Bio 215 Final Exam Pre-Flight Questions
a(n) ________ is the contractile unit of skeletal muscle
sarcomere
the hydrocarbon chains of ________ are not kinked, & thus pack closely together, making animals fats solid at room temp.
saturated fatty acid
________ productivity of an ecosystem is the amount of chemical energy in food converted to new biomass in various consumers during a given period of time
secondary
what part of the immune system do vaccines help build?
secondary immune response
each different protein is unique due to its
sequence of amino acids
cells communicate w/ 1 another via ______
signal transduction pathways
if a strand of DNA has the sequence GACTTA, transcription will result in a(n) ______
single RNA strand w/ the sequence CUGAAU
gel electrophoresis separates pieces of DNA based on __________
size
which organ is the primary location for nutrient absorption?
small intestine
process that gives rise to new species is called
speciation
protein digestion begins in the
stomach
the branched structure in your lungs provides high surface area over which a very high volume of air may pass
structure and function
What name is given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction?
substrate
The ultimate energy source that supports most life on Earth is _____.
sunlight
Ecologists represent life table data graphically in a __________.
survivorship curve
which part of the peripheral system involuntarily prepares your body for intense energy consuming activities?
sympathetic
what part of a neuron relays signals from 1 neuron to another neuron or to an effector?
synaptic terminal
changing weather patterns and water levels has increased the range of several species of disease-causing mosquitos bringing illness to parts of the world not previously affected by disease
systems
what are the 2 common alleles for the TAS2R38 gene?
taster, non-taster
hypothesis
tentative answer to a question
Body's 1st line of defense against infection.
obstacles such as skin & mucous membranes
evolutionary adaptation may not save long-lived species, such as polar bears, from extinction b/c _____
of rapid habitat loss
the lac operon is usually in the _____ position & is activated by ______
off..... lactose
incomplete dominance is a condition in plants & ppl where _____
offspring have an appearance in b/t the phenotypes of 2 parents
the energy flow through the trophic levels of an ecosystem is represented as a pyramid b/c
only about 10% of the energy at each trophic level is available at the next level
in bacteria, what name is given to a cluster of genes w/ related functions, along w/ their DNA control sequences?
operon
consists of 2 or more specialized tissues working to perform a specific function
organ
which of the following levels of structure encompasses all the others?
organism (trumps tissue & organ)
which disease impairs the function of the skeletal system by making bones thinner & more porous?
osteoporosis
the final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is ______
oxygen
which organ makes digestive enzymes for use in the small intestine?
pancreas
fungi are decomposers that breakdown waste & the remains of dead organisms, changing complex molecules into simple nutrients making nutrients available for plants to take up from the soil
pathways & transformation of energy and matter
what kinds of cells engulf whatever foreign cells & molecules they encounter & recognize?
phagocytic cells
__________ are a major component of cell membranes. they form a bilayer w/ their hydrophobic tails mingling together & their hydrophilic heads facing the watery environment on both sides of the membrane
phospholipids
___________ are the major lipids of plasma membranes
phospholipids
mitochondria, the sites of cellular respiration, are found in ______
plant & animal cells
if 1 strand of DNA double helix has the sequence ATCCGA, what's the sequence of the other strand?
TAGGCT
STR analysis is a DNA profiling technique that makes use of the fact that different people have
different #'s of repeats of short DNA sequences at certain sites in the genome
Although all of the cells in your body contain a complete set of DNA, different types of cells arise because
different genes are switched on & off in each type of cell
how do oxygen & carbon dioxide cross from the alveoli through the capillary walls & into the blood?
diffusion
if an organism has 2 non-identical versions of a gene, the 1 that's expressed in the organism is called the _______ allele
dominant
"sticky ends" are _____ that are produced by the action of ______
double-stranded DNA molecules w/ single-stranded ends; restriction enzymes
New molecules of DNA are synthesized by copying the genetic sequence of another molecule of DNA, which we call the template, so that __________.
