BIO 230 Final

What is the trio of events that could destroy marine life?

*Anoxia: greatly reduced oxygen levels *Euxinia: lots of dissolved hydrogen sulfide *Hypercapnia: high levels of CO2

What phenomenon can cause tons of tiny holes in bone (T. rex example)?

*This could be bacterial invasion of the bone *Trichomonas gallinae is a eukaryotic parasite that is a common problem with birds and when a bird is infected with it, it leaves a series of hoels in the mandible *different cancers that affect bones have been diagnosed in dinosaurs

What are some disadvantage to herbivory?

*less nitrogen per unit intake and less protein *plants lack saturated fats *diets must be supplemented by other sources *plants are very hard to digest/process and require (often) special anatomical adaptations

What are some benefits of carnivory?

*meat has more nutrition per unit eaten than do plants *one kill can feed several individuals *this means an organism can survive on far less meat than those with plant diets *meat requires far less processing (so less energy is needed to treat the food for absorption (more calories go toward building and maintaining body parts)

What changes are made to enable a skeleton for flight?

*must be lightweight *strong enough to undergo the stress of take off and landing (many bones fused which adds stability) *hollow bones *bony struts used to reinforce the strength of the bone take home point: very strong and very light

Where did herbivory arise on the phylogenetic tree? (4 places)

*ornithischia *sauropodamorpha *Ornithomima (after tyrannosauria) *some maniraptorans herbivory is a basal trait for ornithischians --all sauropods are herbivores --evidence of some herbivores in ornithomimids --evidence of herbivory in some maniraptorans

What are some advantages of herbivory?

*prey cannot run away (so much energy is not needed to obtain dinner) *plant food sources are plentiful and stable in supply

What is the function of the eggshell?

*protect the egg from desiccation *protect from microbial invasion *get rid of waste products *supply metabolic needs *protect against climate **must be thin enough to allow for gas exchange but thick enough to support the weight of the shell against gravity

Why do species go extinct? (background extinctions)

*small population sizes (species can succumb to disease or environmental challenges) *Limited geographic range (if their range is compromised they have nowhere to go) *Dependence on a single food source or diet specializations *low reproductive rates *Low fitness *large animals are hunted by humans at a greater rate than smaller ones and they tend to be slow growing with lower reproductive rates *Animals lack adaptations that allow them to compete in new environments ______________________________________________________________ *diseases have decimated populations

Describe injuries seen commonly in dinosaurs

*the ligaments along the spine contributing to stability in an Allosaur turned to bone. This is commonly seen after TRAUMA. ---the spine stiffens because it is no longer flexible OSSIFIED TENDONS ----neural spine can show woven bone growth in response to severe injury *a bite mark on the ilium resulted in an overgrowth of bone that is thick and randomly organized---this is probably reactive bone growth to the bite BONY OVERGROWTHS *a bifurcation is a split in bone. This could be developmental or it could be from a blow strong enough to put the muscle away from the bone BIFURCATION ---this allosaur with all of these injuries was the natural predator of Jurassic sauropods and was likely trampled and kicked by something larger than itself

What are some disadvantages of carnivory?

*your dinner can run away *life becomes a balance between the need to eat and conserve calories *food supply is not stable

What are the 2 main branches of birds from Aves?

-Enantiornithes (opposite birds) -Ornithurae (true birds) *all living birds descended from the ornithurae

What 2 groups make up maniraptiformes?

-ornithomimids (did not include birds--had teeth) -manirapotora (include modern birds)

What are some gender-linked traits?

