.
Chemoreceptors
Which cell of the gastric glands produces pepsinogen?
Chief cell
Of the four types of secretory cells in the gastric glands, which ones secrete pepsinogen?
Chief cells
What are the string-like structures that attach the atrioventricular valves to the heart wall?
Chordae tendineae
Which of the following extra-embryonic membranes is associated with the placenta?
Chorion
The wall of the small intestine has several modifications. Which of these is the largest modification that increases surface area but acts like "speed bumps" to slow down the movement of chyme for maximal nutrient absorption?
Circular folds
What fluid-filled chamber is found between the vestibular membrane and the basilar membrane of the cochlea?
Cochlear duct
Which of the following is the gene expression seen in the ABO blood types, in which the alleles for A antigens and B antigens are both dominant?
Codominance
After urine flows from the distal convoluted tubules, what structure does it enter next?
Collecting duct
Which of the following best describes opsonization?
Complement proteins cover the surface of a pathogen to enhance phagocytosis
Which is the most common type of capillary?
Continuous
Which action leads to the closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves?
Contraction of the ventricles
What is the function of the iris?
Control the size of the pupil
Which of the following is the function of renin?
Conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
Which of the following is formed by the ruptured follicle after ovulation?
Corpus luteum
Which duct transports bile to and from the gallbladder?
Cystic duct
What is the function of pepsin in the gastric juices?
Digests proteins
A human cell that contains 23 pairs of chromosomes is
Diploid
Which is going to result in significant agglutination?
Donor is type AB, recipient is type B
Which of the following is the correct sequence of regions of the small intestine, from beginning to end?
Duodenum - jejunum - ileum
What does the inner cell mass develop into during embryonic development?
Embryo
A structure that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx is the
Eustachian (auditory) tube
Which term best describes receptors that detect stimuli from the external environment?
Exteroceptors
Which cranial nerves are the primary nerves involved in transmitting taste sensations to the brain?
Facial (VII) and Glossopharyngeal (IX)
A normal female has one X and one Y chromosome (XY).
False
A substance that dissociates in water to form cations and anions is called a nonelectrolyte.
False
Cardiac output (CO) is defined as the volume of blood that is pumped from the heart in one beat
False
Each kidney typically has eight to fifteen major calyces and two to three minor calyces.
False
Glucagon stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose.
False
Lymph contains red blood cells.
False
Preload refers to the resistance of blood flow as it is pumped from the ventricles.
False
The cells in the retina that respond to light stimuli are an example of a chemoreceptor.
False
The ideal temperature of the testes, inside the scrotum, is the same as internal body temperature.
False
The tunica intima is the innermost blood vessel tunic, and contains predominantly smooth muscle cells supported by elastic fibers.
False
Which of the following is the union of the sperm cell and secondary oocyte?
Fertilization
Which of the following is the developing human from the 8th week of life until birth?
Fetus
Which layer is made of tough, dense connective tissue?
Fibrous pericardium
Which papillae, distributed on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue surface, lack taste buds?
Filiform
Which statement accurately compares filtration and reabsorption?
Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood.
What is the correct order for the phases of the ovarian cycle, beginning with day 1?
Follicular, ovulation, luteal
Which of the following is an effect of cholecystokinin?
Gallbladder contracts
Which of the following pressures causes the formation of filtrate in Bowman's capsule?
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Which of the following reactions occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell and produces pyruvate, NADH, and some ATP?
Glycolysis
Which of the stages of cellular respiration produces pyruvate, ATP, and NADH?
Glycolysis
Which stage of cellular respiration can be described as breaking down a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate?
Glycolysis
Which statement accurately describes a taste bud?
Gustatory cells have microvilli that are stimulated by tastants.
In acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), immunity decreases due to destruction of
Helper T-lymphocytes
Which of the following is an effect of secretin?
Hepatocytes of the liver secrete bile
An individual with two same alleles (genes) for a particular trait is said to be
Homozygous
If a person has lost their sense of smell, which cranial nerve has most likely been damaged?
I Olfactory
Potassium (K+) distribution depends on H+ concentration in body fluids. When H+ increases in the ECF (making the ECF more acidic), H+ will be moved to the ICF to help maintain acid-base balance in the ECF. When H+ is moved into the ICF, it is usually exchanged with K+. So, K+ is always moved INTO the more acidic fluid compartment, in exchange for H+. When the pH of the ECF decreases, K+ is moved from the
ICF to the ECF.
Which immunoglobulin class is attached to the external surface of B cells and acts as an antigen receptor of the B cell?
IgD
Which type of antibody is the largest antibody, is a pentamer, and has binding sites for up to 10 antigens?
IgM
The process by which a blastocyst embeds within the uterine endometrium is known as
Implantation
Which of the following is an effect of the release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) by the heart?
Increased loss of water in urine
Which of the following is an effect of the release of atrial natriuretic hormone (ANP) by the heart?
Increased urine output
_____________ is a hormone that decreases glucose levels in the blood by stimulating the conversion of glucose molecules into glycogen.
Insulin
What are the cell-to-cell junctions between cardiac muscle cells called?
Intercalated discs
Which term best describes receptors that detect stimuli from internal organs?
Interoceptors
Which of the following statements about erythropoietin is true?
It increases blood erythrocyte levels.
Which of the following statements about albumin is true?
It is the most abundant plasma protein.
Which of the following is NOT a structure where chemoreceptors are located that effect blood pressure?
Jugular veins
Which less common type of nephron, that has a long nephron loop, is important in establishing a salt concentration gradient in the kidney?
Juxtamedullary nephron
A vitamin that is produced by bacteria in the colon and is necessary for the production of clotting factors in the blood is vitamin _______.
K
What is the function of lysozyme that is present in lacrimal fluid?
Killing bacteria
Ovulation is induced by a peak in the secretion of
LH
Which of the following are lymphatic vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat?
Lacteals
Which of the following equations describes the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP)?
MAP = DP + PP/3
Which of the following is the molecule that displays an antigen on the surface of cells?
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule
These receptors respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch.
Mechanoreceptors
Which of the following increases the surface area of the individual simple columnar epithelial cells of the small intestine?
Microvilli
Which is NOT a function of the digestive system?
Micturition
Which of the following is NOT one of the 6 general functions of the digestive system?
Micturition
Which agranulocyte has a kidney-shaped nucleus and exits the blood vessel to become a macrophage?
Monocytes
Which of the following is the embryonic structure that is a solid ball of 16 cells?
Morula
Which layer of the GI tract contains epithelial tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic capillaries, and a thin layer of smooth muscle?