during cell division daughter cells are genetically identical to the mother cell
after DNA replication, ________
each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand
according to the principle of interspecific competition, 2 species can't continue to occupy the same _____
ecological niche
______ the science that studies the interactions b/t organisms & their environments
ecology
a(n) ______ consists of all the abiotic & biotic factors in an area
ecosystem
the plasma membrane forms a pocket that pinches inward, forming a vesicle that contains material from outside the cell. this describes the process of
endocytosis
which organelles comprise the endomembrane system of a cell?
endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosome
negative feedback is a method of homeostatic control taht
ensures that conditions in an organism don't vary too much above or below their set pts
which of these human characteristics evolved 1st based on the fossil record?
erect posture
a major difference b/t prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells is that __________
eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotic cells do not
all mammals have hair and produce milk through mammary glands. we would expect such similar characteristics in all mammals descended from a common ancestor
evolution
which is TRUE about evolution?
evolution explains how life has changed over time
to measure primary productivity
exclude consumers; periodically mow, collect, & weigh the plants; & calculate plant biomass production per unit time
when DNA copies are multiplied at a rapid rate, this is referred to as _________ amplification
exponential
a molecule moves down its concentration gradient using a transport protein in the plasma membrane
facilitated diffusion
what is the name of the process in which pyruvic acid is converted lactic acid?
fermentation
What does 2pq represent?
frequency of heterozygotes
where does most of a plant's biomass come from?
from CO2 from the air & H2O from the soil
most of the ATP production during cellular respiration occurs ______
from activity of the ATP synthase machine
which of the following is a monosaccharide?
fructose
which results from disruptive selection?
garter snakes w/ different coloration patterns behave differently when threatened
evolution that occurs by ______ results in a change in a population's gene pool due to the movement of individuals into & out of the population
gene flow
homeotic genes are best described as ______
genes that regulate groups of other genes, which, in turn, what body parts will develop in which locations
evolution that occurs by ______ results in a change in a population's gene pool due to chance
genetic drift
crossing over during meiosis I results in _____
genetic recombination
which method do you think would be best to test effectiveness of a vaccine intended for human use against avian influenza?
give the vaccine to a group of humans that have the virus & give a placebo to another group of humans who have the virus. assess whether influenza symptoms develop in either group.
which hormone signals the breakdown of glycogen in the liver increasing glucose in the blood?
glucagon
a fat molecule is composed of two types of smaller molecules: ______ and fatty acids
glycerol
________ measure of the total energy captured
gross productivity
A cell that completed the cell cycle without undergoing cytokinesis would ______.
have 2 nuclei
1 of the critical aspects of Watson & Crick's discovery of the structure of DNA was that it _____
helped explain how DNA molecules can be copied to produce identical DNA molecules
What acid is responsible for stomach acidity?
hydrochloric acid
unlike the citric acid cycle & electron transport, glycolysis occurs ______
in the cytoplasm
what did Jonas Salk's polio vaccine experiment find?
inactivated viruses can be used as vaccines
what is a response of our innate defense system?
inflammation
DNA in your cells is used to code for proteins that control cell processes such as hormone production
information flow, exchange, & storage
your DNA codes for the creation of insulin (protein) in pancreatic cells used to help regulate blood sugar in the body. you inherited this code from your parents and will pass the code on to your kids.
information flow, exchange, and storage
which of the following would be an example of paedomorphosis?
insects that can reproduce in larval stages w/out reaching mature development stages
which hormone signals the uptake of glucose reducing glucose in the blood?
insulin
A combination of biological, chemical, and cultural methods for sustainable control of agricultural pests is called
integrated pest management
as global climate changes, green sea turtles alter many aspects of their behavior
interactions with biological systems
During _____ the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes.
interphase
the cells that result from the mitotic cell cycle can be described as _______
2 cells, each w/ the same amount of genetic material & same genetic info
which of the following arguments pose a credible challenge to A.V. Hill's conclusions about the effect of lactic acid on muscle fatigue?
