Bio 231 lecture final exam
Physiological variation
A hemoglobin level of 12g/dL is normal for an adult female, but low for an adult male. What is this is an example of? -Cellular adaptation -Anatomical variation -Structural differentiation -Physiological variation -Holistic medicine
gradient
A physiological __________ is a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variables between one point and another. -membrane -imbalance -feedback loop -barrier -gradient
hair
A pilus is a __________. -tiny muscle that moves a hair -sensory nerve fiber around the base of a hair -hair -gland associated with a hair follicle -hair follicle
hypertrophy
After six months of lifting weights at the gym, you notice that some of your muscles have increased in size. This increase in size is due to __________ of muscle cells. -hyperplasia -metaplasia -neoplasia -hypertrophy -atrophy
abnormal calcification of a tissue
Arteriosclerosis is one example of ectopic ossification, which means __________. -ossification of an entire blood vessel -the solubility product has been reached -accumulation of collagenous fibers in blood vessels -artery mineralization by osteoblasts -abnormal calcification of a tissue
hypothalamus; antidiuretic hormone
As an example of hormonal communication, when osmoreceptors of the __________ detect dehydration, a signal to the posterior pituitary gland causes the release of __________. -hypothalamus; oxytocin -hypothalamus; antidiuretic hormone -posterior pituitary; oxytocin -anterior pituitary; renin -anterior pituitary; antidiuretic hormone
serrate sutures
Coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid are examples of __________. -syndesmoses -plane sutures -gomphoses -serrate sutures -lap sutures
arachidonic acid
Eicosanoids are derived from __________. -prostacyclin -leukotriene -arachidonic acid -prostaglandins -thromboxanes
the quantity of melanin produced
Ethnic differences in skin color are primarily caused by differences in ___________. -the number of keratinocytes -the quantity of melanin produced -UV radiation exposure -the quantity of hemoglobin carried in the blood -the number of melanocytes
areolar tissue; dense irregular connective tissue
Examine the picture showing the two layers of the dermis, then choose the correct words to complete this sentence. The papillary layer of the dermis is made up of __________ , and the reticular layer of the dermis is made up of __________ . -areolar tissue; dense irregular connective tissue -dense regular connective tissue; areolar tissue -epithelial tissue; adipose tissue -areolar tissue; reticular connective tissue -dense irregular connective tissue; adipose tissue
an action potential
Increased calcium ion permeability of the presynaptic terminal cell membrane is caused by __________. -an action potential -acetylcholine -sodium ions -an increased concentration of calcium ions -acetylcholinesterase
central canals
It is common to find __________ in compact bone, but they are not seen in spongy bone. -osteocytes -central canals -osteoclasts -lacunae -lamellae
Vesalius
Known as "the father of modern anatomy," __________ was the first to publish accurate drawings of the body. -Maimonides -Harvey -Vesalius -Aristotle -van Leeuwenhoek
Vesalius
Known as "the father of modern anatomy," __________ was the first to publish accurate drawings of the body. -Vesalius -Aristotle -Maimonides -van Leeuwenhoek -Harvey
graded
Local potentials are __________, meaning they vary in magnitude according to the strength of the stimulus. -inhibitory -stabile -excitatory -graded -self-propagating
graded; all or none
Local potentials are __________, whereas action potentials are __________. -graded; all or none -produced by voltage-regulated channels; produced by gated channels -irreversible; reversible -nondecremental; decremental -self-propagating; local
dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues
Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both __________ and __________. -spongy bone; compact (dense) bone -elastic cartilage; hyaline cartilage -dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues -plasma; formed elements -adipose tissue; reticular tissue
urothelium; stratified squamous epithelium
Found in the urinary bladder, __________ resembles __________, but the apical cells are rounded, not flattened. -stratified squamous epithelium; pseudostratified epithelium -simple columnar epithelium; pseudostratified epithelium -stratified squamous epithelium; stratified columnar epithelium -urothelium; simple cuboidal epithelium -urothelium; stratified squamous epithelium
B
Hormones from which organ have the greatest effect on the basal metabolic rate (BMR)? -C -A -E -D -B
Along microtubules
How does a neuron transport enzymes produced in the neurosoma to its axon terminals? -By diffusion -Via exocytosis -Along microtubules -Through co-transport -Via cytoplasmic streaming
Sebaceous gland
Identify the cutaneous gland labeled 3. -Ceruminous gland -Sebaceous gland -Apocrine sweat gland -Eccrine sweat gland -Mammary gland
Synaptic vesicle
Identify the part of the synapse labeled 2. -Synaptic vesicle -Synaptic button -Mitochondrion -Varicosity -Neurotransmitter receptor
mucous; Serous
Mucin is secreted by __________ glands, which combines with water to form a thick and sticky product. _________ glands produce a relatively watery fluid. -eccrine; Holocrine -serous; Mucous -apocrine; Mixed -mucous; Serous -endocrine; Exocrine
an elevated level of osteoblast activity
If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect ___________. -an elevated level of osteoblast activity -increasingly brittle bones -an elevated level of osteoclast activity -a reduced rate of endochondral ossification -a rise in blood calcium concentration
It grows within a regeneration tube.