Mucosa
Which of the following substances is reabsorbed from the ascending loop of Henle into the blood?
Na+
Which eye layer and its components is matched correctly?
Neural tunic - retina
Which of the following are the most numerous leukocytes?
Neutrophils
These receptors respond to pain caused by external and internal stimuli.
Nociceptors
Which of the following blood types has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the blood plasma?
O
Which of the following is unique to cardiac muscle cells?
Only cardiac muscle cells have intercalated disc.
What part of the retina lacks photoreceptors?
Optic disc
In which stage of cellular respiration do NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to be used to produce large amounts of ATP?
Oxidative phosphorylation (ETC)
Which of the following is the effect of cholecystokinin on the pancreas?
Pancreas releases enzymes in the pancreatic juice
Manufacturers of some medications used to treat heartburn advertise that their products shut down the acid-producing pumps in the stomach. Where are these "acid-producing pumps"? In other words, which type of cell in a gastric gland secretes acid?
Parietal cells
Which are the salivary glands that are located anterior to the ears?
Parotid glands
Which of the following is NOT a primary taste?
Pepperminty
_________________ are the collections of the lymphatic nodules in small intestine, especially in ileum.
Peyer's patches
Which of the following is the physical appearance of a person that has a given trait?
Phenotype
Which of the following is NOT an example of a formed element?
Plasma
Which of the following cells are found in the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule?
Podocytes
Which of the following is NOT a major effect of cytotoxic T cells?
Production of antibodies
Which term best describes receptors that detect body and limb movements, skeletal muscle contraction and stretch, and joint capsule structure?
Proprioceptors
Which of the male accessory glands encircles the urethra?
Prostate gland
Which of the following is a step within the common pathway of blood clotting?
Prothrombin is activated to thrombin.
Which one of the following is NOT a germ layer?
Protoderm
Which of the cardiovascular system's circuits has deoxygenated blood in its arteries?
Pulmonary circuit
Which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
Pulmonary veins
What is the difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressures called?
Pulse pressure
There are five basic taste sensations. Select the one that is NOT a basic taste sensation.
Pungent
What sphincter connects the stomach to the small intestine?
Pyloric sphincter
Test your knowledge about the specific functions of the five types of white blood cells: 1. Neutrophils 2. Lymphocytes 3. Monocytes 4. Eosinophils 5. Basophils
Release histamine, which promotes inflammation.-->5.Basophils Enlarge and become macrophages which engulf foreign substances.-->3 Monocytes Increase in number during a parasitic infection or allergic reaction.--> 4. Eosinophils Contain cytoplasmic granules that stain bright red or pink.--> 4. Eosinophils Two to five-lobed nucleus; most common type of white blood cell.-->1. Neutrophils The nucleus is large and round, and only a thin ring of cytoplasm is visible in a microscopic view.--> 2. Lymphocytes Contain numerous large cytoplasmic granules that stain dark blue or purple; nucleus is not usually visible in a microscopic view.--> 5. Basophils
Where are the renal pyramids located within the kidney?
Renal medulla
Which of the following is released by the kidneys in response to decreased blood pressure?
Renin
Which of the following is secreted by the cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Renin
In an ECG, what does the T wave represent?
Repolarization of the ventricles
Which of the following organ systems is involved in maintaining acid-base balance in addition to the urinary (renal) system?
Respiratory system
In this figure showing an anterior view of the heart, what is depicted by number 7?
Right atrioventricular valve
Which heart chambers contain deoxygenated blood?
Right atrium and right ventricle
Which is NOT drained by the right lymphatic duct?
Right side of abdomen
Which photoreceptors are responsible for low-light and non-color vision?
Rods
Which is not a lobe of the liver?
Round lobe
The correct sequence of structures of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart is:
SA node --> AV node --> AV bundle --> bundle branches --> Purkinje fibers
What disease can result from a deficiency of vitamin C?
Scurvy
Which gland secretes a fluid containing fructose?
Seminal vesicle
Which of the following reproductive glands secretes a fluid that contains fructose and other nutrients to nourish sperm?
Seminal vesicles
Which of the following events occur during anaphase I?
Separation of homologous chromosomes
The gastroenterologist has just determined that you have a blockage in your jejunum and he will have to perform surgery, making a small incision in the wall to remove the obstruction. Which tunic will be cut first?
Serosa
Which of the following is NOT a chemical that is detected by chemoreceptors that effects blood pressure?
Sodium
Which of these is an organ of the alimentary canal as opposed to an accessory organ?
Stomach
Which of the following could lead to metabolic acidosis?
Strenuous exercise and production of lactic acid
Which layer(s) of the wall of the GI tract contain a nerve plexus? Check all that apply.
Submucosa Muscularis
What specific structures are attached to the lens to change its shape during focusing?
Suspensory ligaments
Which circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions?
Systemic circuit
Without the process of lymphocyte maturation
T-cells would not be able to properly bind to antigen presenting cells and therefore not be activated by them.
Which is the larger of the sex chromosomes and is more commonly involved in sex-linked inheritance?
The X chromosome
The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of
The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of
What normally happens to fluids and solutes that are not reabsorbed at the venous end of a capillary bed?
The excess is picked up by lymphatic vessels. It is filtered, and then returned to blood circulation.
Which statement is accurate about veins?
The largest tunic in a vein in the tunica externa.
Check ALL that occur during ventricular systole.
The semilunar valves open to allow blood to flow into the aorta and pulmonary trunk. The AV valves close to prevent backflow of blood into the atria.
Select the statement below that does NOT occur during meiosis I.
The sister chromatids are separated from each other.
Which of the following is not true for ventricular systole?
The ventricles relax.
These receptors respond to changes in temperature.
Thermoreceptors
Which of the following statements about mature, circulating erythrocytes is true?
They have no nucleus.
What is the name of the blood vessel that directly connects a metarteriole to a venule?
Thoroughfare channel
What is the function of the pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube?
To equalize air pressure between the atmosphere and the middle ear
Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones?
Transportation
What is the single layer of cells that surrounds the fluid-filled cavity of the blastocyst?
Trophoblast
A reticulocyte is a cell formed during erythropoiesis that has lost its nucleus and all organelles except some ribosomes.
True
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) increases GFR which leads to a decrease in blood volume and a decrease in blood pressure.
True
Cardiac output (CO) is equivalent to heart rate (HR) multiplied by stroke volume (SV).
True
Crossing over is a process whereby genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes during the event called meiosis.
True
Essential vitamins must be ingested through the diet.