more recent experiments demonstrate that the Hill effect doesn't occur at human body temps.
where does carbohydrate digestion begin?
mouth
muscle structures in correct order from largest to smallest
muscle muscle fibers myofibrils sarcomeres thick & thin filaments
What kinds of (somatic) cell gene mutations can frequently lead to the first stages of cancer?
mutations in genes that regulate cell division
a thick filament is made up of
myosin
in gel electrophoresis DNA molecules migrate from _____ to _____ ends of the gel
negative..... positive
the fundamental cell type that conducts an action potential in the nervous system is a(n)
neuron
which of the following is used to define a phenotypic characteristic resulting from the expression of 2 or more genes?
polygenic inheritance
starch is a _______ and its function is _________
polymer; energy storage in plants
A group of snails (of the same species) lives in a garden that also includes beetles and tomato plants. What level(s) of ecological organization does the group of snails belong to?
population
a(n) ______ is a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular geographic area
population
chemical energy is a form of ______ energy
potential
what form of energy is ATP?
potential
A nerve poison that blocked neurotransmitter receptors on the dendrites would __________.
prevent transmission across the synaptic cleft
1 difference b/t mitosis & meiosis is that mitosis
produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis doesn't
a secondary immune response differs from a primary immune response in that the secondary response _______.
produces memory cells
most enzymes are _______
proteins
molecules of life
proteins lipids nucleic acids carbohydrates
transitional fossils support evolutionary theory by
providing evidence of how 2 structurally different species are connected on the phylogenetic tree
if an organism has 2 non-identical versions of a gene, the 1 that's not expressed in the organism is called the _______ allele
recessive
when 2 frog species, Rana pipiens & Rana sylvatica, mate, the offspring die early in embryonic development. this is an example of ______
reduced hybrid viability
Enzymes work by _____.
reducing activation energy
biodiversity hot spots are
regions with the potential for high levels of extinction
which of the following turns off transcription by binding to the operator?
repressor
To make restriction fragments, a DNA sample is treated with ______.
restriction enzymes
which of the kinds of proteins circulates in the blood & coats the surfaces of microbes to make them more susceptible to engulfment by phagocytic cells?
B cell receptor histamine ???????
a major function of natural killer cells is to _______.
attack virus-infected cells
which of the following is a characteristic of ONLY RNA?
uracil base
when the immune system improperly turns against the body's own molecules, the result is _____.
autoimmune disease
a change in allele frequencies in a population over a span of generations is _________
microevolution
in bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?
mitochondrion
which is an accurate statement regarding human evolution?
- 1st humans evolved in Africa - fossil record contains creatures w/ features that are intermediate b/t those of modern humans & quadrepedal apes - in the latest phase of human evolution, there has been a greater reliance on culture
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
- SNPs in the TAS2R38 gene have been associated w/ impaired bitter taste perception - they're the most common type of genetic variation among ppl - each SNP represents a difference in a single DNA building block (nucleotide)
which traits can be used to differentiate humans from our closest living primate relatives?
- bipedality (ability to walk exclusively on 2 legs) - large brain size - extensive tool use
cellular respiration accomplishes two major processes:
1. breaks glucose down into smaller molecules 2. harvests the chemical energy released & stores it in ATP molecules
What are the 3 steps of PCR?
1. denature DNA 2. anneal primers 3. extend DNA
order of the general steps of digestion
1. ingestion 2. digestion 3. absorption 4. elimination
role of the lymphatic system
1. return tissue fluid to the circulatory system 2. fight infection
A young, growing calf kept in ideal conditions consumes 100 pounds of grain. As a result, you would expect the calf to put on about _____ pounds of biomass.
10-15
for a species w/ 4 pairs of chromosomes, ________ chromosome combos are possible during independent assortment
16
if guanine makes up 30% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what % of the bases is adenine?
