Bio 231 lecture final exam

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Physiological variation

A hemoglobin level of 12g/dL is normal for an adult female, but low for an adult male. What is this is an example of? -Cellular adaptation -Anatomical variation -Structural differentiation -Physiological variation -Holistic medicine

gradient

A physiological __________ is a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variables between one point and another. -membrane -imbalance -feedback loop -barrier -gradient

hair

A pilus is a __________. -tiny muscle that moves a hair -sensory nerve fiber around the base of a hair -hair -gland associated with a hair follicle -hair follicle

hypertrophy

After six months of lifting weights at the gym, you notice that some of your muscles have increased in size. This increase in size is due to __________ of muscle cells. -hyperplasia -metaplasia -neoplasia -hypertrophy -atrophy

abnormal calcification of a tissue

Arteriosclerosis is one example of ectopic ossification, which means __________. -ossification of an entire blood vessel -the solubility product has been reached -accumulation of collagenous fibers in blood vessels -artery mineralization by osteoblasts -abnormal calcification of a tissue

hypothalamus; antidiuretic hormone

As an example of hormonal communication, when osmoreceptors of the __________ detect dehydration, a signal to the posterior pituitary gland causes the release of __________. -hypothalamus; oxytocin -hypothalamus; antidiuretic hormone -posterior pituitary; oxytocin -anterior pituitary; renin -anterior pituitary; antidiuretic hormone

serrate sutures

Coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid are examples of __________. -syndesmoses -plane sutures -gomphoses -serrate sutures -lap sutures

arachidonic acid

Eicosanoids are derived from __________. -prostacyclin -leukotriene -arachidonic acid -prostaglandins -thromboxanes

the quantity of melanin produced

Ethnic differences in skin color are primarily caused by differences in ___________. -the number of keratinocytes -the quantity of melanin produced -UV radiation exposure -the quantity of hemoglobin carried in the blood -the number of melanocytes

areolar tissue; dense irregular connective tissue

Examine the picture showing the two layers of the dermis, then choose the correct words to complete this sentence. The papillary layer of the dermis is made up of __________ , and the reticular layer of the dermis is made up of __________ . -areolar tissue; dense irregular connective tissue -dense regular connective tissue; areolar tissue -epithelial tissue; adipose tissue -areolar tissue; reticular connective tissue -dense irregular connective tissue; adipose tissue

an action potential

Increased calcium ion permeability of the presynaptic terminal cell membrane is caused by __________. -an action potential -acetylcholine -sodium ions -an increased concentration of calcium ions -acetylcholinesterase

central canals

It is common to find __________ in compact bone, but they are not seen in spongy bone. -osteocytes -central canals -osteoclasts -lacunae -lamellae

Vesalius

Known as "the father of modern anatomy," __________ was the first to publish accurate drawings of the body. -Maimonides -Harvey -Vesalius -Aristotle -van Leeuwenhoek

Vesalius

Known as "the father of modern anatomy," __________ was the first to publish accurate drawings of the body. -Vesalius -Aristotle -Maimonides -van Leeuwenhoek -Harvey

graded

Local potentials are __________, meaning they vary in magnitude according to the strength of the stimulus. -inhibitory -stabile -excitatory -graded -self-propagating

graded; all or none

Local potentials are __________, whereas action potentials are __________. -graded; all or none -produced by voltage-regulated channels; produced by gated channels -irreversible; reversible -nondecremental; decremental -self-propagating; local

dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues

Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both __________ and __________. -spongy bone; compact (dense) bone -elastic cartilage; hyaline cartilage -dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues -plasma; formed elements -adipose tissue; reticular tissue

urothelium; stratified squamous epithelium

Found in the urinary bladder, __________ resembles __________, but the apical cells are rounded, not flattened. -stratified squamous epithelium; pseudostratified epithelium -simple columnar epithelium; pseudostratified epithelium -stratified squamous epithelium; stratified columnar epithelium -urothelium; simple cuboidal epithelium -urothelium; stratified squamous epithelium

B

Hormones from which organ have the greatest effect on the basal metabolic rate (BMR)? -C -A -E -D -B

Along microtubules

How does a neuron transport enzymes produced in the neurosoma to its axon terminals? -By diffusion -Via exocytosis -Along microtubules -Through co-transport -Via cytoplasmic streaming

Sebaceous gland

Identify the cutaneous gland labeled 3. -Ceruminous gland -Sebaceous gland -Apocrine sweat gland -Eccrine sweat gland -Mammary gland

Synaptic vesicle

Identify the part of the synapse labeled 2. -Synaptic vesicle -Synaptic button -Mitochondrion -Varicosity -Neurotransmitter receptor

mucous; Serous

Mucin is secreted by __________ glands, which combines with water to form a thick and sticky product. _________ glands produce a relatively watery fluid. -eccrine; Holocrine -serous; Mucous -apocrine; Mixed -mucous; Serous -endocrine; Exocrine

an elevated level of osteoblast activity

If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect ___________. -an elevated level of osteoblast activity -increasingly brittle bones -an elevated level of osteoclast activity -a reduced rate of endochondral ossification -a rise in blood calcium concentration

It grows within a regeneration tube.