True
Fluid intake causes blood volume to increase.
True
Glucose and fructose are carbohydrates
True
In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes in the parent cell pair up to form a tetrad.
True
In the parietal cells, carbonic acid dissociates into a bicarbonate ion and a hydrogen ion.
True
Incomplete proteins are generally found in plant-based foods, while most animal proteins are usually complete proteins.
True
Macula densa cells signal juxtaglomerular cells to release renin.
True
Most of the fluid in our body is contained within our cells.
True
Nutrients such as glucose and amino acids within the filtrate are usually completely reabsorbed within the proximal convoluted tubule.
True
Pepsinogen is activated to become pepsin by the presence of hydrochloric acid (HCl).
True
Secretin is released from the small intestine and causes the release of an alkaline solution containing bicarbonate from the pancreas.
True
Sympathetic stimulation of the heart increases heart rate and force of contraction
True
The contraction of skeletal muscles plays an important role in the movement of blood in the veins
True
The left ventricle walls are typically thicker than the right ventricular wall.
True
The muscularis of the stomach contains three layers of smooth muscles: the circular layer, the longitudinal layer, and the oblique layer
True
The outer layer of the muscularis of the colon is discontinuous (does not entirely surround the colon), and forms ribbon-like bundles of smooth muscle known as the teniae coli.
True
The receiving chambers of the heart are the atria, and the forcefully pumping chambers of the heart are the ventricles.
True
Vitamin K is produced by bacteria of the large intestine.
True
When comparing two individuals of the same body weight, the one with more muscle and less fat will have a higher percentage of fluid in their body.
True
When the osmolarity of blood plasma increases, as in dehydration, water will move from intracellular fluid to extracellular fluid.
True
Which of the tunics are present in a capillary? Check all that apply.
Tunica intima
Which of the following develops from the allantois?
Urinary bladder
If a person suffers from nerve deafness, which cranial nerve has most likely been damaged?
VIII Vestibulocochlear
Angiotensin II is a powerful
Vasoconstrictor
Which region of the medulla oblongata directly regulates blood pressure by controlling vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
Vasomotor center
Which vessel drains blood from a capillary bed?
Venule
What membrane covers the surface of the heart?
Visceral pericardium
Which is the layer of the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity that directly covers the surface of internal organs?
Visceral peritoneum
Which of the following could lead to metabolic alkalosis?
Vomiting
Choose the molecules that are the main products of cellular respiration.
Water, CO2, ATP
Select the correct term from the list to complete each sentence regarding the relationship between blood flow, vessel diameter, blood viscosity, and vessel length. Choices may be used more than once or not at all. . decreases 2. increases 3. larger 4. smaller
__1__ As blood viscosity increases, blood flow _________. (increases or decreases) __1__ As blood vessel length increases, blood flow ___________. (increases or decreases) __2__ As the diameter of a vessel increases, blood flow ________. (increases or decreases) __3__ The ________ the diameter of a vessel, the greater the blood flow. (larger or smaller)
Classify the following leukocytes as granulocytes or agranulocytes: 1. Granulocyte 2. Agranulocyte
__1__ Basophil __2__ Lymphocyte __1__ Eosinophil __1__ Neutrophil __2__ Monocyte
Match the events with the appropriate phase of meiosis I. 1.Prophase I 2.Metaphase I 3.Anaphase I 4.Telophase I
__1__ The nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle production begins, crossing over occurs __2__ Tetrads align on the equator of the cell __4__ Nuclear envelope reforms around two new clusters of chromosomes. Two new nuclei are formed. __3__ Homologous pairs separate, and chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell
Match the stages of development of an ovarian follicle with the characteristics. Each choice will be used once.
__1__A primary oocyte surrounded by one or two layers of cube-shaped granulosa cells that secrete estrogen.__ 5__Structure that is a remnant of a ruptured follicle; secretes progesterone.__ 4__Ovulation__ 3__A secondary oocyte, numerous layers of granulosa cells that surround a large fluid-filled antrum.__ 2__A primary oocyte surrounded by many layers of granulosa cells that surround a small fluid-filled chamber.
Arrange the vessels in the order that blood flows through them, beginning as blood exits the ventricles of the heart and ending as blood enters the atria.
__1__Elastic arteries__3__Arterioles__4__Capillaries__2__Muscular arteries__Large veins (7) Medium-sized veins (6) venules (5)
Label the parts of the blood smear:
__1__Leukocyte__3__Platelets__2__Erythrocyte
Identify the microscopic image of each of the five white blood cell types
__1__Lymphocyte__3__Neutrophil__5__Basophil__2__Monocyte__4__Eosinophil
Identify the salivary glands in the figure.
__1__Parotid gland__2__Sublingual gland__3__Submandibular gland
Place the structures of the male reproductive tract in the order that sperm passes through from the testes to the penis.
__1__epididymis__ (2) ductus deferens (3)ampulla of the ductus deferens 5__urethra__ 4__ejaculatory duct__
Match the phases of the ovarian cycle with their descriptions. 1. Follicular phase 2.Ovulation 3.Luteal phase
__2__ A secondary oocyte is released from the ovary and enters the uterine tube. __3__ The ruptured follicle becomes the corpus luteum, which primarily secretes progesterone. __1__ Primary follicles develop into secondary follicles; one follicle within the ovary matures; developing follicles secrete estrogen.
Identify whether each characteristic is indicative of an artery or a vein. 1. Artery 2. Vein
__2__ Collapse and flatten when empty __2__ Have valves __2__ Usually colored blue on diagrams and models __1__ Have the highest blood pressure of any vessels __1__ Most carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body
Match each characteristic to the appropriate type of capillary. 1. Continuous capillary 2. Fenestrated capillary 3. Sinusoid
__2__ Endothelial cells contain pores so that small proteins can pass through __1__ The most common type of capillary __3__ Large substances, such as blood cells, are able to pass through the vessel wall __3__ Found in bone marrow
Match the given structures with the function that they are most associated. 1. Hearing 2. Equilibrium
__2__ Maculae __2__ Otolithic Membrane __1__ Cochlea __1__ Ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) __2__ Crista ampullares __2__ Semicircular Canals __1__ Basilar Membrane __2__ Vestibule __1__ Spiral Organ (organ of Corti)
Match each stage of cellular respiration with the specific location where it occurs. 1. Glycolysis 2. Transformation of Pyruvate into Acetyl CoA 3. Krebs Cycle 4. Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC)
__2__ Occurs as pyruvate travels from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria __4__ Occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondria __1__ Occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell __3__ Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
Match the region of the small intestine with one of its functions. 1. Jejunum 2. Duodenum 3. Ileum
__2__ Receives bile and pancreatic juice from the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. (1) Performs most chemical digestion and absorption. (3) Controls entry of material into large intestine.