20%
if the wet mass of 10 plants is 25 g & the dry mass of these plants is 5 g, what's the percent biomass?
20%
Hindlll is a restriction enzyme that cuts the DNA sequence AAGCTT b/t the 2 A bases. how many times would Hindlll cut the following DNA molecule? GTAAGCTTCGACAAGCTTGCTGA
2x
How many nucleotides make up a codon?
3
what chromosomes belong to a typical human male?
44 autosomes, one X chromosome, and one Y chromosome
herd immunity fails when _____ percent of the population is NOT vaccinated?
5%
attached earlobes are recessive to free earlobes. what's the probability of having a child w/ attached earlobes when an individual w/ attached earlobes mates w/ an individual heterozygous for free earlobes?
50%
Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
what 2 molecules are produced by the light reactions & used to power the Calvin cycle?
ATP & NADPH
Which option properly summarizes the inputs and outputs of the Calvin cycle?
ATP + NADPH + 3CO2 --> G3P
which best describes an artery?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
the dominant greenhouse gas is _____
CO2
the tRNA anticodon, GAC, is complementary to the mRNA codon w/ the sequence _______
CUG
what evidence supports the hypothesis of interbreeding b/t Neanderthals & Homo sapiens?
DNA analysis shows that about 2% of the genomes of most modern humans came from Neanderthals
in humans, the presence or absence of dimples is a trait controlled by a single gene. what's the genotypes of an individual who's heterozygous for dimples?
Dd
a glucose molecule is completely broken down upon completion of glycolysis & the citric acid cycle. however, these 2 processes yield only a few ATPs. what other energy carrier(s) that can be used to synthesize more ATPs is/are also generated during these processes?
NADH & FADH2
which of the following enzymes is responsible for RNA synthesis?
RNA polymerase
Translation converts the information stored in ______ to ______.
RNA; a protein
chromosomes that don't determine the sex of an individual are called
autosomes
A nerve impulse moves away from a neuron's cell body along _____.
axons
which of the following would indicate a base pairing mutation in DNA?
a G paired w/ a T
Kudzu, an Asian vine introduced to the United States in the 1930s as a means to control erosion, is referred to as "the plant that ate the South" because it grows so fast and overtakes most plant species in its path. A recent and unusual way that some people are using to control kudzu growth is to allow goats to graze their land and eat the kudzu, roots and all. This is considered by some to be the most environment-friendly way to eliminate this invasive vine. How can we best describe the goats in this situation?
a biological control agent
which anatomical features of the 3.2 mil-yr-old Australopithecus fossil known as "Lucy" suggest she was a bipedal hominid?
a much shorter hip bone that's broader from the front to back & wraps around the side
which describes allopatric speciation?
a population of squirrels is separated by the Grand Canyon. the 2 subpopulations evolve into 2 distinct species
a reproductive barrier that prevents individuals from closely related species from interbreeding is an example of
a prezygotic barrier
maria has a nut allergy & accidentally ate some pine nuts in her salad. almost immediately, she went into anaphylactic shock, but was quickly & completely recovered. what treatment option was the best for Maria & why?
a treatment that would have decreased the amount of histamine in her blood so that her blood vessels could constrict & raise her blood pressure.
Older fossils usually __________.
are found in the deepest strata
what plays a role in the regulation of transcription in both prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells?
attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter
a thin filament is made up of
actin
which is true about the respiratory system?
air sacs called alveoli provide a higher surface area for the exchange of gases
b/c of plate tectonics, about 250 million years ago _______
all the landmasses were united in 1 supercontinent
Most human genes come in alternate versions called
alleles
monomers from which large proteins are constructed
amino acids
the biological species concept can't be applied to fossils. which alternate approach to identifying species would be most useful for classifying fossil organisms?
an approach based on measurable physical traits
what's the best definition of a genetically modified organism?
an organism carrying a gene that was acquired by artificial means
The wing of a penguin is ______ the wing of a butterfly.