In PNS nerve fiber regeneration, how is a growing axon directed to its original destination? -The axon grows a collateral that is directed by growth factors secreted by the postsynaptic neuron. -Injured Schwann cells produce a trail of prostaglandins to the original destination. -The axonal terminals grow toward the neurosoma until the two severed fragments are reunited. -Neurons cannot regenerate. -It grows within a regeneration tube.

depolarization of the plasma membrane

In a neuron, the opening of sodium gates typically leads to __________. -drifting of plasma membrane voltage toward a more negative value -repolarization of the plasma membrane -hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane -plasma membrane voltage returning to the resting membrane potential -depolarization of the plasma membrane

blood vessel

In appositional bone growth, new bone is deposited around a __________. -blood vessel -small nerve -central core of existing bone -collection of osteoblasts -lymphatic

blood vessel

In appositional bone growth, new bone is deposited around a __________. -collection of osteoblasts -small nerve -lymphatic -blood vessel -central core of existing bone

hyaline cartilage

In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is __________, which is replaced by bone. -fibrocartilage -embryonic mesenchyme -fibrous membranes -hyaline cartilage -transitional epithelium

Uterine muscles

In the above feedback loop, what is the effector? -Ovaries -Cervix -Uterine muscles -Oxytocin -Brain

Brain

In the above feedback loop, what is the receptor? -Uterus -Ovaries -Adrenal gland -Brain -Oxytocin

tight junctions

In the intestine, __________ ensure(s) that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them. -ground substance -desmosomes -gap (communicating) junctions -the plasma membrane -tight junctions

In lactating females

In whom are fully developed mammary glands found? -In lactating and non-lactating females -In non-lactating females -In non-lactating females and males -In lactating females

Reticular dermis

Name the layer of skin labeled 2. -Hypodermis -Epithelium -Reticular dermis -Papillary dermis -Stratum corneum

Dendrites

Name the part of the neuron labeled 1. -Dendrites -Terminal arborization -Axon terminals -Internodes -Initial segments

Nucleus

Name the part of the neuron labeled 3. -Anterior compartment -Synaptic bulb -Axolemma -Soma -Nucleus

homeostatic mechanisms

Negative feedback loops are __________. -usually harmful -homeostatic mechanisms -self-amplifying cycles -not homeostatic mechanisms -associated with "vicious circles"

The synergistic effect

Neither follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) nor testosterone alone can stimulate significant sperm production, whereas when they act together, the testes produce some 300,000 sperm per minute. This is an example of which principle regarding hormones? -The antagonistic effect -The synergistic effect -Hormone clearance -The permissive effect -The cascade effect

neuroglia

Nervous tissue consists predominantly of two cell types, neurons and __________. -chondrocytes -fibroblasts -osteocytes -myocytes -neuroglia

osteoblasts

New bone is deposited by cells known as __________. -tunnel cells -periosteum -endosteum -osteoclasts -osteoblasts

adipose tissue

New triglycerides are constantly being synthesized and stored, while others are hydrolyzed and released, into the circulation by the cells found in __________. -blood -urothelial tissue -reticular tissue -adipose tissue -fibrous connective tissue

abduction

Raising an arm to one side of the body to stop a taxi is an example of __________ of the shoulder. -rotation -adduction -abduction -circumduction -protraction

simple squamous

Rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs takes place through __________ epithelium. -keratinized stratified squamous -simple columnar -simple cuboidal -simple squamous -nonkeratinized stratified squamous

The membrane is more temporarily more permeable to potassium than to sodium.

Why is the membrane hyperpolarized at the point on the graph labeled 6? -All voltage-gated channels, both sodium and potassium, are fully open at this point. -The membrane is more temporarily more permeable to potassium than to sodium. -All voltage-gated channels, both sodium and potassium, are innactivated at this point. -The potassium leak channels are temporarily closed. -The membrane is temporarily more permeable to sodium than to potassium.

fibrous

The four primary tissue types found in adult organs include all of the following except _________ tissue. -fibrous -epithelial -connective -muscular -nervous

symphysis

The joint between the L2 and L3 vertebrae is a __________. -syndesmosis -symphysis -synchondrosis -synostosis -gomphosis

synchondrosis; synovial

The joint between the first costal cartilage and the sternum is a ____________, whereas the other costal cartilages are joined to the sternum by ____________ joints. -synostosis; cartilaginous -symphysis; cartilaginous -synchondrosis; synovial -synarthrosis; cartilaginous -syndesmosis; synovial

synostosis

The least movable joints are _____________ joints. -synchondrosis -syndesmosis -symphysis -gomphosis -synostosis

a mucous membrane (mucosa)

The membrane that lines passageways that open to the exterior environment is called __________. -the lamina propria -a mucous membrane (mucosa) -a synovial membrane -endothelium -a serous membrane (serosa)

mesoderm; mesenchyme

The middle primary germ layer is called __________, which gives rise to a gelatinous material called __________, which then gives rise to different types of connective tissue such as bone, cartilage, and blood. -endoderm; mesenchyme -mesoderm; fibroblasts -ectoderm; mesenchyme -mesoderm; mesenchyme -ectoderm; stem cells

osteoporosis

The most common bone disease is __________. -osteomalacia -osteomyelitis -osteosarcoma -rickets -osteoporosis

eponychium

The narrow zone of dead skin overhanging the proximal end of a nail is called the __________. -eponychium -lunule -nail root -nail plate -nail body

eponychium

The narrow zone of dead skin overhanging the proximal end of a nail is called the __________. -lunule -nail plate -nail root -nail body -eponychium

oxytocin (OT)

The posterior pituitary secretes _________. -prolactin (PRL) -thyroid hormone (TH) -growth hormone (GH) -adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) -oxytocin (OT)

Third-degree

__________ burns involve the epidermis, all of the dermis, and often some deeper tissue. -Partial-thickness -Third-degree -Malignant -First-degree -Second-degree