The common bile duct merges with the pancreatic duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla, which empties into the duodenum. The accessory pancreatic duct also empties into the duodenum. There are two papillae in the duodenum where pancreatic ducts empty their secretions into the duodenum are the major duodenal papilla and the minor duodenal papilla. Match the following structures with their descriptions: 1. Major duodenal papilla 2. Minor duodenal papilla
__2__ The site where the accessory pancreatic duct empties into the duodenum. __1__ The site where the hepatopancreatic ampulla empties into the duodenum.
As material moves through the large intestine, in what order does it pass through these structures?
__2__Ascending colon__5__Sigmoid colon__1__Cecum__3__Transverse colon__6__Rectum__4__Descending colon__7__Anal canal
Put the steps of the cardiac cycle into the correct order, starting with the beginning of the cardiac cycle.
__2__Atrial diastole __1__Atrial systole 5)Ventricular diastole 3)Isovolumetric contraction 4)Ventricular ejection
Label the anatomy of the structures of the pancreas.
__2__Hepatopancreatic ampulla__4__Minor duodenal papilla__1__Pancreatic duct__5__Accessory pancreatic duct__3__Major duodenal papilla
Place the blood vessel tunics in order from most external to most internal.
__2__Tunica media__1__Tunica externa__3__Tunica intima
Label the wall of an artery and vein.
__2__Valve__5__Tunica externa__4__Tunica media__1__Lumen__3__Tunica intima
Match the following structures into the region of the ear in which they are found. 1. Outer Ear 2. Middle Ear 3. Inner Ear
__3__ Cochlea __3__ Semicircular Canals __2__ Auditory Tube __2__ Stapes __2__ Malleus 1 External acoustic meatus __1__ Auricle (Pinna) __3__ Vestibule
Match the definition with the appropriate pathway of hemostasis. 1. Intrinsic Pathway 2. Extrinsic Pathway 3. Common Pathway
__3__ Involves the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin. __2__ Begins with tissue damage outside the blood vessel. __3__ Prothrombin activator (Factor X) is used to convert prothrombin into thrombin. __1__ Begins with clotting factors that are in the bloodstream.
Match the minerals with the appropriate functions. 1. Iron 2. Calcium 3. Sodium 4. Iodine
__3__ Required in regulating nerve function, blood pressure, and blood volume. __1__ Found in hemoglobin; binds to oxygen for transport in the blood. __2__ Needed for the bone development. __4__ Needed to produce thyroid hormone.
Match the component of the electrocardiogram to the correct definition. 1. Atrial depolarization 2. Ventricular depolarization 3. Ventricular repolarization
__3__ T wave __2__ QRS Complex __1__ P wave
The vascular tunic of the eye has three distinct regions. From anterior to posterior, what are they?
__3__Choroid__1__Iris__2__Ciliary body
Label the structures of a capillary bed.
__3__True capillaries__2__Metarteriole__5__Thoroughfare channel__6__Venule__1__Arteriole__4__Precapillary sphincter
Place the stages of spermatogenesis in the correct order.
__3__spermatid__2__secondary spermatocyte__1__primary spermatocyte__4__spermatozoan (sperm)
Match the secretory cell of the stomach with its secretion. 1. Parietal cell 2. Chief cell 3. Enteroendocrine cell (G cell) 4. Mucous neck cell
__4__ Mucin __3__ Gastrin __2__ Pepsinogen __1__ Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
Match the labeled structures on the diagram to the correct term. (Male)
__4__Bulbourethral gland__ 8__Urethra__ 7__Ductus deferens__ 3__Prostate gland__ (10)Glans 5__Epididymis 6__Testis__ 2__Ejaculatory duct__ (9)Prepuce __1__Seminal vesicle
Match the stimulus to the type of sensory receptor.
__5__ A hot day at the beach __2__ Glow stick __1__ Carbon dioxide __4__ A burn __3__ Touch 1. Chemoreceptor 2. Photoreceptor 3. Mechanoreceptor 4. Nociceptor 5. Thermoreceptor
Match the anatomical terms with the structures labeled on the diagram.
__6__Lens__1__Ciliary body__11__Fovea centralis__7__Vitreous humor__2__Suspensory ligaments__3__Cornea__13__Optic disc__5__Pupil__12__Optic nerve__10__Retina__8__Sclera__4__Iris__9__Choroid
Match the labeled structures with the terms.
__7__Labium majus (pl. labia majora)__ 5__Urethra__ 2__Uterine Tube__ 4__Urinary bladder__ 10__Cervix__ 3__Uterus__ 6__Clitoris__ 9__Vagina__ 1__Ovary__ 8__Labium minus (pl. labia minora)
Contraction of smooth muscle in the tunica media results in ___vasoconstriction___ or narrowing of the blood vessel lumen. Relaxation of the smooth muscle causes
___vasodilation___(50 %) , or widening of the blood vessel lumen (Choices: vasoconstriction or vasodilation).
The epiglottis is
a flap of elastic cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing.
Respiratory acidosis can occur when
a person's breathing is shallow or slow due to obstruction.
A clot is best described as
a web of fibrin.
What is the correct chronological sequence of events for hearing? The tympanic membrane vibrates.b: Ossicles vibrate.c: Spiral organ hair cells convert stimulus to nerve impulse.d: Pressure waves from oval window travel through the scala vestibuli.
a, b, d, c
Sinusoids are found ina: bone marrowb: spleenc: small intestined: kidneye: liverf: muscleg: skin
a, b, e
Which are characteristics of type O blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes
a, b, e
Which leukocytes are granulocytes? a: Neutrophils b: Eosinophils c: Lymphocytes d: Monocytes e: Basophils f: Erythrocytes
a, b, e
Sympathetic innervation of the heart a: increases the heart rateb: decreases the heart ratec: increases the force of contractionsd: decreases the force of contractionse: has no effect on contraction force
a, c
Which are true concerning blood flow in the human body? a: There is a unidirectional blood flow.b: Arteries always carry oxygenated blood.c: Veins always carry deoxygenated blood.d: Arteries carry blood away from the heart.e: Veins carry blood toward the heart.
a, d, e
Which are true concerning blood flow in the human body?a: There is a unidirectional blood flow.b: Arteries always carry oxygenated blood.c: Veins always carry deoxygenated blood.d: Arteries carry blood away from the heart.e: Veins carry blood toward the heart.
a, d, e
Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood?
a: Always has Rh (anti-D) antibodiesb: Only under certain conditions will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be presentc: Always has Rh (D) antigend: Only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be present -->B
In a color-blind person, which of the following would you most expect to see? (Hint: think about the functions of rods and cones)
absence of specific cones in their fovea
The process of moving substances through the epithelial cells that line the GI tract into the blood or lymph is called
absorption.