analogous to
which supports the conclusion that the common ancestor of modern chimps & modern humans lived around 7 mil. yrs ago?
analysis of modern human & modern chimp protein & DNA sequences suggests that their lineages diverged about 7 mil. yrs ago
a substance that can elicit an immune response from a lymphocyte is called a(n) ______
antigen
which is a biotic component of an environment?
bacteria on the surface of the skin
which is NOT a sensory receptor?
balancereceptor (out of thermoreceptor, photoreceptor, or chemoreceptor)
Horned lizards are desert animals that are active during the day. Their skin and kidneys are efficient at conserving water; when they get hot, they move to the shade so they can cool off. This describes _____ adaptation to the hot and dry desert.
behavioral & physiological
what type of reproductive isolating mechanism is described by a situation in which female fireflies mate only w/ males who emit light in a particular pattern?
behavioral isolation
a correct comparison b/t a benign & a malignant tumor is that ______
benign tumors don't metastasize; malignant tumors do
______ is secreted by the ________ & acts to emulsify ______ in the ___________
bile.... liver... fats...... small intestine
The intentional release of a natural enemy to attack a pest population is called ________.
biological control
The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems
bioremediation
when you go outside, it's common to hear a variety of bird songs. these songs vary among bird species as well as bird flocks. some bird species that are highly unrelated have very similar song qualities. what can you conclude from this?
bird songs are analogous traits
what do DNA & RNA have in common?
both are composed of nucleotides
in what ways are the internal structures of lungs & intestines similar?
both have a moist lining of cell surfaces & a surface w/ many branches or infoldings for high surface area
how do scientists know that the hominid called "Ardi" is about 4.4 mil yrs old?
by using radiometric dating techniques on the volcanic deposits found above & below the layer containing Ardi
the 2nd-leading cause of death in most developed countries is ______
cancer
an individual who is homozygous _______
carries 2 copies of the same allele for a gene
homologous chromosomes _______
carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics
anaphylactic shock
causes blood pressure to drop dangerously
A neuron's nucleus is located in its _____.
cell body
which of the following is a function of the cell cycle that, in eukaryotes, involves mitosis?
cell replacement
what is the natural substrate of the enzyme used in the lab?
cellobiose
in your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP?
cellular respiration
Maintaining biodiversity on Earth is important because __________.
changes that underlie a loss of biodiversity may also threaten the human population
Characid fishes are found naturally only in South America and Africa. Fossils of these fish are not found on any other continents. What is the most likely explanation of this distribution pattern?
characid fishes arose prior to the separation of the African & South American continents
what are the 3 organelles that plant cells have but animal cells don't?
chloroplast, central vacuole, cell wall
an approach to systematics in which organisms are grouped by common ancestry is called _______
cladistics
which taxonomic level is most inclusive?
class
The similarity of the embryos of fish, frogs, birds, and humans is evidence of ______.
common ancestry
all the organisms in a particular area make up a(n)
community
theory
comprehensive explanation of natural phenomena supported by abundant evidence
The study and protection of biological diversity is a field called __________.
conservation biology
analogous structures are evidence of _______
convergent evolution
restriction enzymes ___________
cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences
which of the following is NOT a result of nondisjunction?
cystic fibrosis
A nerve impulse moves toward a neuron's cell body along _____.
dendrites
human activity, especially ______, significantly alters the amount of atmospheric water vapor available for the water cycle
destruction of tropical rain forests
a non-native species that has spread far beyond the original pt. of introduction & causes environmental or economic damage is called a(n)
invasive species
habitat destruction, & thus habitat fragmentation, is the major cause of declining biodiversity; the 2nd major cause is
invasive species
the founder effect differs from a population bottleneck in that the founder effect
involves the isolation of a small colony of individuals from a larger population
during cellular respiration, the energy in glucose _____
is used to manufacture ATP molecules
which of the following is NOT true about Taq DNA polymerase used in PCR?
it can act as an exonuclease to cut single-stranded DNA
which best describes the function of a human left ventricle?