Third-degree

__________ burns involve the epidermis, all of the dermis, and often some deeper tissue. -Second-degree -Third-degree -Partial-thickness -First-degree -Malignant

Excitable

__________ tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential. -Connective -Excitable -Responsive -Adipose -Epithelial

Negative feedback

This feedback loop is an example of which of the following? -Negative feedback -Dynamic equilibrium -Natural selection -Positive feedback -Thermal gradient

eumelanin and pheomelanin

Variations in hair color arise from differing amounts of __________. -carotene and hemoglobin -keratin and melanin -carotene and collagen -eumelanin and pheomelanin -collagen and elastic filaments

homeostasis

We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called __________. -metastasis -adaptation -responsiveness -evolution -homeostasis

homeostasis

We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called __________. -metastasis -responsiveness -homeostasis -evolution -adaptation

Bone to bone

What does the structure at B connect? -Membrane to bone -Cartilage to cartilage -Muscle to bone -Bone to bone -Muscle to cartilage

B

Which gland(s) produce(s) digestive enzymes? -A -Neither A or B -B -A, B, and C -Both A and B

A

Which gland(s) produce(s) hormones? -C -A -Both A and B -Neither A or B -B

ACTH

Which hormone stimulates glucocorticoid secretion? -CRH -GHRH -ACTH -TSH -GHIH

Calcitonin

Which hormone(s) is(are) represented by B? -Calcitonin -Parathyroid hormone -Calcitriol and parathyroid hormone -Calcitriol and calcitonin -Calcitriol

Calcitonin

Which hormone(s) is(are) represented by B? -Calcitriol and calcitonin -Parathyroid hormone -Calcitonin -Calcitriol -Calcitriol and parathyroid hormone

Labrum

Which is not a part of all synovial joints? -Synovial fluid -Articular cartilage -Articular capsule -Synovial membrane -Labrum

A

Which letter represents a pressure gradient? -A -D -All of these represent a pressure gradient. -C -B

D

Which letter represents the effector of this feedback loop? -E -B -A -C -D

stress

Any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one's physical or emotional well-being is called __________. -disease -hirsutism -hyperthyroidism -pathology -stress

apocrine

Mammary glands are modified __________ glands that develop within the female breasts. -merocrine -eccrine -sebaceous -ceruminous -apocrine

monoamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

T4 and T3 are __________ hormones that are mainly transported __________ in the blood. -steroid; bound to transcortin-binding protein (TBP) -monoamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) -monoamine; unbound (free) -steroid; unbound (free) -catecholamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

kidney

The __________ is not an endocrine gland, but it has a role in endocrine function. -thyroid gland -kidney -adrenal gland -pancreas -parathyroid gland

pineal gland

The ___________ can be found as part of the epithalamus, near the superior colliculi of the midbrain. -hypophysis -pituitary gland -adrenal gland -hypothalamus -pineal gland

femur; spongy

The ___________ is an example of bone as an organ; ___________ bone is an example of bone as a tissue. -red marrow; compact -spongy; femur -femur; spongy -skull; marrow -compact; sesamoid

tetanus

The absence or inhibition of acetylcholinesterase at a synapse would lead to __________. -tetanus -atrophy -flaccid paralysis -muscle wasting -numbness

hair bulb

The base where a hair follicle originates in the skin is known as the __________. -cuticle -shaft -medulla -hair bulb -hair root

epithelium; connective tissue

The basement membrane is found between __________ and __________. -epithelium; connective tissue -epithelium; intracellular material -extracellular material; intracellular material -epithelium; extracellular material -interstitial fluid; extracellular fluid

marrow cavity

The center cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone is called the __________. -canaliculus -central canal -nutrient foramen -epiphysis -marrow cavity

growth; differentiation

The change in size of the bone marrow (where blood cells are produced) as an infant matures is an example of __________, whereas the transformation of blood stem cells into white blood cells is an example of __________. -growth; differentiation -differentiation; development -development; differentiation -differentiation; growth -growth; development

Hydroxyapatite

Which of the following is an inorganic component of the bone matrix? -Hydroxyapatite -Glycosaminoglycans -Glycoproteins -Collagen -Proteoglycans

Hyperactivity of the adrenal medulla

Which of the following is not a cause of Cushing syndrome? -Excess cortisol secretion -ACTH-secreting tumors -Hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex -Hyperactivity of the adrenal medulla -ACTH hypersecretion by the pituitary

Plasticity

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a muscle cell? -Extensibility -Contractility -Conductivity -Excitability -Plasticity

Hyaline cartilage

Which of the following is not a type of fibrous connective tissue? -Reticular tissue -Areolar tissue -Dense irregular connective tissue -Dense regular connective tissue -Hyaline cartilage

These are all aspects that can cause physiological variation.

Which of the following is not an aspect that could result in physiological variation? -Environment -Gender -Age -Physical activity - These are all aspects that can cause physiological variation.

Fibroblasts

Which of the following is not found in the epidermis? -Fibroblasts -Keratinocytes -Stem cells -Melanocytes -Tactile cells

Hypodermis

Which of the following is not part of the skin? -Hypodermis -Dermis -Epidermis -Stratum basale -Papillary layer

CRH

Which of the following is the correct abbreviation for the hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH? -CRH -TRH -GHIH -APRH -GHRH

The knee

Which of the following is the largest and most complex diarthrosis in the body? -The shoulder -The knee -The wrist -The elbow -The hip

Coxal joint

Which of the following is the most stable joint? -Humeroradial joint -Coxal joint -Glenohumeral joint -Humeroulnar joint -Tibiofemoral joint

The muscle shortens but tension remains constant.