-size **in species where male combat is important to get a mate, it is thought that males are larger than females **in species where males have to travel far to find a mate, the males are often smaller to increase their mobility -ornamentation **if ornamentation is present for sexual selection, it is thought that it would not be present in a juvenile (but it is difficult to tell if a small dinosaur might be a juvenile or a different species altogether) **ornamentation could also be used to identify members of the same species (to know that the energy they are expended is for a potential mate and not a member of another species)--this would be equivalent to birds using calls to determine a member of the same species

Describe the Enantiornithes

-very diverse, successful, and widespread -retained teeth -clawed fingers on each wing -ankles fuse in opposite direction from living birds and so do shoulder joints -grew more slowly than modern birds do (even slower than some dinosaurs) *not much different from living birds besides this ***this group went extinct at the same time as all other non-avian dinosaurs, though it previously was out-competing ornithurae

The life around us represents _____% of all life that has existed

1 %, the rest have gone extinct at some time or another

What are the advantages of endothermy?

1. Endotherms can function in a wide range of environments. Mammals and birds live on every continent and in virtually every environment 2. endotherms have a broad time range for being active (they can hunt at night and during the day) 3. They can maintain high activity levels for longer and do greater muscular work 4. endotherms grow very fast and to much large sizes

What are the 4 groups that flight has independently evolved from?

1. Insecta 2. Mammalia 3. Ornithodira (pterosaurs) 4. Dinosauria

Maniraptors are diagnosed by what 4 features?

1. Long arms and hands (necessary to fly) 2. a sternum that consists of bony plates (for flight muscle attachment) 3. that retroverted pubis like in all ornithischia 4. feathers

What factors is ootaxonomy based on?

1. Size and Shape 2. Surface ornamentation 3. Ordering of mineral crystals in shell 4. Size, shape, and orientation of pores

What are the 2 reigning theories of how flight originated?

1. Trees down 2. Ground up

What are the disadvantages of endothermy?

1. endotherms have to eat a lot (they will be compromised if food is not available) 2. they waste a lot of energy by losing heat to the environment (body temps are much higher than that of the surroundings so heat is always being lost) 3. Overheating is a problem in very hot environments 4. panting and sweating as an attempt to cool the body result in great water loss (endotherms are not very common in hot, dry environments)

What are the advantages of Ectothermy?

1. organisms don't have to eat very much 2. they can survive in marginal habitats where food supplies are inconsistent 3. They can survive in smaller areas or ranges because they don't need to expend energy to move or migrate for food

How can bone respond to infection?

A bony response can occur where bone tries to grow very rapidly to surround an infectious agent

What skeletal feature correlate with herbivory?

A larger gut is needed sometimes to hold in the plant matter that ahs not yet been digested. Many herbivores contain a heavy load of bacteria in their guts that break down the cellulose within plant material **one of the skeletal features that allows for an expanded gut is the retroverted pubis that is a autapomorphy of ornithischia **loss of teeth in ornithimimids and some maniraptorans may have been a skeletal feature contributing to herbivory **modern birds have a gizzard that is a muscular stomach that food enters through before it is fully digested. Herbivorous birds will swallow gravel which is held in the gizzard and when working with strong muscles it almost acts like teeth to break down plant material ---the gravel here is called a gastrolith (stomach stone)

What is a nest? What is a clutch? What is the difference?

A nest is a structure built with the intent to protect and house the offspring A clutch is just a group of eggs laid at the same time (*so a clutch could be laid within a nest structure, but it could also be laid on the ground without any structure *a nest is a clutch but a clutch is not a nest

What happened during the end of the cretaceous extinction

All non-avian dinosaurs were wiped out all marine reptiles except the turtle All pterosaurs _________________ For about 5 to 10 million years the world struggled to regain diversity

What does poikilothermic mean?

An organism that cannot regulate its body temperature expect by external sources (essentially an ectothermic heterotherm I think) for our purposes I think it is just another term for a heterotherm

Explain the trees down hypothesis

Ancestors of birds were very small and well adapted fro climbing with clawed fingers and anisodactyly The idea was that early birds would glide from tree to tree like a flying squirrel and they eventually acquired other modifications allowing them to fly *a fossil was recently found that lends evidence to this. A fossil was found for a bird with flight feathers on its feet (this would be very difficult to walk/run on on land) --4 winged bird was probably the basal state

What is the perching adaptation in birds?