In PNS nerve fiber regeneration, how is a growing axon directed to its original destination? -The axon grows a collateral that is directed by growth factors secreted by the postsynaptic neuron. -Injured Schwann cells produce a trail of prostaglandins to the original destination. -The axonal terminals grow toward the neurosoma until the two severed fragments are reunited. -Neurons cannot regenerate. -It grows within a regeneration tube.
depolarization of the plasma membrane
In a neuron, the opening of sodium gates typically leads to __________. -drifting of plasma membrane voltage toward a more negative value -repolarization of the plasma membrane -hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane -plasma membrane voltage returning to the resting membrane potential -depolarization of the plasma membrane
blood vessel
In appositional bone growth, new bone is deposited around a __________. -blood vessel -small nerve -central core of existing bone -collection of osteoblasts -lymphatic
blood vessel
In appositional bone growth, new bone is deposited around a __________. -collection of osteoblasts -small nerve -lymphatic -blood vessel -central core of existing bone
hyaline cartilage
In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is __________, which is replaced by bone. -fibrocartilage -embryonic mesenchyme -fibrous membranes -hyaline cartilage -transitional epithelium
Uterine muscles
In the above feedback loop, what is the effector? -Ovaries -Cervix -Uterine muscles -Oxytocin -Brain
Brain
In the above feedback loop, what is the receptor? -Uterus -Ovaries -Adrenal gland -Brain -Oxytocin
tight junctions
In the intestine, __________ ensure(s) that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them. -ground substance -desmosomes -gap (communicating) junctions -the plasma membrane -tight junctions
In lactating females
In whom are fully developed mammary glands found? -In lactating and non-lactating females -In non-lactating females -In non-lactating females and males -In lactating females
Reticular dermis
Name the layer of skin labeled 2. -Hypodermis -Epithelium -Reticular dermis -Papillary dermis -Stratum corneum
Dendrites
Name the part of the neuron labeled 1. -Dendrites -Terminal arborization -Axon terminals -Internodes -Initial segments
Nucleus
Name the part of the neuron labeled 3. -Anterior compartment -Synaptic bulb -Axolemma -Soma -Nucleus
homeostatic mechanisms
Negative feedback loops are __________. -usually harmful -homeostatic mechanisms -self-amplifying cycles -not homeostatic mechanisms -associated with "vicious circles"
The synergistic effect
Neither follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) nor testosterone alone can stimulate significant sperm production, whereas when they act together, the testes produce some 300,000 sperm per minute. This is an example of which principle regarding hormones? -The antagonistic effect -The synergistic effect -Hormone clearance -The permissive effect -The cascade effect
neuroglia
Nervous tissue consists predominantly of two cell types, neurons and __________. -chondrocytes -fibroblasts -osteocytes -myocytes -neuroglia
osteoblasts
New bone is deposited by cells known as __________. -tunnel cells -periosteum -endosteum -osteoclasts -osteoblasts
adipose tissue
New triglycerides are constantly being synthesized and stored, while others are hydrolyzed and released, into the circulation by the cells found in __________. -blood -urothelial tissue -reticular tissue -adipose tissue -fibrous connective tissue
abduction
Raising an arm to one side of the body to stop a taxi is an example of __________ of the shoulder. -rotation -adduction -abduction -circumduction -protraction
simple squamous
Rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs takes place through __________ epithelium. -keratinized stratified squamous -simple columnar -simple cuboidal -simple squamous -nonkeratinized stratified squamous
The membrane is more temporarily more permeable to potassium than to sodium.