Which of the following is true concerning isotonic concentric contraction? -The muscle lengthens and tension declines. -The muscle tenses but length remains unchanged. -The muscle shortens but tension remains constant. -The muscle lengthens but tension remains constant. -The muscle tenses and shortens.

Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach

Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex?

Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach

Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex? -Mitochondrion, connective tissue, protein, stomach, adipocyte (fat cell) -Protein, adipocyte (fat cell), stomach, connective tissue, mitochondrion -Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach -Protein, stomach, connective tissue, adipocyte (fat cell), mitochondrion -Mitochondrion, connective tissue, stomach, protein, adipocyte (fat cell)

Organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle

Which of the following lists levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest? -Organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system -Organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle -Organ, organ system, tissue, cell, organelle -Organ system, organ, cell, tissue, organelle -Organ system, organelle, tissue, cell, organ

Cell body

Which of the following parts of a neuron receive and process information? -Telodendrion -Cell body -Dendrite -Axon -Synapse

The radioulnar ligament

Which of the following structures is not found in the shoulder? -The rotator cuff -The glenohumeral ligament -The radioulnar ligament -The coracohumeral ligament -The transverse humeral ligament

Transitional epithelium

Which of the following tissues is not found as part of a long bone? -Cartilage -Transitional epithelium -Adipose tissue -Nervous tissue -Osseous tissue

The synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine.

Which of these happens first in a cholinergic synaptic transmission? -Sodium enters the postsynaptic cell. -The synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine. -A postsynaptic potential is produced. -Acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft. -Acetylcholine binds to ligand-regulated gates.

Osteoclasts

Which one of the following bone cells would have the greatest number of lysosomes? -Osteoclasts -Osteogenic cells -Osteocytes -Stem cells -Osteoblasts

B

Which picture depicts glucose flowing down a chemical gradient into an intestinal cell? -D -A -Glucose can move via all of these mechanisms. -C -B

B

Which structure binds ATP during contraction? -E -D -C -B -A

B

Which tissue would be found lining the lumen of the trachea? -A -C -B -D -E

B

Which tissue would be found lining the lumen of the trachea? -D -C -A -B -E

C

Which tissue would be found lining the lumen of the vagina? -B -E -F -C -A

Elastic tissue

Which type of connective tissue is abundant in the walls of arteries, and in the airway? -Cartilage -Dense irregular connective tissue -Dense regular connective tissue -Elastic tissue -Smooth muscle

Elastic tissue

Which type of connective tissue is abundant in the walls of arteries, and in the airway? -Elastic tissue -Cartilage -Dense regular connective tissue -Smooth muscle -Dense irregular connective tissue

Smooth muscle

Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs? -Smooth muscle -Elastic muscle -Cardiac muscle -Organ muscle -Skeletal muscle

Galen

Who was a physician to the Roman gladiators, learned by dissection of animals, and saw science as a method of discovery? -Galen -Aristotle -Hippocrates -Schwann -Plato

Anatomical variation

Why does a surgeon need to be familiar with different versions of anatomy? -Physiological variation -Anatomical variation -Cellular adaptation -Evolutionary adaptation -Holistic medicine

There are many similar terms in anatomy that refer to different structures.

Why is precise spelling important in anatomy? -It is important to practice language skills. -Eponyms are difficult to memorize. -There are many different ways to spell certain terms. -It is easier to remember acronyms when spelled correctly. -There are many similar terms in anatomy that refer to different structures.

phagocytize and digest tissue debris

With regard to the healing of a skin wound, macrophages ___________. -produce and secrete collagenous fibers -make capillaries more permeable allowing white blood cells to migrate into the area -stimulate epithelial cells to multiply -release histamine to increase blood flow to the area -phagocytize and digest tissue debris

Stratified squamous; stratified columnar

__________ epithelium is the most widespread epithelium in the body, whereas __________ epithelium is rare. -Simple cuboidal; stratified squamous -Pseudostratified; stratified squamous -Stratified squamous; stratified columnar -Simple columnar; stratified columnar -Stratified squamous; simple squamous

Nonkeratinized; vagina

__________ epithelium provides a moist and slippery surface and is well suited to resist stress, as seen in the __________. -Nonkeratinized; skin -Keratinized; skin -Nonkeratinized; vagina -Keratinized; tongue -Stratified; tongue

Cerumen

__________ is/are formed partly from the secretions of glands in the external ear canal. -Cerumen -Mucus -Sweat -Sebum -Scents

pathologic

A break in a bone that is already weakened by some other disease is called a(n) __________ fracture. -closed -pathologic -displaced -open -greenstick

pathologic

A break in a bone that is already weakened by some other disease is called a(n) __________ fracture. -displaced -pathologic -greenstick -open -closed

simple columnar; small intestine

A brush border of microvilli is found in __________ epithelium, which can be found in the __________. -stratified squamous; esophagus -simple columnar; small intestine -pseudostratified; nasal cavity -simple cuboidal; esophagus -stratified squamous; anal canal

complex of macromolecules; part of a cell; entire cell

A connective tissue fiber refers to a(n) __________, a nerve fiber refers to a(n) __________, and a muscle fiber refers to a(n) __________. -organelle; entire cell; complex of macromolecules -organelle; entire cell; part of a cell -complex of macromolecules; entire cell; part of a cell -entire cell; organelle; tissue -complex of macromolecules; part of a cell; entire cell

complex of macromolecules; part of a cell; entire cell

A connective tissue fiber refers to a(n) __________, a nerve fiber refers to a(n) __________, and a muscle fiber refers to a(n) __________. -organelle; entire cell; complex of macromolecules -organelle; entire cell; part of a cell -complex of macromolecules; part of a cell; entire cell -entire cell; organelle; tissue -complex of macromolecules; entire cell; part of a cell

transport nutrients to the tissues

Blood functions to __________. -store energy for the heart -allow for heart contraction and relaxation -line the heart chambers -provide support to the heart -transport nutrients to the tissues

negative feedback

During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of __________. -integration control -negative feedback -set point adjustment -positive feedback -dynamic equilibrium

No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential.