Anisodactyly *one toe points directly backwards while the other 3 point forward

What is the scientific definition of parental care?

Any behavior of a parent toward their offspring that increases their chance of survival AT A COST TO THE PARENT **parental care is expensive

How did bacteria help to preserve feathers?

Bacteria secrete a slime that helps them colonize surfaces and pass nutrients as well as enzymes involved in degrading organic material. It was noted that bacteria colonize the surface of feather during degradation and similar structures were noted on the surface of fossil feathers. It was thought that these slime microbes produced in the process of preserving the feather structure could mineralize and self fossilize, preserving the feather structure along with it **this idea was tested and shown to be possible ---sometimes the microbes can be confused with melanosomes which are pigment cells that confer black color **these cannot yet aid in telling us about dinosaur color and this information is out of reach for the foreseeable future

What 2 types of organisms make up the extant phylogenetic bracket?

Birds and crocodiles

How do 4 chambered hearts correlate to thermoregulation?

Birds and mammals have 4 chambered hearts (and surprisingly so do crocodiles--the only living ectotherms to have this) Scientists think that all dinos had 4 chambered hearts *concentration of oxygen is high in 4 chambered hearts because there is no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood Getting blood to an elevated head against gravity requires greater pressure than a 3 chambered heart can generate

What type of organisms are endothermic heterotherms?

Birds. They can tolerate much larger changes in body temperature than mammals can. Sometimes these changes can be 20 degrees F or more within an hour When birds are first hatching, they are functionally ectothermic. This is the reason behind the need for brooding behavior

How do cheeks tell us about dinosaur diet? (and jaw function)

Cheeks are fleshy muscle that originates on the upper jaw (maxilla) and insert on the lower jaw and they greatly contribute to jaw function *they hold food in the mouth --herbivores tend to have cheeks to hold food in the mouth while they process it --carnivores are gorge feeders often that tear off meat and swallow it whole. They generally do not have cheeks **cheeks leave scars on the bone as they are muscles so you can see scarring where the cheeks attach to the skull

What are coprolites and how are they useful in understanding dinosaur diet?

Coprolites are fossil dung and they tell a lot about a dinosaur's diet It obviously shows literally what the owner of the poop was eating It is sometimes more difficult to find carnivore coprolite and identify it because meat is harder to detect in the poo. It has to somewhat survive digestive enzymes to be recognized as muscle tissue *coprolite usefulness is always somewhat limited because it is hard to identify the poopetrator

How is crocodile egg laying different from birds?

Crocodiles shell and lay their eggs all at the same time. Birds shell and lay their eggs 1 at a time Birds also have 1 functioning oviduct (they are the only ones) this is thought to be an adaptation for flight (lighter)

Where did endothermy likely arise in dinosaurs?

Definitely by tetanurae, maybe not for sauropods, they might have lost this trait and probably for marginocephalians and ornithopoda

What is a diastema and what does it mean for dinosaur diets?

Diastema refers to a long tooth gap that results in teeth being used for different functions. (this has been seen in some dinosaurs) In mammals with a diastema, the front incisors are blade-like and designed for shearing food. *even though dinosaurs are homodont, this diastema still separates function

Describe dinosaur distributions across varying environments and what that says about their metabolisms

Dinosaur evidence (fossils) have been found in extremely cold environments where data says that ectotherms could not survive *this indicates the likelihood of endothermy for some dinosaurs

What are the trade-offs of flight?

Disadvantage *it is energy expensive Advantages *ability to escape from predators *flight improves chances of eating (finding and grabbing food) *moving from place to place-migration sometimes *hind legs can be used as weapons while using wings to fly *provides access to new food sources

Is ectothermy or endothermy the basal state for physiology?

Ectothermy is basal

Describe how horse and cow teeth have adapted for eating grass

Grass is a really tough structure with the incorporation of silica (basically glass) into its structure. Horses and cows have high crowns that are hard to wear down. They also have sharp enamel-dentine ridges that break down the plant fibers (hadrosaur teeth had similar features)

Is herbivory basal or derived?