Immunity that develops in response to an environmental antigen, such as when a person gets sick with the chickenpox virus, is called __________.
active natural immunity
Juxtaglomerular cells surround the ___________, and macula densa cells are part of the ___________.
afferent arteriole; distal convoluted tubule
The most abundant plasma proteins are the
albumins.
Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid?
aldosterone
In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism,
aldosterone prompts the kidneys to reabsorb sodium
Semen is produced by
all of the above
Individuals who are described as heterozygous have different
alleles for a particular trait.
The function of the ossicles is to
amplify sound waves and transmit them to the inner ear.
You have just eaten a carbohydrate-rich meal. Which of the following enzymes will help you to digest the meal?
amylase
If someone begins to hyperventilate due to anxiety, the CO2 concentration in their blood decreases; this causes __________ in blood pH.
an increase
Which of the following hormones below is responsible for water reabsorption from the collecting duct?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The fluid that maintains pressure within the anterior cavity of the eye is the
aqueous humor
The watery fluid that fills the anterior cavity of the eye is
aqueous humor.
The term "cuspids" or "canines" describes the teeth that
are lateral to the incisors, used for puncturing and tearing.
The pulmonary trunk receives blood from the right ventricle and conducts it toward the lung. The pulmonary trunk is a(n)
artery.
In an EKG, the P wave is generated when the
atria depolarize
The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates .
atrial depolarization
The footplate of the stapes is
attached to the oval window.
Each of the receiving chambers of the heart has a wrinkled flaplike extension called a(n)
auricle.
What is the correct sequence for lacrimal fluid production and drainage? a. Tears disperse across the surface of the eye.b: Tears are produced by the lacrimal gland.c: Fluid drains through the nasolacrimal duct.d: Fluid enters the nasal cavity.e: Fluid enters the lacrimal canaliculi and collects in the lacrimal sac.
b, a, e, c, d
Which are characteristic of leukocytes? a: Smaller than erythrocytes b: Have a nucleus c: Have no hemoglobin d: More numerous than erythrocytes e: Depending on type, may or may not contain granules
b, c, e
Which are characteristics of type A blood?a: Has anti-A antibodiesb: Has anti-B antibodiesc: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytesd: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytese: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytesf: Will agglutinate with blood type B
b, c, f
Which type of leukocyte releases histamine?
basophil
A patient has been experiencing severe, persistent allergy symptoms that are reduced when she takes an antihistamine. Before the treatment, this patient was likely to have had increased activity of which leukocyte?
basophils
During the production of HCl in parietal cells, the ion exchange protein in the plasma membrane of parietal cells exchanges ________ ions going out for chloride ions (Cl-) coming in.
bicarbonate
During the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes, the heme group is converted into biliverdin, and then converted to __________ in the liver, where it becomes the main component of bile.
bilirubin
In a capillary bed, the direction of movement of substances in or out of the blood is dependent upon the net pressure of two opposing forces : hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure. Which of the following is a measure of the blood pressure within capillaries, and is greatest at the arterial end of a capillary bed?
blood hydrostatic pressure
The first phase of hemostasis involves
blood vessel constriction.
The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to
both oxygen and carbon dioxide.
The term used to indicate a resting heart rate that is slower than 60 bpm is
bradycardia
The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin
by a decrease in the blood pressure
What is the correct order for the list of structures of the large intestine, starting at the cecum and ending at the rectum? a: Ascending colonb: Transverse colonc: Cecumd: Sigmoid colone: Descending colon
c, a, b, e, d
Arrange the middle ear bones from lateral to medial.
c, b, a
A nonessential nutrient is one that
can be made within the body.
Respiratory acidosis occurs when _____________ levels increase.
carbon dioxide
Tissues associated with the stomach produce not only digestive enzymes, but also hydrochloric acid (HCl). One type of cell, the parietal cell, secretes HCl, which helps to chemically break down the food in the stomach. In the parietal cells, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes a reaction between
carbon dioxide and water.
Valves in veins
cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction.
Functions of the stomach include
chemical and mechanical digestion.
____________ is the attraction of leukocytes to a site of infection due to the presence of molecules released by damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens.
chemotaxis
The hormone that promotes the release of bile from the gallbladder and increases the enzymatic secretions from the pancreas is _________.
cholecystokinin (CCK)
The intestinal hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile is
cholecystokinin (CCK)
The outermost extraembryonic membrane that eventually forms the placenta is the
chorion.
Mixing of food with gastric juice in the stomach creates a liquid called
chyme
The structure of the eye that is responsible for changing the shape of the lens and holding the lens in place is called the _____________.
ciliary body
The lens of the eye flattens when
ciliary muscles relax.
The least numerous but the largest of the papillae are arranged as a V-shape on the posterior dorsal surface of the tongue. They contain the majority of taste buds and are called _____ papillae.
circumvallate
Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?
closure of the heart valves
In the human ear, the receptors for hearing are located in the ___________.
cochlea
Receptors for hearing are located in the
cochlea
The formation of a web-like protein called fibrin occurs late in the _______ pathway of hemostasis.
common
The formation of fibrin occurs late in the ________ pathway of hemostasis.
common
Prothrombin is converted to thrombin during the
common pathway
Sharp, color vision is a result of the function of
cones.
The function of angiotensin II is to
constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure.
Upon dissection of a capillary, it is found to contain no pores, openings or gaps in the vessel wall. This is probably a __________ capillary.
continuous
Light passes through the following structures in which order?
cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor
After the corpus luteum degenerates, it turns into a mass of white scar tissue called the
corpus albicans.
The duct system of the male reproductive system includes all of the following except
corpus spongiosum
In males, the erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra and forms the glans of the penis is the
corpus spongiosum.
Which of the following is NOT reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?
creatinine
MHC class I molecules on a cell are recognized by which type of lymphocyte?
cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
Tom is a 45-year-old male who has lost his ability to hear high frequency sounds (sensorineural deafness). The most likely explanation for this would be __________________.
damage to the hair cells near the oval window in the cochlear duct
Oxygen-poor blood is _________ in color.
dark red
During metabolism of proteins, ammonium is removed from amino acids in a process known as ___________.
deamination
Acetylcholine released from the vagus nerve (CN X) results in a(n) _________ in heart rate.
decrease
An increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will cause a(n) _______ in blood pH.
decrease
If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely
decrease.