During the absolute refractory period which of the following is true? -No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential. -If a neuron reaches threshold, the action potential goes to completion. -It is possible to trigger a new action potential, but only with an unusually strong stimulus. -The signal grows weaker with distance. -The neuron fires at its maximum voltage if a stimulus depolarizes the neuron to threshold.

Higher stimulus intensity will increase the rate at which the sensory neuron fires action potentials.

During the relative refractory period, the membrane is hyperpolarized and a larger incoming stimulus is required to trigger an action potential. How does this affect the response properties of a sensory neuron? -Higher stimulus intensity will increase the rate at which the sensory neuron fires action potentials. -Higher stimulus intensity will cause the sensory neuron to fire smaller (lower amplitude) action potentials. -Higher stimulus intensity will cause the sensory neuron to fire larger (higher amplitude) action potentials. -Lower stimulus intensity will increase the rate at which the sensory neuron fires action potentials. -Lower stimulus intensity will cause the sensory neuron to fire narrower (shorter duration) action potentials.

voluntary

Skeletal muscle is called ___________, because it is usually subject to conscious control. -contractile -isometric -excitable -striated -voluntary

fingertips

Skin covering the __________ has sweat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands. -abdomen -back -forearm -buttocks -fingertips

acetabular labrum

The _________ deepens the socket of the hip joint and helps stabilize the joint. -fovea capitis -acetabular labrum -lesser trochanter -ischial tuberosity -greater trochanter

ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis

The __________ gives rise to the __________. -endoderm; muscular system and skeletal system -mesoderm; digestive glands -ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis -mesoderm; endoderm -endoderm; mesoderm

apocrine

The __________ glands are a source of sex pheromones. -mammary -merocrine -ceruminous -apocrine -sebaceous

metaphysis

The __________ is a marginal zone of the epiphysial plate where, in children and adolescents, bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage. -osteoid tissue -secondary ossification center -epiphysial line -metaphysis -primary ossification center

metaphysis

The __________ is a marginal zone of the epiphysial plate where, in children and adolescents, bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage. -primary ossification center -secondary ossification center -metaphysis -osteoid tissue -epiphysial line

Unlike first-degree burns, third-degree burns destroy the nerve fibers in the dermis and may therefore be painless.

Examine the above picture of the skin, paying close attention to the cutaneous innervation. What impact might this have on cutaneous sensation? -Due to the relative density of nerve fibers in the different layers of the skin, the epidermis is much more sensitive than the underlying dermis. -A shallow scrape that penetrates into the stratum granulosum may be more painful than a deeper cut that reaches the dermis. -Sensory receptors in the uppermost layers of the epidermis (stratum corneum) respond to heat and cold, making it important for thermoregulation. -Unlike first-degree burns, third-degree burns destroy the nerve fibers in the dermis and may therefore be painless. -Since there are no nerve fibers in the skin, it cannot convey or respond to any sensory information.

fourth

Looking at a slide of thin skin under the microscope, you note that the stratum basale is the __________ layer of the epidermis in from the surface. -third -fourth -first -fifth -second

atrophy

Loss of muscle mass from lack of activity is called __________. -atrophy -apathy -dystrophy -tetanus -myopathy

Cell

What level of structural hierarchy is represented by the letter E? -Organ -Cell -Tissue -Organelle -Molecule

Lunule

What is the white opaque "moon" often found at the proximal end of a fingernail called? -Lunule -Nail body -Eponychium -Free edge -Nail root

G

A lymph node is an example of which level of structural hierarchy? -G -E -I -H -C

gradient

A physiological __________ is a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variables between one point and another. -membrane -imbalance -barrier -feedback loop -gradient

partially stretched before being stimulated

A skeletal muscle generates the greatest tension when it is __________. -well-rested and low in creatine phosphate -partially stretched before being stimulated -high in lactate concentration -greatly stretched before being stimulated -fully relaxed before being stimulated

bursa

A(n) __________ is a sac of fluid associated with a synovial joint. -synovial vesicle -articular cavity -bursa -articular sac -meniscus

pseudostratified columnar

All cells in __________ epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the free surface have cilia. -stratified columnar -simple columnar -stratified squamous -stratified cuboidal -pseudostratified columnar

epidermal

All of the following are human organ systems except _________ -epidermal -skeletal -reproductive -lymphatic -endocrine

the digestive system

All of the following are organs except __________. -the liver -the skin -the digestive system -nails -teeth

they are released into the bloodstream before reaching the postsynaptic cell

All of the following are typical characteristics of neurotransmitters except __________. -they are synthesized by a presynaptic neuron -they bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell -they alter the physiology of the postsynaptic cell -they are released in response to stimulation -they are released into the bloodstream before reaching the postsynaptic cell

recruit more muscle fibers

As you are lifting a box, someone places extra weight on top of it. For your muscle to continue contracting and lifting the box, the muscle must __________. -recruit more muscle fibers -reduce its wave summation -shift from slow-twitch to fast-twitch mode -shift from isometric to isotonic contraction -lower its threshold