Herbivory is derived and it started as early as ornithischia Carnivory is the basal state **there are about as many adaptations for herbivory as there are plants

What do scientists believe about sauropod thermoregulation?

If sauropods were to be fully endothermic, with their massive size and inability to give off heat, they may not have been able to function without "cooking their brain" For this reason, scientists doubt that these dinosaurs were endothermic and propose instead that they were MASS HOMEOTHERMS and maintained stable temperatures by virtue of being large

How do jaw shape and muscle attachments give information about diet?

In animals like horse and cows, that eat resistant grasses, massive jaw muscles are required to break down the material and these work together with ridged teeth (they have massive and deep jaws) ***looks like a really long boomerang shaped jaw will tons of surface area for muscle attachment Carnivores also have large muscle attachments, but these are REMOVED FROM THE JAW articulation. There are still muscles but they do not attach directly to the jaw

What is spinosaurus?

It is a dinosaur with a very long snout and lots of sharp teeth used to grab fish out of the water **its teeth are similar to a gavial crocodile with the same diet Teeth are designed to catch and hold slippery fish ---indicates a piscivorous diet

How is dinosaur appearance reconstructed?

It is often done using the same principles that forensic scientists use to reconstruct the appearance of a human from their bones They use an understanding of how bones fit together and muscular grooves show the size of muscle attached clay is often fitted to a skull to determine form **there is also the use of phylogenetic and using what we know about living organisms to reconstruct dinosaurs Skin impression fossils have been found for certain dinosaurs and have been used in their reconstruction Color patterns have been preserved so no actual color has been but changes and patterns have been seen. We can also use what we know about their lifestyles to estimate color (for e.g. if a dinosaur was an ambush predator, it may have had a more muted color for camouflage)

In what group of organisms is obligate bipedality seen?

It is only seen in living endotherms (but not all obviously) *no living ectotherm is an obligate biped

What does fully upright posture mean?

It means that the organism has their legs directly under their bodies (it does not automatically mean they walked on 2 legs--that's what bipedality refers to) **the legs form a right angle with the axis of their bodies

How do brooding behaviors illustrate dinosaur thermoregulation?

*sauropods and other large dinosaurs were believed to have put vegetation over their eggs to provide heat as it decayed --Some dinosaurs that were small and most closely related to living birds did brood

What are the disadvantages of ectothermy?

1. it only allows short bursts of activity (their muscles run out of fuel very rapidly) 2. Their activity is generally restricted to daylight hours 3. they don't have energy to grow quickly 4. their habitats are restricted to mild, warm temperatures that don't fluctuate much 5. Living terrestrial ectotherms are not generally as large as endotherms (crocodiles are as big as they get)

When did the first bird, archaeopteryx appear?

In the Jurassic

What is Mass homeothermy?

This is a type of organism that struggles to lose heat (maintains a warm internal temperature) because of its massive size With a very large organism, it has very little surface area to mass ratio and cannot give off heat very well This means that whether they use metabolic energy or environmental energy (the sun), they can maintain homeothermy **this strategy may have been employed by many of the large dinosaurs

What is a global extinction?

This means a species that was once found over a wide distribution is now no longer found anywhere

What are species called when they were thought to be extinct but then are discovered to not be extinct?

Lazarus taxa

What 2 sister groups make up maniraptiformes?

Maniraptora and ornithiomimosauria

What types of organisms disappeared during the Permo-triassic extinction?

Massive land amphibians were decimated Most diapsid reptiles went extinct_ ______________________ the first pterosaurs arose after this event

Does dinosaur size correlate to dinosaur egg size?

NO. The biggest known egg comes from a bird in madagascar called the elephant bird which is much smaller than most dinosaurs

Did sauropods have cheeks?