Capillary beds have precapillary sphincters at the junction of capillaries and the metarteriole. Constriction of these sphincters _________ the blood flow into true capillaries.
decreases
Increased parasympathetic (vagus) stimulation __________ heart rate.
decreases
When carbon dioxide levels are low in the blood plasma, pH may be too high. The respiratory system _____________ ventilation, resulting in more plasma carbon dioxide and a lowered pH.
decreases
As blood moves from the arterial end to the venous end of a capillary, net filtration pressure
decreases, as blood hydrostatic pressure decreases.
The main function of leukocytes is to
defend against pathogens.
The process of swallowing is also called
deglutition.
The muscularis layer of the urinary bladder is commonly called the _____ muscle.
detrusor
Movement of leukocytes between the endothelial blood vessel cells into the body tissues is called _____________.
diapedesis
In a blood pressure measurement of 110/70 mmHg, the number 70 is the
diastolic pressure
Which of the following are the major components of pancreatic juice?
digestive enzymes and bicarbonate
Lymph leaves a lymph node via ___________________.
efferent lymphatic vessels
The largest arteries in the body are classified as ___________.
elastic arteries
The largest arteries of the body are classified as
elastic arteries.
Which pathway produces the most ATP molecules?
electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation)
The third through eighth weeks of development are known as the _________________ period.
embryonic
The function of bile is _____________ of lipids.
emulsification
The acrosome cap of a sperm cell contains
enzymes to allow penetration into the oocyte.
Which of the following is NOT important in preventing backflow of blood?
epicardium
Where are spermatozoa stored until they are fully mature?
epididymis
Which of the following lists the correct sequence of ducts that sperm travel through from the testes to the tip of the penis?
epididymis → ductus deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra
In the centrifuged sample of blood shown above, number 2 indicates:
erythrocytes.
When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds about 44% of the sample, which is composed mainly of
erythrocytes.
When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the
erythrocytes.
Which phase of deglutition (swallowing) involves peristalsis?
esophageal phase
As material moves through the digestive tract, what is the correct order in which it would pass through these sphincters/valves?
esophageal sphincter - pyloric sphincter - ileocecal valve
Tidal volume is air
exchanged during normal quiet breathing
Haustra are
expandable pouches of the colon
During platelet plug formation, platelets begin to stick to
exposed collagen.
After being funneled by the auricle, sound waves pass (in sequence) through the
external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane, ossicles, and oval window.
Cerebrospinal fluid of the central nervous system and synovial fluid of joint cavities are both examples of
extracellular fluid.
The ___________ pathway of coagulation is initiated by damage to tissue outside of a blood vessel.
extrinsic
The _________ is a form of mesentery that divides the liver into right and left lobes, and anchors the liver to the abdominal wall.
falciform ligament
The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called the
fallopian tubes (uterine tubes)
Vitamins A, D, E, and K are
fat-soluble.
When blood flows through the glomerulus, both water and solutes are filtered from the blood plasma, moving across the wall of the glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space to form __________ .
filtrate
Bulk flow refers to the movement of large amounts of fluids and dissolved substances in one direction down a pressure gradient. There are two types of bulk flow in a capillary bed: filtration and reabsorption. Which type of bulk flow occurs at the arterial end of the capillary bed and involves movement of fluid out of the blood and into the surrounding tissues?
filtration
Which of the following processes of urine formation occurs at the glomerulus?
filtration
The three processes involved in urine formation are:
filtration, reabsorption and secretion.
The __________ allows blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium during fetal circulation.
foramen ovale
The antigens that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are
found on the surface of erythrocytes.
The absorptive state occurs
from when you are eating until about 4 hours after the meal.
The presence of fatty chyme in the small intestine stimulates the release of cholecystokinin (CCK), which causes the
gallbladder to contract and release bile.
G-cells of the gastric glands in the stomach produce a hormone called __________ that stimulates stomach secretions and motility.
gastrin
The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the __________ units.
globin
The amount of filtrate produced in the kidneys each minute is the ___________.
glomerular filtration rate
The primary force "pushing" water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane in the renal corpuscle is
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Glucagon can increase glucose levels in the blood by stimulating the production of new glucose molecules from other non-carbohydrate sources. This process is called
gluconeogenesis
When blood glucose levels are elevated, glucose is converted to ____________ and stored in the liver and skeletal muscles.
glycogen
Which of the following processes occurs the earliest in carbohydrate metabolism (cellular respiration)?
glycolysis
Which hypothalamic hormone contributes to the regulation of the female reproductive system and controls the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland?
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
The series of pouches that form the wall of the colon are called the _________.
haustra
People with blood type AB _________________.
have both antigens A and B on their erythrocytes
What part of a sperm contains the genetic material (chromosomes)?
head
The coronary arteries supply blood to the ______________.
heart
The percentage of volume of all formed elements in the blood is called the _______________.
hematocrit
The process of hemopoiesis begins with stem cells in the bone marrow called ________________.
hemocytoblasts
The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called
hemopoiesis.
The enzyme pepsin is formed from pepsinogen through the presence of
hydrochloric acid (HCl).
Sour taste is the perception of:
hydrogen ions
An elevated level of potassium in the blood is referred to as __________.
hyperkalemia
Abnormally increased blood levels of sodium are termed as __________________.
hypernatremia
In which of the following conditions can a person clearly see distant objects but not objects that are close up?
hyperopia
A decreased level of sodium in the blood is referred to as __________.
hyponatremia
Overhydration causes a decrease in sodium concentration in the extracellular fluid (ECF), which leads to a condition known as
hyponatremia
Dalton's Law states that
in a mixture of gases, such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.
Taste buds are not found __________________.
in filiform papillae
Cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped from the heart
in one minute.
The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that
in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperms are produced from the parent cell.
When we initiate a rapid side-to-side rotation of our head, it results in bending of cilia on hair cells
in the crista ampullares of our semicircular canals.
Hemophilia is characterized by ___________________.
inadequate production of clotting factors
What is the function of intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells of the stomach?
increase absorption of vitamin B12
Villi
increase surface area in the small intestine.