longer aerobic respiration

Athletes who train at high altitudes increase their red blood cell count, which increases their oxygen supply during exercise. Increased oxygen supply results in __________. -longer anaerobic fermentation -reduced ATP consumption -longer aerobic respiration -increased use of myokinase -increased glycolysis

parathyroid hormone; increased osteoclast activity

Blood Ca2+ deficiency stimulates __________ secretion, which leads to __________. -calcitriol; more urinary phosphate excretion -growth hormone; increased osteoblast activity -calcitonin; more urinary phosphate reabsorption -thyroid hormone; less urinary calcium excretion -parathyroid hormone; increased osteoclast activity

dermal papilla

Blood vessels in the __________ provide a hair with its sole source of nutrition. -bulb -root -shaft -medulla -dermal papilla

cartilage growth

Bone elongation is a result of __________. -cartilage growth -osseous tissue growth -muscle growth -dense irregular connective tissue addition -fibrous membrane addition

osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells are called __________. -osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells -osteons -osteocytes -osteoclasts -osteoblasts

cell proliferation

Chondrocytes multiply in the zone of __________ of the metaphysis. -calcification -cell proliferation -bone deposition -cell hypertrophy -reserve cartilage

Both systems are dedicated to maintaining stable internal conditions by detecting and responding to stimuli.

Compare the nervous and endocrine systems. Which statement about the nervous and endocrine systems is true? -The nervous system monitors internal conditions but cannot alter them. To affect change, it must activate the endocrine system. -The nervous system helps maintains stable internal conditions, while the endocrine system is dedicated to affecting change. -Both systems are dedicated to maintaining stable internal conditions by detecting and responding to stimuli. -The endocrine system monitors internal conditions but cannot alter them. To affect change, it must activate the nervous system. -The endocrine system helps maintains stable internal conditions, while the nervous system is dedicated to affecting change.

A large diameter myelinated fiber

Conduction of a nerve impulse would be the fastest in which of the following? -A small fiber with multiple Schwann cells -A large unmyelinated fiber -A small unmyelinated fiber -A large diameter myelinated fiber -A small diameter myelinated fiber

areolar tissue; dense irregular connective tissue

Examine the picture showing the two layers of the dermis, then choose the correct words to complete this sentence. The papillary layer of the dermis is made up of __________ , and the reticular layer of the dermis is made up of __________ . -areolar tissue; reticular connective tissue -areolar tissue; dense irregular connective tissue -dense regular connective tissue; areolar tissue -epithelial tissue; adipose tissue -dense irregular connective tissue; adipose tissue

dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues

Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both __________ and __________. -adipose tissue; reticular tissue -elastic cartilage; hyaline cartilage -dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues -plasma; formed elements -spongy bone; compact (dense) bone

the antagonistic effect

Glucagon increases blood glucose concentration and insulin decreases it. This is an example of __________. -the antagonistic effect -the synergistic effect -hormone clearance -the permissive effect -the cascade effect

In lactating females

In whom are fully developed mammary glands found? -In non-lactating females and males -In lactating and non-lactating females -In lactating females -In non-lactating females

Cell

What level of structural hierarchy is represented by the letter E? -Molecule -Tissue -Organ -Cell -Organelle

glucagon; raises

Many hours after a meal, alpha (α) cells in the pancreatic islets secrete _________, which _________ blood glucose. -insulin; raises -glucocorticoids; raises -insulin; lowers -glucagon; lowers -glucagon; raises

nail matrix

Mitosis in the __________ accounts for growth of the nail. -nail plate -hyponychium -nail matrix -nail fold -eponychium

nail matrix

Mitosis in the __________ accounts for growth of the nail. -nail plate -nail fold -eponychium -nail matrix -hyponychium

simple cuboidal

Most kidney tubules are made of __________ epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion. -stratified columnar -pseudostratified columnar -simple columnar -simple cuboidal -stratified cuboidal

estrogen; osteoclast activity

Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of ___________, which would otherwise inhibit ____________. -osteoblasts; osteoclast activity -exercise; osteoblast activity -estrogen; osteoclast activity -parathyroid hormone; osteocyte activity -dietary calcium; estrogen production

soft callus; hard callus

Patches of fibrocartilage formed in the healing of a fracture are called __________, whereas the bony collar formed around the fracture is called __________. -fracture hematoma; hard callus -granulation tissue; hard callus -granulation tissue; soft callus -soft callus; hard callus -fracture hematoma; granulation tissue

amino acids

Phosphate is necessary for all of the following except __________. -RNA -phospholipids -ATP -amino acids -DNA

hairs to stand on end with no apparent function

The contraction of the arrector muscles in humans causes __________. -hairs to stand on end to make the individual appear bigger -hairs to stand on end, trapping an insulating layer of warm air next to the skin -increased ability to feel pain -generation of heat to raise the body temperature -hairs to stand on end with no apparent function

epithelial

The covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of __________ tissue. -epithelial -muscle -nervous -adipose -interstitial

synchondrosis

The epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone in a child are bound by a __________. -serrate suture -symphysis -plane suture -lap suture -synchondrosis

epiphyses

The expanded ends of a long bone are called the __________. -articular cartilages -endosteums -diaphyses -periosteums -epiphyses