No! Surprisingly these dinosaurs did not have cheeks to hold in the plant material they ate *most herbivores did have cheeks but these ones did not

Describe bone growth rates and microstructure and what it says about dinosaur thermoregulation

Only endotherms are capable of rapid growth because the energy comes from metabolism Bones: **there are holes in the bones that exhibit certain patterns. These are called LECUNAE. In living bone, this is where the bone cells rest. The bone cells secrete and maintain the bone matrix. Bone tissues under the microscope show channels in which the blood vessels lie. These channels are the center of structures called OSTEONS. When bone is cut into cross sections, the osteons look like a bullseye. In endothermic animals, the blood vessels are highly vascular (this is not true for ectotherms) During growth, bone dissolves and is redeposited to keep calcium levels constant. *when animals grow very fast, the fibers are randomly organized and go indifferent directions ectotherms show orderly growth punctuated by lines that go around the circumference of the bone (appears like tree rings). These tree rings are called LINES OF ARRESTED GROWTH or LAGs Dinosaurs show both types of bone mostly

What type of dinosaur shows complex dental batteries?

Ornithischians like the Hadrosaurs

The ___________ ended with the greatest extinction our world has every seen

Permian estimated 95% of all marine life went extinct and 70% of all terrestrial organisms **this is the permian to triassic or the Permo-Triassic event --methanogens could have been a factor as they are an intense green house gas and they could have acidified the water over time and melted away mollusk shells and dissolved coral reefs ---took the world 30 million years to repopulate

Which is basal, altricial parental care or precocial parental care?

Precocial is basal and altricial is derived **nesting and altricial young are derived (it makes sense that this would be derived because this is an adaptation that would help more young to survive) **precocial is basal

Explain the ground up hypothesis of flight evolution

Small, agile, terrestrial dinosaurs were the first develop powered flight and they did it by using their emerging wings to aid in running *evidence for this because bird ancestors were tiny, ground dwelling, and fast runners --strongly supported by the fact that we see feathers in many dinosaurs that we know could not fly (*idea that feathers originally were used for attracting mates and not flight) Many birds run with their wings open to assist them with upward motions (this could have been how it all started) --muscle pulling up on the wing wraps around the bone to help with lifting the wing (smaller overall muscle) **the downforce is where the bird needs all of its strength to lift itself up --archaeopteryx lacked this and it is likely a derived state

What is the most direct evidence of dinosaur diet (above them all)?

Stomach contents

In animals with parental care, how to the infants appear different from the adults

The infants are extremely adorable -shortened face -big eyes -larger heads -smaller jaws **humans are very neotenous **crocodiles have precocial young and their babies just look like a smaller version of the adult, they do not have the big eyes and head adorableness that makes the parent want to stick around

What is neoteny?

The science of cuteness Officially it means retaining juvenile characteristics into adulthood neotenous features are like big cute eyes and shortened faces and snouts, larger heads relative to the rest of the body

What is Ootaxonomy?

The science of eggshell classification With the inability to identify the egg layer, eggs that are found are assigned taxonomy based on egg characteristics

What is paleopathology?

The study of illness and injuries in extinct organisms *pathology can arise from either injury or disease

What feature of carnivore teeth is most often used to diagnose species?

Their SERRATIONS they vary in shape, size, and orientation

Describe how carnivores feed

Their teeth reflect the need to subdue struggling prey, but not chew it. **most carnivores do not chew, instead they participate in what is called GORGE FEEDING which means they rip large chunks of meat off the bone and swallow it almost whole

What is wrong with using the extant phylogenetic bracket to determine dinosaur herbivory characteristics?

There are no herbivorous crocodiles Birds don't have teeth

what are bird structures analogous to teeth?

These are called TOMIA (teeth like keratinous structures) -not made of enamel but of keratin *these may have been an adaptation to flight because they are so much lighter than teeth

What are the structures that are left on bone by the tiny muscles attached to the roots of feathers?

These are papillae (they are left on the forearm bones) these are small bumps or scars left where the muscles attach feather to bone **these markings have been seen on velociraptor (so it likely had feathers)

What are altricial young?