it pumps oxygenated blood around the body via systemic circulation
which best describes "deoxygenated" blood?
it's lost some of its oxygen to the body's tissues
what makes the skeleton so versatile in function?
joints
Organisms from the same phylum all belong to the same __________.
kingdom
what would you assume if you found RNA transcripts of lactose-utilizing genes w/in E. coli?
lactose is present in the cell
A set of traits that affects a species' schedule of reproduction and survival is called its __________.
life history
which structure holds bones together at joints?
ligaments
If you have a population growth curve that shows a decrease in the growth rate as the population size approaches carrying capacity, you would say that population is exhibiting __________.
logistic population growth
transcription is the _______
manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA
estuaries are considered examples of ______
marine biomes
why's it incorrect to assume that mass extinctions carry only negative impact on the evolution of life on earth?
mass extinctions are sometimes followed by periods of evolutionary change when other organism groups can flourish & expand in diversity & size
how does mechanical digestion differ from chemical digestion?
mechanical breaks food into smaller pieces
which statement about skulls is true?
the 2nd skull represented a species more closely related to modern humans than the 1st skull's species
how will you be able to determine the amount of product that's produced at each time period?
the artificial substrate produces a product that turns yellow in a basic solution
_________ defines species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed w/ 1 another & produce fertile offspring
the biological species concept
Why do toxins accumulate at such high levels in carnivores?
the biomass at any given trophic level is accumulated from a much larger toxin-containing biomass ingested from the level below
which results from stabilizing selection?
the birth weight at which newborn humans are most likely to survive & the avg weight of newborn humans are about the same
the immune system is capable of mounting specific responses to particular microorganisms b/c _______.
the body contains an enormous diversity of B & T cells, each w/ a specific kind of antigen receptor
By the end of _____, the breakdown of glucose is complete; most ATP molecules are produced during _____.
the citric acid cycle; electron transport
which is an example of negative feedback?
the end product of a reaction sequence shuts down the reaction sequence
why is an enzyme's shape important to its function?
the enzyme's active site needs to be the right shape so the substrate can fit properly
genetic variation is accomplished by all but 1 of the following. choose the EXCEPTION
the events of meiosis II
homeostasis is the
the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment
During _____ both the contents of the nucleus and the cytoplasm are divided.
the mitotic phase
The information carried by a DNA molecule is in _____.
the order of the nucleotides in the molecule
hemoglobin as an iron containing protein that binds to oxygen
true
According to the logistic growth model, the fastest growth rate of a population occurs when
the population size is at roughly half the carrying capacity of the habitat
which is a part of the pulmonary circuit?
the pulmonary artery carrying blood to the lungs
which results from directional selection?
there's an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria
what best explains the observation that enzymes are selective in the reactions they catalyze?
there's precise compatibility b/t an enzyme's active site & the substrate molecule
Plants are photosynthetic autotrophs. What does this mean?
they use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules
which correctly describes the sliding filament model of muscle contraction?
thick & thin filaments slide past each other w/out changing length
a fungal disease called wheat stem rust is devastating 75% of the wheat varieties planted worldwide. in what way might biodiversity help solve this problem?
through crossbreeding or genetic engineering, researchers might be able to incorporate fungal resistance genes from wild relatives of wheat into susceptible wheat varieties
the light reactions take place in the _______ & the Calvin cycle takes place in the ________
thylakoids; stroma
what's the main function of the CRISPR-Cas9 system?
to alter the nucleotide sequences of specific genes in a living cell
ATP drives work in cells by
transferring its phosphate group to other cell molecules
which about blood circulation in humans is true?
valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria & ventricles
terrestrial ecosystems are grouped into biomes primarily on the basis of _____
vegetation type
_______ the source of the oxygen gas released as part of photosynthesis
water
the light reactions of photosynthesis use ______ & produce ______
water.... NADPH
An organism's "trophic level" refers to _____.
what it eats