Why is the membrane hyperpolarized at the point on the graph labeled 6? -All voltage-gated channels, both sodium and potassium, are fully open at this point. -The membrane is more temporarily more permeable to potassium than to sodium. -All voltage-gated channels, both sodium and potassium, are innactivated at this point. -The potassium leak channels are temporarily closed. -The membrane is temporarily more permeable to sodium than to potassium.
fibrous
The four primary tissue types found in adult organs include all of the following except _________ tissue. -fibrous -epithelial -connective -muscular -nervous
symphysis
The joint between the L2 and L3 vertebrae is a __________. -syndesmosis -symphysis -synchondrosis -synostosis -gomphosis
synchondrosis; synovial
The joint between the first costal cartilage and the sternum is a ____________, whereas the other costal cartilages are joined to the sternum by ____________ joints. -synostosis; cartilaginous -symphysis; cartilaginous -synchondrosis; synovial -synarthrosis; cartilaginous -syndesmosis; synovial
synostosis
The least movable joints are _____________ joints. -synchondrosis -syndesmosis -symphysis -gomphosis -synostosis
a mucous membrane (mucosa)
The membrane that lines passageways that open to the exterior environment is called __________. -the lamina propria -a mucous membrane (mucosa) -a synovial membrane -endothelium -a serous membrane (serosa)
mesoderm; mesenchyme
The middle primary germ layer is called __________, which gives rise to a gelatinous material called __________, which then gives rise to different types of connective tissue such as bone, cartilage, and blood. -endoderm; mesenchyme -mesoderm; fibroblasts -ectoderm; mesenchyme -mesoderm; mesenchyme -ectoderm; stem cells
osteoporosis
The most common bone disease is __________. -osteomalacia -osteomyelitis -osteosarcoma -rickets -osteoporosis
eponychium
The narrow zone of dead skin overhanging the proximal end of a nail is called the __________. -eponychium -lunule -nail root -nail plate -nail body
eponychium
The narrow zone of dead skin overhanging the proximal end of a nail is called the __________. -lunule -nail plate -nail root -nail body -eponychium
oxytocin (OT)
The posterior pituitary secretes _________. -prolactin (PRL) -thyroid hormone (TH) -growth hormone (GH) -adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) -oxytocin (OT)
Third-degree
__________ burns involve the epidermis, all of the dermis, and often some deeper tissue. -Partial-thickness -Third-degree -Malignant -First-degree -Second-degree
Third-degree
__________ burns involve the epidermis, all of the dermis, and often some deeper tissue. -Second-degree -Third-degree -Partial-thickness -First-degree -Malignant
Excitable
__________ tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential. -Connective -Excitable -Responsive -Adipose -Epithelial
Negative feedback
This feedback loop is an example of which of the following? -Negative feedback -Dynamic equilibrium -Natural selection -Positive feedback -Thermal gradient
eumelanin and pheomelanin
Variations in hair color arise from differing amounts of __________. -carotene and hemoglobin -keratin and melanin -carotene and collagen -eumelanin and pheomelanin -collagen and elastic filaments
homeostasis
We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called __________. -metastasis -adaptation -responsiveness -evolution -homeostasis
homeostasis
We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called __________. -metastasis -responsiveness -homeostasis -evolution -adaptation
Bone to bone
What does the structure at B connect? -Membrane to bone -Cartilage to cartilage -Muscle to bone -Bone to bone -Muscle to cartilage
B
Which gland(s) produce(s) digestive enzymes? -A -Neither A or B -B -A, B, and C -Both A and B
A
Which gland(s) produce(s) hormones? -C -A -Both A and B -Neither A or B -B
ACTH
Which hormone stimulates glucocorticoid secretion? -CRH -GHRH -ACTH -TSH -GHIH
Calcitonin
Which hormone(s) is(are) represented by B? -Calcitonin -Parathyroid hormone -Calcitriol and parathyroid hormone -Calcitriol and calcitonin -Calcitriol
Calcitonin
Which hormone(s) is(are) represented by B? -Calcitriol and calcitonin -Parathyroid hormone -Calcitonin -Calcitriol -Calcitriol and parathyroid hormone
Labrum
Which is not a part of all synovial joints? -Synovial fluid -Articular cartilage -Articular capsule -Synovial membrane -Labrum
A
Which letter represents a pressure gradient? -A -D -All of these represent a pressure gradient. -C -B
D
Which letter represents the effector of this feedback loop? -E -B -A -C -D
stress
Any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one's physical or emotional well-being is called __________. -disease -hirsutism -hyperthyroidism -pathology -stress
apocrine
Mammary glands are modified __________ glands that develop within the female breasts. -merocrine -eccrine -sebaceous -ceruminous -apocrine
monoamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
T4 and T3 are __________ hormones that are mainly transported __________ in the blood. -steroid; bound to transcortin-binding protein (TBP) -monoamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) -monoamine; unbound (free) -steroid; unbound (free) -catecholamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
kidney
The __________ is not an endocrine gland, but it has a role in endocrine function. -thyroid gland -kidney -adrenal gland -pancreas -parathyroid gland
pineal gland