These babies are completely helpless and naked. They can't see, they can't hold their head up, or exhibit any kind of muscle control **completely reliant on parents They can't even regulate their body temperature yet (some birds) **evidence of altricial young was seen in dinosaur nests

What is a mass extinction?

These represent a short geologic time period and this is when rates of extinction outpace rates of origination these are short intervals when large numbers of species go extinct and they usually result from extraordinary events that are sudden and temporary *when mass extinctions occur, we see a sharp decrease in both diversity and abundance of life ---geologic time periods are mostly separated by mass extinction events

Describe the tooth structure of basal plant eaters in ornithischia and saurischia

These teeth have a SINGLE root anchoring the tooth to the jaw the CROWNS of the teeth are SIMPLE and LEAF LIKE with TINY SERRATIONS on the edges Many of these teeth exhibit a ridge or KEEL running the length of the tooth which makes plant grinding more efficient some of these dinos are pachycephalosaur, ankylosaur, heterodontasaur, and prosauropod

What are local extinctions?

They occur when a species has a reduction or change in its range --regions where the organism was once common, it is now never seen (grizzly bear went extinct in a wide range of the western US)

What type of diet did therapods have?

They were meat eaters (much easier to chew and digest)

What is medullary bone?

This is bone layed by only living birds today that is put down extremely quickly in pregnant females to provide enough minerals to make the egg shells for their young **egg shells require an enormous drain on the bones When bird estrogen levels rise in response to ovulation, their bodies deposit this bone on the internal surface of long bones. Deposition is very rapid and collagen fibers are randomly organized, giving it unique characteristics **medullary bone is very vascular and has to be infused with blood vessels to carry calcium through the body to the shell gland **medullary bone was found in 2003 in the Hell Creek formation in Montana in T. rex

What are precocial young?

This means that babies are independent when hatched and require very little parental care. They are hatched with a downy coat and they can climb and move though they are not yet able to fly (some birds precocial) crocodile young are precocial hadrosaurids show evidence of having precocial young

Describe the triassic to jurassic extinction

This one was not as lethal as the P-T extinction but it took a greater toll on land animals After the T-J extinction came the true Jurassic park **almost all lineages of dinosaurs show a rapid increase in body size, all lineages were bigger than their triassic counterparts (*maybe because of new habitats and new competition) **results in the origin of many new groups of dinosaurs

What is mesothermy?

This would be a sort of combination or compromise between endothermy and ectothermy. This may have also been an option for dinosaurs Mesotherms probably used basking to warm themselves but also utilize metabolically produced energy to a greater extent than most ectotherms. At the same time, they would never quite reach endothermic levels

How does dinosaur size correlate with their metabolisms?

Today we see only endotherms attaining very large sizes (*this is because their metabolisms allow them to grow very fast and to great sizes) dinosaurs are super large *evidence that crocodiles may have once been much larger (they're ectotherms)

What does fully upright posture mean for dinosaur metabolism?

Upright posture leads to greatly increased efficiency of movement and it DECOUPLES breathing from walking so dinosaurs can breathe more efficiently while moving

Where would altricial young have developed on the phylogenetic tree?

Very late most likely starting with avian theropods

How are migration and herding behaviors influenced by dinosaur metabolism

Warm blooded animals have to eat often and eat a lot so they need to move to find new food sources

What is Ecothermy

When an organism obtains energy for its chemical reactions required to sustain it from outside sources (e.g. the sun) Ectotherms are also mostly heterothermic because their body temperatures change throughout the day and also seasonally

What is Endothermy?

When an organism's energy is produced internally from food that is broken down in bodily processes advantages of endothermy are living in extreme temperatures. These organisms are mostly homeothermic meaning their body temperature stays the same

What is the definition of extinction?

When the last part of a species or genera or family dies

What is a pygostyle?