An increase in ADH production results in a(n) _________ in water reabsorption in the kidneys, whereas a decrease in ADH production results in a(n) _________ in water reabsorption in the kidneys.
increase; decrease
The viscosity of blood is ________ if the amount of erythrocytes increases or if fluid decreases.
increased
What signal causes the heart to secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
increased blood pressure
Hypoventilation by a person with normal lung function tends to cause _________ levels of CO2 in the blood, which leads to a condition known as ____________.
increased; respiratory acidosis
The rate of blood flow ___________________.
increases as blood vessel diameter increases
The hormone gastrin:
increases the activity of the parietal and chief cells of the stomach.
The hormone atrial natriuretic hormone/peptide (ANH or ANP)
increases urine output and decreases blood volume.
If someone runs a marathon through a desert while eating pretzels and not drinking water, their plasma osmolarity
increases.
After causing vibrations of the malleus, sound waves pass (in sequence) through the
incus, stapes, oval window, scala vestibuli perilymph, and cochlear duct endolymph.
Fimbriae are fingerlike extensions of the
infundibulum of the uterine tube.
Clusters of lymph nodes found in the groin are ______________ lymph nodes.
inguinal
The foramen ovale of the fetal heart is an opening in the
interatrial septum.
The cells that produce testosterone in the testes are the
interstitial cells.
Which mineral is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormone?
iodine
The structure of the eye that functions to control the size of the pupil is the _______.
iris
Which structure regulates the amount of light entering into the eyeball?
iris
Oxygen molecules bind to the _______________ of the hemoglobin molecule.
iron
A flattened lens
is necessary for distant vision.
In which event of the cardiac cycle are the ventricles in systole and all four valves are closed?
isovolumetric contraction
In the cardiac cycle during early ventricular diastole, there is a period of time when all four heart valves are closed, called ___________________.
isovolumetric relaxation
All of the following are true about the conjunctiva except
it covers the cornea.
The specialized structure of the kidney that monitors blood pressure and secretes renin is termed the __________.
juxtaglomerular apparatus
A deficiency in vitamin ______ may lead to bleeding problems.
k
A deficiency in vitamin _________ can lead to insufficient blood clotting.
k
Leukocytes are the _______ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have ______________.
largest, prominent nuclei
Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the
left atrium
The myocardium would be the thickest in the ________________
left ventricle
The myocardium would be the thickest in the ________________.
left ventricle
Triglycerides and steroids are both examples of
lipids.
At the end of their life cycle, old, dead, or defective erythrocytes are phagocytized and destroyed in the ____________.
liver and spleen
Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the
liver and spleen.
Progesterone levels are highest during the ________ phase of the ovarian cycle.
luteal
Small secondary lymphoid organs, which cluster along lymphatic vessels, are termed
lymph nodes
What inner ear structure detects position of the head and tilting of the head forward or backward (such as nodding the head to say "yes")?
maculae of the vestibule
The otolithic membrane is part of the
maculae of the vestibule.
When you nod "yes", the linear movement of your head is sensed by the
maculae of the vestibule.
Tactile sensation is a combination of touch, pressure, stretch, and vibration. Which of the following is most likely the receptor type that senses tactile stimulation?
mechanoreceptors
The cardiovascular centers are located in which area of the brain?
medulla oblongata
The consistency of the chromosome number from one generation to the next is maintained through the production of gametes, a process known as ___________.
meiosis
Elevated HCO3- levels brought about by vomiting is classified as
metabolic alkalosis.
Elevated blood levels of HCO3- brought about by vomiting is classified as
metabolic alkalosis.
Vessels that branch off arterioles and give rise to true capillaries are called ______________.
metarterioles
Cleavage involves a series of ____________ divisions and _________________ in the overall size of the embryo.
mitotic; no change
The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n)
monocyte.
When compared to extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid contains ____ potassium and _____ sodium.
more; less
Where does the chemical digestion of starch begin?
mouth
The arteries that are also called distributing arteries and supply blood to the specific body regions, are the _______________________.
muscular arteries
Which histological layer of the digestive tube is primarily responsible for peristalsis?
muscularis
The muscular wall of the heart is called the _________.
myocardium
The layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle tissue is the
myocardium.
The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection because it secretes chemicals that breakdown bacterial cell walls is a(n)
neutrophil.
Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes?
neutrophils--> To remember the leukocytes from most abundant to the least abundant, remember Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas.
If someone spills very hot coffee (200°F) on their skin, they will likely perceive much pain. Which of the following receptor types is causing this sensation?
nociceptors
The lining of the oral cavity and esophagus are lined with __________ because they must withstand abrasion.
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
In olfaction, chemicals called _________ must dissolve in the mucus of our nasal cavity to be detected by chemoreceptors.
odorants
Axons from the olfactory organs extend through the skull and synapse within the ______________ of cranial nerve I.
olfactory bulbs
The sensory receptors responsible for olfaction are located in the
olfactory epithelium
Antigens are found ________, while antibodies are found __________.
on the cell membrane of the RBC; in the plasma
Axons from neurons in the retina make up what nerve?
optic nerve
The receptors that respond to the solute concentration of body fluids are called
osmoreceptors.
Female gonads are
ovaries
In which phase of cellular respiration is the most ATP produced?
oxidative phosphorylation (ETC)
In response to low blood ________, the kidneys secrete __________
oxygen; erythropoietin
In response to low blood ________, the kidneys secrete __________.
oxygen; erythropoietin
The thin membrane that covers the internal surface of the eyelids is called the ___________.
palpebral conjunctiva
Which of the following lists ONLY accessory organs of the digestive system?
pancreas, liver and gallbladder
The majority of lipid digestion occurs in the small intestine facilitated by the enzyme
pancreatic lipase.
Some antacid drugs block histamine receptors, resulting in reduction of the production and excretion of stomach acid. These drugs have the biggest effect on which of the following cells?
parietal cells
Digestion of proteins is initiated by the enzyme
pepsin
Which of the following is not found in pancreatic juice?
pepsinogen
The heart valves
permit the passage of blood in one direction
A vitamin B12 deficiency results in the type of anemia known as ________ anemia.
pernicious
A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12, is characteristic of
pernicious anemia
Innate immune system defenses include __________________.
phagocytosis
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the external ear?
pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube
The cartilaginous structure that surrounds the opening of the external auditory meatus is the ________.
pinna (auricle)
The "buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of
platelets and leukocytes.
Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in bone marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. The fragments that form from the extensions are
platelets.
The major cation in intracellular fluid is _________________.
potassium
The most abundant cation within cells is
potassium.