Anatomical

The fact that most of us have five lumbar vertebrae, but some people have six and some have four, is an example of what type of variation among organisms? -Anatomical -Cellular -Reductionist -Holistic -Physiological

stratum basale

The fastest rate of mitosis happens in the __________. -stratum basale -stratum lucidum -stratum corneum -stratum granulosum -stratum spinosum

stratum basale

The fastest rate of mitosis happens in the __________. -stratum granulosum -stratum corneum -stratum spinosum -stratum basale -stratum lucidum

hydroxyapatite and other minerals; proteins

The hardness of bone comes from __________, whereas __________ provide(s) some degree of flexibility. -calcium carbonate; calcium phosphate -hydroxyapatite and other minerals; proteins -collagen and elastic fibers; minerals -proteins; collagen -glycoproteins; proteoglycans

hydroxyapatite and other minerals; proteins

The hardness of bone comes from __________, whereas __________ provide(s) some degree of flexibility. -glycoproteins; proteoglycans -calcium carbonate; calcium phosphate -proteins; collagen -collagen and elastic fibers; minerals -hydroxyapatite and other minerals; proteins

alarm reaction; norepinephrine and epinephrine

The initial response to stress is called the _________ and is mediated mainly by _________. -alarm reaction; cortisol -alarm reaction; norepinephrine and epinephrine -resistance stage; aldosterone and cortisol -exhaustion stage; norepinephrine and epinephrine -resistance stage; cortisol

mandible; temporal bone

The jaw joint is the articulation of the __________ and the __________. -mandible; sphenoid bone -maxilla; zygomatic -mandible; zygomatic bone -mandible; temporal bone -mandible; maxilla

osteoclasts; osteocytes

The plasma membrane of __________ have a ruffled border with many deep infoldings, whereas __________ have long, thin, fingerlike cytoplasmic processes. -osteoblasts; osteoclasts -osteoclasts; osteocytes -osteoblasts; osteocytes -osteocytes; osteoclasts -osteocytes; osteogenic cells

recruitment

The process of engaging more motor units to increase the strength of a muscle contraction is called __________. -wave summation -incomplete tetanus -temporal summation -complete tetanus -recruitment

troponin

The protein that acts as a calcium receptor in skeletal muscle is __________. -troponin -F actin -tropomyosin -titin -dystrophin

cortisol

The resistance stage in the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) is dominated by __________. -norepinephrine -cortisol -angiotensin -aldosterone -epinephrine

elastic cartilage

The shape of a person's external ear is due to the presence of __________. -elastic cartilage -fibrocartilage -dense regular connective tissue -dense irregular connective tissue -ligaments

hematoma

The skin discoloration most likely to suggest physical abuse is __________. -albinism -erythema -hematoma -pallor -jaundice

articular cartilage

The smooth, connective tissue lining that covers the opposing bony surfaces of a synovial joint is called __________. -the joint cavity -the fibrous capsule -a ligament -articular cartilage -a synovial membrane

pathophysiology

The study of mechanism of disease is called __________. -histology -neurophysiology -neuroanatomy -pathophysiology -endocrinology

Anatomy

The study of normal body structures is called ___________. -biology -pathology -anatomy -microscopy -physiology

cytology

The study of the structure and function of cells is called __________. -comparative physiology -gross anatomy -exploratory physiology -cytology -radiology

synovial

The temporomandibular joint is a(n) __________ joint. -bony -cartilaginous -osseous -synovial -fibrous

epiphysial line

The thin layer of slightly denser spongy bone that separates an adult's epiphysis from the diaphysis is called the __________. -periosteum -epiphysial line -metaphysis -growth plate -diaphysial line

hinge

The union of the proximal and middle phalanges form __________ joints. -saddle -pivot -plane (gliding) -condylar (ellipsoid) -hinge

synaptic vesicles

To stimulate muscle contraction, acetylcholine is released from the ___________ into the synaptic cleft. -synaptic vesicles -sarcolemma -sarcoplasmic reticulum -terminal cisterns -postsynaptic membrane folds

molecule

Ultrastructure refers to the detailed structure to the level of the ___________. -tissue -organelle -organ -cell -molecule

eumelanin and pheomelanin

Variations in hair color arise from differing amounts of __________. -carotene and collagen -collagen and elastic filaments -carotene and hemoglobin -eumelanin and pheomelanin -keratin and melanin

These are all fibrous joints.

What do sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses have in common? -These are joints found only in the appendicular skeleton. -These are all fibrous joints. -These are joints found only in the axial skeleton. -These are all bony joints. -These are cartilaginous joints.

The permeability of the sarcolemma to Na+ increases.

What happens when acetylcholine stimulates its receptors in the neuromuscular junction? -The positive charge on the sarcolemma decreases. -The release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum decreases. -The inhibitory effect of acetylcholinesterase is overridden. -The permeability of the sarcolemma to Na+ increases. -The threshold of the muscle fiber lowers.

Evolution

What is a change in the genetic composition of a population over time called? -Selection pressure -Natural selection -Mutation -Evolution -Adaptation

Synovial fluid

What is contained within the space at A? -Perilymph -Serous fluid -Mucus -Blood -Synovial fluid

It increases water retention from renal tubules.

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone? -It causes vasodilation. -It causes the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex. -It increases water retention from renal tubules. -It causes smooth muscle contraction in the female reproductive tract. -It acts on the hypothalamus to decrease appetite.

Lamina propria

What is the name of the layer at B in this membrane? -Mesothelium -Lamina propria -Dermis -Serosa -Epithelium

Proteins

What is the organelle at A primarily composed of? -Lipids -Proteins -Carbohydrates -Glycoproteins -Nucleic acids

The triad allows for Ca2+ release when a muscle fiber is excited.

What is the purpose of the triad? -The triad allows for Ca2+ release when a muscle fiber is excited. -The triad synthesizes ATP. -The triad maintains the resting membrane potential. -The triad removes acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft. -The triad stores sodium.