The ___________ can be found as part of the epithalamus, near the superior colliculi of the midbrain. -hypophysis -pituitary gland -adrenal gland -hypothalamus -pineal gland
femur; spongy
The ___________ is an example of bone as an organ; ___________ bone is an example of bone as a tissue. -red marrow; compact -spongy; femur -femur; spongy -skull; marrow -compact; sesamoid
tetanus
The absence or inhibition of acetylcholinesterase at a synapse would lead to __________. -tetanus -atrophy -flaccid paralysis -muscle wasting -numbness
hair bulb
The base where a hair follicle originates in the skin is known as the __________. -cuticle -shaft -medulla -hair bulb -hair root
epithelium; connective tissue
The basement membrane is found between __________ and __________. -epithelium; connective tissue -epithelium; intracellular material -extracellular material; intracellular material -epithelium; extracellular material -interstitial fluid; extracellular fluid
marrow cavity
The center cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone is called the __________. -canaliculus -central canal -nutrient foramen -epiphysis -marrow cavity
growth; differentiation
The change in size of the bone marrow (where blood cells are produced) as an infant matures is an example of __________, whereas the transformation of blood stem cells into white blood cells is an example of __________. -growth; differentiation -differentiation; development -development; differentiation -differentiation; growth -growth; development
Hydroxyapatite
Which of the following is an inorganic component of the bone matrix? -Hydroxyapatite -Glycosaminoglycans -Glycoproteins -Collagen -Proteoglycans
Hyperactivity of the adrenal medulla
Which of the following is not a cause of Cushing syndrome? -Excess cortisol secretion -ACTH-secreting tumors -Hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex -Hyperactivity of the adrenal medulla -ACTH hypersecretion by the pituitary
Plasticity
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a muscle cell? -Extensibility -Contractility -Conductivity -Excitability -Plasticity
Hyaline cartilage
Which of the following is not a type of fibrous connective tissue? -Reticular tissue -Areolar tissue -Dense irregular connective tissue -Dense regular connective tissue -Hyaline cartilage
These are all aspects that can cause physiological variation.
Which of the following is not an aspect that could result in physiological variation? -Environment -Gender -Age -Physical activity - These are all aspects that can cause physiological variation.
Fibroblasts
Which of the following is not found in the epidermis? -Fibroblasts -Keratinocytes -Stem cells -Melanocytes -Tactile cells
Hypodermis
Which of the following is not part of the skin? -Hypodermis -Dermis -Epidermis -Stratum basale -Papillary layer
CRH
Which of the following is the correct abbreviation for the hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete ACTH? -CRH -TRH -GHIH -APRH -GHRH
The knee
Which of the following is the largest and most complex diarthrosis in the body? -The shoulder -The knee -The wrist -The elbow -The hip
Coxal joint
Which of the following is the most stable joint? -Humeroradial joint -Coxal joint -Glenohumeral joint -Humeroulnar joint -Tibiofemoral joint
The muscle shortens but tension remains constant.
Which of the following is true concerning isotonic concentric contraction? -The muscle lengthens and tension declines. -The muscle tenses but length remains unchanged. -The muscle shortens but tension remains constant. -The muscle lengthens but tension remains constant. -The muscle tenses and shortens.
Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach
Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex?
Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach
Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex? -Mitochondrion, connective tissue, protein, stomach, adipocyte (fat cell) -Protein, adipocyte (fat cell), stomach, connective tissue, mitochondrion -Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach -Protein, stomach, connective tissue, adipocyte (fat cell), mitochondrion -Mitochondrion, connective tissue, stomach, protein, adipocyte (fat cell)
Organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle
Which of the following lists levels of human structure from the most complex to the simplest? -Organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system -Organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle -Organ, organ system, tissue, cell, organelle -Organ system, organ, cell, tissue, organelle -Organ system, organelle, tissue, cell, organ
Cell body
Which of the following parts of a neuron receive and process information? -Telodendrion -Cell body -Dendrite -Axon -Synapse
The radioulnar ligament
Which of the following structures is not found in the shoulder? -The rotator cuff -The glenohumeral ligament -The radioulnar ligament -The coracohumeral ligament -The transverse humeral ligament
Transitional epithelium
Which of the following tissues is not found as part of a long bone? -Cartilage -Transitional epithelium -Adipose tissue -Nervous tissue -Osseous tissue
The synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine.
Which of these happens first in a cholinergic synaptic transmission? -Sodium enters the postsynaptic cell. -The synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine. -A postsynaptic potential is produced. -Acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft. -Acetylcholine binds to ligand-regulated gates.