Blood pressure is the force per unit area that blood exerts against the inside wall of a vessel. The highest blood pressure generated in arteries is during ventricular systole when the artery is maximally stretched; this value is recorded as the ___systolic___
pressure. The lowest pressure is during ventricular diastole when the artery recoils no further; this value is recorded as the ___diastolic___(50 %) pressure. (Choices: systolic or diastolic)
Which of the following is NOT true about tonsils?
primary lymphatic structure
Vaccines work by
priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure
Interphase occurs
prior to meiosis
Chief cells ______________.
produce pepsinogen
What is the function of Type II alveolar cells of the lungs?
production of pulmonary surfactant
During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle
progesterone levels are at their highest
Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the ________, where cells have many microvilli.
proximal convoluted tubule
Which is the correct sequence of nephron structures that filtrate would flow through as it moves away from the glomerulus?
proximal convoluted tubule - loop of Henle - distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct
Which vessels carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?
pulmonary veins
The "double-pump" function of the heart includes the right side, which pumps blood into the _______ circuit, while the left side pumps blood into the ________ circuit.
pulmonary; systemic
The central cavity of a tooth is filled with
pulp
The difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure is the ________.
pulse pressure
Glycolysis results in the production of two _____________ molecules from a single molecule of glucose.
pyruvate
In glycolysis, glucose molecules are broken down into two molecules of _________.
pyruvate
When blood starts to become too acidic, the kidneys respond by
reabsorbing bicarbonate ions while secreting H+.
Which type of bulk flow occurs at the venous end of the capillary bed and involves movement of fluid out of tissues and into the blood ?
reabsorption
B-Lymphocytes develop and mature in the _________________.
red bone marrow
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention.
Which of the following arteries supply blood to the kidneys?
renal arteries
The renal pyramids are separated from each other by extensions of the renal cortex called
renal columns
An aspirin overdose overstimulates respiratory centers in the brain, leading to
respiratory alkalosis.
The thoracic duct collects lymph from all of the following except the
right arm.
Which chamber receives blood from the systemic circuit?
right atrium
The fossa ovalis appears just above the opening of the coronary sinus within the
right atrium.
If an individual's respiratory rate decreases, then blood CO2 levels
rise, blood H+ levels rise, and blood pH falls.
The seminal vesicles:
secrete a fructose-rich fluid
The intestinal hormone that stimulates the liver to produce bile and the pancreas to release a bicarbonate-rich solution is
secretin
When blood starts to become more alkaline than normal, the kidneys respond by
secreting bicarbonate while reabsorbing H+.
The active transport of solutes out of the blood and into the fluid of the renal tubules is called
secretion
Sperm are produced in the
seminiferous tubules.
Which of the following components of the heart conduction system is known as the "pacemaker" of the heart?
sinoatrial node
An especially leaky type of capillary found in the liver and spleen is called a
sinusoid capillary
During interphase, DNA in each chromosome is replicated and each duplicated chromosome is composed of two identical structures called
sister chromatids.
Nucleic acids are digested within the
small intestine.
The myometrium of the uterus is composed of
smooth muscle
Which ion is the principal solute of the ECF and is crucial for neuromuscular and renal function?
sodium
Which type of taste is sensitive to the low pH of saliva?
sour
What is the function of the epididymis?
sperm maturation and storage
In spermatogenesis, ________ are haploid cells produced at the end of meiosis II.
spermatids
Salivary amylase in the oral cavity begins the digestive process by digesting __________.
starch
During the absorptive state, insulin release is
stimulated
Which of the following choices below is NOT a function of testosterone?
stimulates mammary gland development
The salivary gland that is located inferior to the tongue and secretes mostly mucus is the __________ salivary gland.
sublingual
An increase in heart rate and cardiac output normally occurs during activation of the _________ nervous system.
sympathetic
The blood pressure that is measured when the ventricles contract is called the _______ pressure.
systolic
In the spiral organ of the cochlea (the organ of Corti), the cilia of hair cells make contact with the ___________________, which causes distortion of the cilia and stimulates action potentials in the vestibulocochlear nerve.
tectorial membrane
In the spiral organ of the cochlea, the cilia of the hair cells project into the
tectorial membrane.
The middle and inner ear are located within the _____ bone.
temporal
The papillary muscles of the ventricles are attached to the atrioventricular (AV) valves by the __________.
tendinous cords (chordae tendineae)
During ovulation, the ________ ruptures and the oocyte enters the uterine tube; later, the empty follicle undergoes structural and biochemical changes and a __________ is formed.
tertiary follicle; corpus luteum
If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells,
tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action.
When viewing an object closer than 20 feet, which of the following occurs?
the ciliary body contracts, so the lens becomes more rounded.
Which of the following is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion, or the absorption of nutrients?
the esophagus
Intracellular fluid is
the fluid in the cytoplasm of the cells
Hydrostatic pressure is _________________________.
the pressure exerted by fluid on the capillary wall
Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to
the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption.
Which of the following best describes veins?
thin walled, large lumen, low pressure
Study the above simplified image depicting the steps of coagulation. What molecule is necessary in the common pathway to convert fibrinogen into fibrin?
thrombin
The function of capillaries is
to allow for the exchange of substances between the blood and the surrounding tissues.
The primary function of red blood cells is:
to transport respiratory gases.
The urinary bladder is composed of ________________ epithelium.
transitional
Which of the following lists the valves in the order through which blood flows from the vena cava through the heart?
tricuspid (right AV valve), pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid (left AV valve), aortic semilunar
Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation through contraction and relaxation?
tunica media
In arteries, the thickest layer of the wall is the
tunica media.
A comparison of the two major body fluid compartments reveals that
two-thirds of the total fluid is within our cells and one-third is outside our cells.
The ossicles of the ear connect the
tympanic membrane to the oval window.
Factors that aid venous return include all except ___________________.
urinary output
The largest amount of water leaves the body via ___________________.
urine
A network of small arteries called the ___________ provides a blood supply to the tunica externa of very large vessels.
vasa vasorum
The first step in hemostasis is _______________.
vascular spasm
The first phase in hemostasis is
vascular spasm.
Podocytes are part of the
visceral layer of the Bowman's capsule.
Which of the following is the main function of the rod photoreceptor cell?
vision in dim light
In the human eye, the cavity posterior to the lens is filled with ____________.
vitreous humor
The three phases of deglutition are:
voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal
In oxidative phosphorylation, oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor. What molecule is formed when oxygen accepts electrons and protons from the ETC?
water
Vitamin C is a
water-soluble, essential vitamin.
Which of the following would have the least influence on blood pressure?
white blood cell count
Which of the following is the first cell formed after fertilization has occurred?
zygote