When the remaining tail vertebrae fuse together (results in overall shortening of the tail) *functions to support and root the tail feathers and it is also important for flight

Which is basal, a clutch or a nest?

a clutch is basal and a nest is derived

What does homodont mean?

all of the teeth are the same shape (same type of tooth) Dinosaurs exhibit this feature like most other vertebrates **mammals are heterodont meaning they have differently shaped teeth and have different functions ---this feature is autopomorphic for mammals, we are the only ones that have this

What is a chevron?

bony process found in crocodiles This is a bony process found on first vertebra after the pelvis *in females it is angled backward to allow for egg laying ---this doesn't really work to determine sex of dinosaurs because the chevrons are greatly reduced in size in the closest Crocodylia relative and it is difficult to tell if differences exist

What are large serrations called?

denticles (little teeth) *carnivores have denticles sometimes if these are the serrations on the backs of their recurved teeth

What is sexual dimorphism?

distinct difference in size or appearance between the sexes of an animal in addition to difference between the sexual organs themselves.

Only ________________ live in large herds

endotherms this is due to their need for migration to find food. Ectotherms do not need to migrate (exception is fish)

lungs and respiration in thermoregulation

endotherms: show all kinds of bony struts and folds that exist to increase the surface area through which air moves. This moistens the air so that it matches the wet lung environment when it enters **endotherms also take more breaths **these features have not been found in dinosaurs and some have taken that to mean they are ectothermic

How does epidermally derived insulation influence dinosaur metabolism?

epidermal coverings (e.g. feathers, hair) are used for insulation, especially in small animals with a high surface area to mass ratio Small dinosaurs and birds have been seen with filamentous covering evidence in fossils

What are the Siberian traps?

extensive lava flows that could have contributed to the permo-triassic mass extinction (STILL IN PANGEA)

What is a background extinction?

extinctions that occur at a fairly steady pace and have done so over geologic time this is normal and it results in the diversity we see today this kind of extinction is balanced by speciation and is measured or quantified by the number of species that would go extinct over a given time period (normally 1 to 5 species go extinct per year)

What is the obvious benefit of parental care?

it increases the survival rate of the offspring *greater opportunity to pass on genetics long term

The longer a pathogen is associated with a lineage the ___________ virulent

less

Describe the tail of Archaopteryx

long bony tail ***no pygostole (likely had a different mechanism of flight)

what types of sediments preserve feathers?

mud or clay (very fine grains) *environments low in oxygen

Most therapod eggs were __________ shaped while hadrosaur and sauropod eggs were ____________.

ovals rounder

Describe pore structure of eggs

pores in eggs are designed to release toxic CO2 and allow oxygen to diffuse in size, shape, and orientation of pores can tell about who laid an egg at a broad level pores can be -straight -branching -reticulate In addition to identifying the egg layer, the microstructure of eggs and pore distribution can be used to suggest environmental factors (calculate water vapor that can move through the shell) --if too much goes out the baby will dry out --if too little water vapor goes out the baby will drown ^^tells about the humidity of the environment

What do carnivore teeth look like?

sharp, pointed teeth that are recurved (pointing toward the back of the throat), and they have serrations

What type of posture is basal for vertebrates?

splayed posture

Herbivory is a _____________ for ornithischians

synapomorphy *all ornithschians except for the very most basal were herbivores They all have an inset tooth row that correlates with the extent of their cheeks

For terrestrial animals, the basal state is __________________________ (sex chromosomes/temperature dependent gender determination)?

temperature dependent gender determination

What is physiology?

the chemical reactions that constrain an animals function in its world this contains metabolism, catabolism, anabolism (prev 2 are both part of metabolism)

Describe the surface texture of eggs

they appear mostly smooth but they have distinct surface texture different textures -ridges run vaguely parallel -raised bumps dot the surface **these are sometimes related to pores that penetrate the shell to supply oxygen to the embryo

Describe archaopteryx (the first bird)

unusual feathers for a bird: --long bony tail -presence of teeth characteristic of a bird: -arms are longer than their legs (autapomorphic for birds) -anisodactyly (one toe points backward and the other 3 point forward) -

Are dinosaurs warm blooded or cold blooded?

warm blooded