Osteoclasts
Which one of the following bone cells would have the greatest number of lysosomes? -Osteoclasts -Osteogenic cells -Osteocytes -Stem cells -Osteoblasts
B
Which picture depicts glucose flowing down a chemical gradient into an intestinal cell? -D -A -Glucose can move via all of these mechanisms. -C -B
B
Which structure binds ATP during contraction? -E -D -C -B -A
B
Which tissue would be found lining the lumen of the trachea? -A -C -B -D -E
B
Which tissue would be found lining the lumen of the trachea? -D -C -A -B -E
C
Which tissue would be found lining the lumen of the vagina? -B -E -F -C -A
Elastic tissue
Which type of connective tissue is abundant in the walls of arteries, and in the airway? -Cartilage -Dense irregular connective tissue -Dense regular connective tissue -Elastic tissue -Smooth muscle
Elastic tissue
Which type of connective tissue is abundant in the walls of arteries, and in the airway? -Elastic tissue -Cartilage -Dense regular connective tissue -Smooth muscle -Dense irregular connective tissue
Smooth muscle
Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs? -Smooth muscle -Elastic muscle -Cardiac muscle -Organ muscle -Skeletal muscle
Galen
Who was a physician to the Roman gladiators, learned by dissection of animals, and saw science as a method of discovery? -Galen -Aristotle -Hippocrates -Schwann -Plato
Anatomical variation
Why does a surgeon need to be familiar with different versions of anatomy? -Physiological variation -Anatomical variation -Cellular adaptation -Evolutionary adaptation -Holistic medicine
There are many similar terms in anatomy that refer to different structures.
Why is precise spelling important in anatomy? -It is important to practice language skills. -Eponyms are difficult to memorize. -There are many different ways to spell certain terms. -It is easier to remember acronyms when spelled correctly. -There are many similar terms in anatomy that refer to different structures.
phagocytize and digest tissue debris
With regard to the healing of a skin wound, macrophages ___________. -produce and secrete collagenous fibers -make capillaries more permeable allowing white blood cells to migrate into the area -stimulate epithelial cells to multiply -release histamine to increase blood flow to the area -phagocytize and digest tissue debris
Stratified squamous; stratified columnar
__________ epithelium is the most widespread epithelium in the body, whereas __________ epithelium is rare. -Simple cuboidal; stratified squamous -Pseudostratified; stratified squamous -Stratified squamous; stratified columnar -Simple columnar; stratified columnar -Stratified squamous; simple squamous
Nonkeratinized; vagina
__________ epithelium provides a moist and slippery surface and is well suited to resist stress, as seen in the __________. -Nonkeratinized; skin -Keratinized; skin -Nonkeratinized; vagina -Keratinized; tongue -Stratified; tongue
Cerumen
__________ is/are formed partly from the secretions of glands in the external ear canal. -Cerumen -Mucus -Sweat -Sebum -Scents
pathologic
A break in a bone that is already weakened by some other disease is called a(n) __________ fracture. -closed -pathologic -displaced -open -greenstick
pathologic
A break in a bone that is already weakened by some other disease is called a(n) __________ fracture. -displaced -pathologic -greenstick -open -closed
simple columnar; small intestine
A brush border of microvilli is found in __________ epithelium, which can be found in the __________. -stratified squamous; esophagus -simple columnar; small intestine -pseudostratified; nasal cavity -simple cuboidal; esophagus -stratified squamous; anal canal
complex of macromolecules; part of a cell; entire cell
A connective tissue fiber refers to a(n) __________, a nerve fiber refers to a(n) __________, and a muscle fiber refers to a(n) __________. -organelle; entire cell; complex of macromolecules -organelle; entire cell; part of a cell -complex of macromolecules; entire cell; part of a cell -entire cell; organelle; tissue -complex of macromolecules; part of a cell; entire cell
complex of macromolecules; part of a cell; entire cell
A connective tissue fiber refers to a(n) __________, a nerve fiber refers to a(n) __________, and a muscle fiber refers to a(n) __________. -organelle; entire cell; complex of macromolecules -organelle; entire cell; part of a cell -complex of macromolecules; part of a cell; entire cell -entire cell; organelle; tissue -complex of macromolecules; entire cell; part of a cell
transport nutrients to the tissues
Blood functions to __________. -store energy for the heart -allow for heart contraction and relaxation -line the heart chambers -provide support to the heart -transport nutrients to the tissues
negative feedback
During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of __________. -integration control -negative feedback -set point adjustment -positive feedback -dynamic equilibrium
No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential.