Cytology

What is the study of the structure at E called? -Physiology -Pathology -Histology -Cytology -Organismal biology

Histology

What is the study of the structure at F called? -Pathology -Cytology -Organismal biology -Physiology -Histology

Sarcomere

What is the term for the structure at C? -A band -Myofibril -Sarcomere -Motor unit -H zone

The presence of a receptor for that particular hormone

What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone? -The presence of a receptor for that particular hormone -The location of the gland that secretes the hormone -The chemical properties of the hormone -The site where the hormone is secreted -The location of the target cells in the body

Ependymal cell

What type of cell is labeled 2? -Microglia -Ependymal cell -Satellite cell -Schwann cell -Oligodendrocyte

Neuron

What type of cell is labeled 3? -Oligodendrocyte -Schwann cell -Neuron -Ependymal cell -Satellite cell

Oligodendrocyte

What type of cell is labeled 4? -Microglia -Ependymal cell -Oligodendrocyte -Astrocyte -Satellite cell

Unicellular exocrine

What type of gland is pictured at D? -Unicellular exocrine -Unicellular apocrine -Unicellular endocrine -Multicellular endocrine -Multicellular exocrine

Electrochemical gradient

What type of gradient causes the movement of ions due to both charge and concentration differences? -Osmotic gradient -Electrochemical gradient -Concentration gradient -Pressure gradient -Thermal gradient

Electrochemical gradient

What type of gradient causes the movement of ions due to both charge and concentration differences? -Pressure gradient -Electrochemical gradient -Osmotic gradient -Thermal gradient -Concentration gradient

Downy (Lanugo)

What type of hair is present prenatally and usually replaced by birth? -Peach fuzz -Downy (Lanugo) -Vellus -Terminal hair -Lunule

Downy (Lanugo)

What type of hair is present prenatally and usually replaced by birth? -Terminal hair -Vellus -Peach fuzz -Downy (Lanugo) -Lunule

Steroid

What type of hormone is found at B? -Steroid -Catecholamine -Peptide -Nucleotide -Amino acid

Gomphosis

What type of joint is found at B? -Synovial -Syndesmosis -Suture -Cartilaginous -Gomphosis

Stratified squamous epithelium

What type of tissue is found in the most superficial layer of skin? -Dense irregular connective tissue -Areolar connective tissue -Stratified squamous epithelium -Simple squamous epithelium -Dense regular connective tissue

Yellow bone marrow

What would you find in the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult humerus (arm bone)? -Yellow bone marrow -Red bone marrow -Periosteum -Hematopoietic tissue -Compact bone

relaxes

When acetylcholinesterase outlasts the release of acetylcholine from the synaptic vesicles, the skeletal muscle __________. -contracts -relaxes -gets stronger -opens its Na+ channels -releases Ca2+

repolarizing

When the voltage of a plasma membrane shifts from +35 mV toward 0 mV, the cell is __________. -repolarizing -depolarizing -exiting the threshold -hyperpolarizing -reaching the threshold

D

Where do calcium ions bind during a muscle contraction? -A -B -C -D -E

Calcaneal tendon

Where in the human body would this tissue be found? -Lining the lumen of the aorta -Intervertebral disc -Calcaneal tendon -Dermis of the skin -Heart wall

E

Where in this feedback loop is homeostasis present? -B -D -E -A -C

B

Where would red bone marrow be found in this adult femur? -A -D -B -C -E

B

Where would red bone marrow be found in this adult femur? -D -B -A -C -E

The intercalated discs of cardiac muscle

Where would you expect to find numerous gap junctions in muscular tissue? -The intercalated discs of cardiac muscle -The sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle -Multiunit smooth muscle -The A bands of skeletal and cardiac muscle -The sarcolemma of skeletal muscle

B

Which cell is responsible for bone deposition? -C -E -A -B -D

E

Which cell is responsible for bone resorption? -D -E -B -C -A

E

Which cell is stimulated by the hormones calcitriol and PTH? -E -D -B -C -A

Oligodendrocytes

Which cells form myelin in the spinal cord? -Satellite cells -Astrocytes -Oligodendrocytes -Microglia -Schwann cells

Collagen and fibroblasts

Which of the following best describes the composition of the dermis? -Collagen and dead keratinocytes -Collagen and living keratinocytes -Elastic fibers and melanocytes -Collagen and fibroblasts -Elastic fibers and dendritic cells

Collagen and fibroblasts

Which of the following best describes the composition of the dermis? -Elastic fibers and dendritic cells -Collagen and living keratinocytes -Collagen and fibroblasts -Collagen and dead keratinocytes -Elastic fibers and melanocytes

Melanocyte

Which of the following cells is largely responsible for skin color? -Keratinocyte -Dead keratinocyte -Tactile cell -Dendritic cell -Melanocyte

Melanocyte

Which of the following cells is largely responsible for skin color? -Melanocyte -Dendritic cell -Tactile cell -Keratinocyte -Dead keratinocyte

Dendritic cells

Which of the following cells stand guard against toxins, microbes, and other pathogens? -Melanocytes -Keratinocytes -Dendritic cells -Adipocytes -Tactile cells

Up-regulation

Which of the following is an increase in the number of receptors making a target cell more sensitive to a hormone? -Down-regulation -Negative feedback inhibition -The antagonistic effect -Up-regulation -Enzyme amplification

Hydroxyapatite

Which of the following is an inorganic component of the bone matrix? -Glycosaminoglycans -Proteoglycans -Hydroxyapatite -Glycoproteins -Collagen


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