During the absolute refractory period which of the following is true? -No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential. -If a neuron reaches threshold, the action potential goes to completion. -It is possible to trigger a new action potential, but only with an unusually strong stimulus. -The signal grows weaker with distance. -The neuron fires at its maximum voltage if a stimulus depolarizes the neuron to threshold.
Higher stimulus intensity will increase the rate at which the sensory neuron fires action potentials.
During the relative refractory period, the membrane is hyperpolarized and a larger incoming stimulus is required to trigger an action potential. How does this affect the response properties of a sensory neuron? -Higher stimulus intensity will increase the rate at which the sensory neuron fires action potentials. -Higher stimulus intensity will cause the sensory neuron to fire smaller (lower amplitude) action potentials. -Higher stimulus intensity will cause the sensory neuron to fire larger (higher amplitude) action potentials. -Lower stimulus intensity will increase the rate at which the sensory neuron fires action potentials. -Lower stimulus intensity will cause the sensory neuron to fire narrower (shorter duration) action potentials.
voluntary
Skeletal muscle is called ___________, because it is usually subject to conscious control. -contractile -isometric -excitable -striated -voluntary
fingertips
Skin covering the __________ has sweat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands. -abdomen -back -forearm -buttocks -fingertips
acetabular labrum
The _________ deepens the socket of the hip joint and helps stabilize the joint. -fovea capitis -acetabular labrum -lesser trochanter -ischial tuberosity -greater trochanter
ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis
The __________ gives rise to the __________. -endoderm; muscular system and skeletal system -mesoderm; digestive glands -ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis -mesoderm; endoderm -endoderm; mesoderm
apocrine
The __________ glands are a source of sex pheromones. -mammary -merocrine -ceruminous -apocrine -sebaceous
metaphysis
The __________ is a marginal zone of the epiphysial plate where, in children and adolescents, bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage. -osteoid tissue -secondary ossification center -epiphysial line -metaphysis -primary ossification center
metaphysis
The __________ is a marginal zone of the epiphysial plate where, in children and adolescents, bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage. -primary ossification center -secondary ossification center -metaphysis -osteoid tissue -epiphysial line
Unlike first-degree burns, third-degree burns destroy the nerve fibers in the dermis and may therefore be painless.
Examine the above picture of the skin, paying close attention to the cutaneous innervation. What impact might this have on cutaneous sensation? -Due to the relative density of nerve fibers in the different layers of the skin, the epidermis is much more sensitive than the underlying dermis. -A shallow scrape that penetrates into the stratum granulosum may be more painful than a deeper cut that reaches the dermis. -Sensory receptors in the uppermost layers of the epidermis (stratum corneum) respond to heat and cold, making it important for thermoregulation. -Unlike first-degree burns, third-degree burns destroy the nerve fibers in the dermis and may therefore be painless. -Since there are no nerve fibers in the skin, it cannot convey or respond to any sensory information.
fourth
Looking at a slide of thin skin under the microscope, you note that the stratum basale is the __________ layer of the epidermis in from the surface. -third -fourth -first -fifth -second
atrophy
Loss of muscle mass from lack of activity is called __________. -atrophy -apathy -dystrophy -tetanus -myopathy
Cell
What level of structural hierarchy is represented by the letter E? -Organ -Cell -Tissue -Organelle -Molecule
Lunule
What is the white opaque "moon" often found at the proximal end of a fingernail called? -Lunule -Nail body -Eponychium -Free edge -Nail root
G
A lymph node is an example of which level of structural hierarchy? -G -E -I -H -C
gradient
A physiological __________ is a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variables between one point and another. -membrane -imbalance -barrier -feedback loop -gradient
partially stretched before being stimulated
A skeletal muscle generates the greatest tension when it is __________. -well-rested and low in creatine phosphate -partially stretched before being stimulated -high in lactate concentration -greatly stretched before being stimulated -fully relaxed before being stimulated
bursa
A(n) __________ is a sac of fluid associated with a synovial joint. -synovial vesicle -articular cavity -bursa -articular sac -meniscus
pseudostratified columnar
All cells in __________ epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the free surface have cilia. -stratified columnar -simple columnar -stratified squamous -stratified cuboidal -pseudostratified columnar
epidermal
All of the following are human organ systems except _________ -epidermal -skeletal -reproductive -lymphatic -endocrine
the digestive system
All of the following are organs except __________. -the liver -the skin -the digestive system -nails -teeth
they are released into the bloodstream before reaching the postsynaptic cell
All of the following are typical characteristics of neurotransmitters except __________. -they are synthesized by a presynaptic neuron -they bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell -they alter the physiology of the postsynaptic cell -they are released in response to stimulation -they are released into the bloodstream before reaching the postsynaptic cell
recruit more muscle fibers
As you are lifting a box, someone places extra weight on top of it. For your muscle to continue contracting and lifting the box, the muscle must __________. -recruit more muscle fibers -reduce its wave summation -shift from slow-twitch to fast-twitch mode -shift from isometric to isotonic contraction -lower its threshold
longer aerobic respiration
Athletes who train at high altitudes increase their red blood cell count, which increases their oxygen supply during exercise. Increased oxygen supply results in __________. -longer anaerobic fermentation -reduced ATP consumption -longer aerobic respiration -increased use of myokinase -increased glycolysis
parathyroid hormone; increased osteoclast activity
Blood Ca2+ deficiency stimulates __________ secretion, which leads to __________. -calcitriol; more urinary phosphate excretion -growth hormone; increased osteoblast activity -calcitonin; more urinary phosphate reabsorption -thyroid hormone; less urinary calcium excretion -parathyroid hormone; increased osteoclast activity
dermal papilla
Blood vessels in the __________ provide a hair with its sole source of nutrition. -bulb -root -shaft -medulla -dermal papilla
cartilage growth
Bone elongation is a result of __________. -cartilage growth -osseous tissue growth -muscle growth -dense irregular connective tissue addition -fibrous membrane addition
osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells are called __________. -osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells -osteons -osteocytes -osteoclasts -osteoblasts
cell proliferation
Chondrocytes multiply in the zone of __________ of the metaphysis. -calcification -cell proliferation -bone deposition -cell hypertrophy -reserve cartilage
Both systems are dedicated to maintaining stable internal conditions by detecting and responding to stimuli.
Compare the nervous and endocrine systems. Which statement about the nervous and endocrine systems is true? -The nervous system monitors internal conditions but cannot alter them. To affect change, it must activate the endocrine system. -The nervous system helps maintains stable internal conditions, while the endocrine system is dedicated to affecting change. -Both systems are dedicated to maintaining stable internal conditions by detecting and responding to stimuli. -The endocrine system monitors internal conditions but cannot alter them. To affect change, it must activate the nervous system. -The endocrine system helps maintains stable internal conditions, while the nervous system is dedicated to affecting change.
A large diameter myelinated fiber
Conduction of a nerve impulse would be the fastest in which of the following? -A small fiber with multiple Schwann cells -A large unmyelinated fiber -A small unmyelinated fiber -A large diameter myelinated fiber -A small diameter myelinated fiber
areolar tissue; dense irregular connective tissue
Examine the picture showing the two layers of the dermis, then choose the correct words to complete this sentence. The papillary layer of the dermis is made up of __________ , and the reticular layer of the dermis is made up of __________ . -areolar tissue; reticular connective tissue -areolar tissue; dense irregular connective tissue -dense regular connective tissue; areolar tissue -epithelial tissue; adipose tissue -dense irregular connective tissue; adipose tissue
dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues
Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both __________ and __________. -adipose tissue; reticular tissue -elastic cartilage; hyaline cartilage -dense regular; dense irregular connective tissues -plasma; formed elements -spongy bone; compact (dense) bone
the antagonistic effect
Glucagon increases blood glucose concentration and insulin decreases it. This is an example of __________. -the antagonistic effect -the synergistic effect -hormone clearance -the permissive effect -the cascade effect
In lactating females
In whom are fully developed mammary glands found? -In non-lactating females and males -In lactating and non-lactating females -In lactating females -In non-lactating females
Cell
What level of structural hierarchy is represented by the letter E? -Molecule -Tissue -Organ -Cell -Organelle
glucagon; raises
Many hours after a meal, alpha (α) cells in the pancreatic islets secrete _________, which _________ blood glucose. -insulin; raises -glucocorticoids; raises -insulin; lowers -glucagon; lowers -glucagon; raises
nail matrix
Mitosis in the __________ accounts for growth of the nail. -nail plate -hyponychium -nail matrix -nail fold -eponychium
nail matrix
Mitosis in the __________ accounts for growth of the nail. -nail plate -nail fold -eponychium -nail matrix -hyponychium
simple cuboidal
Most kidney tubules are made of __________ epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion. -stratified columnar -pseudostratified columnar -simple columnar -simple cuboidal -stratified cuboidal
estrogen; osteoclast activity
Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of ___________, which would otherwise inhibit ____________. -osteoblasts; osteoclast activity -exercise; osteoblast activity -estrogen; osteoclast activity -parathyroid hormone; osteocyte activity -dietary calcium; estrogen production
soft callus; hard callus
Patches of fibrocartilage formed in the healing of a fracture are called __________, whereas the bony collar formed around the fracture is called __________. -fracture hematoma; hard callus -granulation tissue; hard callus -granulation tissue; soft callus -soft callus; hard callus -fracture hematoma; granulation tissue
amino acids
Phosphate is necessary for all of the following except __________. -RNA -phospholipids -ATP -amino acids -DNA
hairs to stand on end with no apparent function
The contraction of the arrector muscles in humans causes __________. -hairs to stand on end to make the individual appear bigger -hairs to stand on end, trapping an insulating layer of warm air next to the skin -increased ability to feel pain -generation of heat to raise the body temperature -hairs to stand on end with no apparent function
epithelial
The covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of __________ tissue. -epithelial -muscle -nervous -adipose -interstitial
synchondrosis
The epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone in a child are bound by a __________. -serrate suture -symphysis -plane suture -lap suture -synchondrosis
epiphyses
The expanded ends of a long bone are called the __________. -articular cartilages -endosteums -diaphyses -periosteums -epiphyses
Anatomical
The fact that most of us have five lumbar vertebrae, but some people have six and some have four, is an example of what type of variation among organisms? -Anatomical -Cellular -Reductionist -Holistic -Physiological
stratum basale
The fastest rate of mitosis happens in the __________. -stratum basale -stratum lucidum -stratum corneum -stratum granulosum -stratum spinosum
stratum basale
The fastest rate of mitosis happens in the __________. -stratum granulosum -stratum corneum -stratum spinosum -stratum basale -stratum lucidum
hydroxyapatite and other minerals; proteins
The hardness of bone comes from __________, whereas __________ provide(s) some degree of flexibility. -calcium carbonate; calcium phosphate -hydroxyapatite and other minerals; proteins -collagen and elastic fibers; minerals -proteins; collagen -glycoproteins; proteoglycans
hydroxyapatite and other minerals; proteins
The hardness of bone comes from __________, whereas __________ provide(s) some degree of flexibility. -glycoproteins; proteoglycans -calcium carbonate; calcium phosphate -proteins; collagen -collagen and elastic fibers; minerals -hydroxyapatite and other minerals; proteins
alarm reaction; norepinephrine and epinephrine
The initial response to stress is called the _________ and is mediated mainly by _________. -alarm reaction; cortisol -alarm reaction; norepinephrine and epinephrine -resistance stage; aldosterone and cortisol -exhaustion stage; norepinephrine and epinephrine -resistance stage; cortisol
mandible; temporal bone
The jaw joint is the articulation of the __________ and the __________. -mandible; sphenoid bone -maxilla; zygomatic -mandible; zygomatic bone -mandible; temporal bone -mandible; maxilla
osteoclasts; osteocytes
The plasma membrane of __________ have a ruffled border with many deep infoldings, whereas __________ have long, thin, fingerlike cytoplasmic processes. -osteoblasts; osteoclasts -osteoclasts; osteocytes -osteoblasts; osteocytes -osteocytes; osteoclasts -osteocytes; osteogenic cells
recruitment
The process of engaging more motor units to increase the strength of a muscle contraction is called __________. -wave summation -incomplete tetanus -temporal summation -complete tetanus -recruitment
troponin
The protein that acts as a calcium receptor in skeletal muscle is __________. -troponin -F actin -tropomyosin -titin -dystrophin
cortisol
The resistance stage in the general adaptation syndrome (stress response) is dominated by __________. -norepinephrine -cortisol -angiotensin -aldosterone -epinephrine
elastic cartilage
The shape of a person's external ear is due to the presence of __________. -elastic cartilage -fibrocartilage -dense regular connective tissue -dense irregular connective tissue -ligaments
hematoma
The skin discoloration most likely to suggest physical abuse is __________. -albinism -erythema -hematoma -pallor -jaundice
articular cartilage
The smooth, connective tissue lining that covers the opposing bony surfaces of a synovial joint is called __________. -the joint cavity -the fibrous capsule -a ligament -articular cartilage -a synovial membrane
pathophysiology
The study of mechanism of disease is called __________. -histology -neurophysiology -neuroanatomy -pathophysiology -endocrinology
Anatomy
The study of normal body structures is called ___________. -biology -pathology -anatomy -microscopy -physiology
cytology
The study of the structure and function of cells is called __________. -comparative physiology -gross anatomy -exploratory physiology -cytology -radiology
synovial
The temporomandibular joint is a(n) __________ joint. -bony -cartilaginous -osseous -synovial -fibrous
epiphysial line
The thin layer of slightly denser spongy bone that separates an adult's epiphysis from the diaphysis is called the __________. -periosteum -epiphysial line -metaphysis -growth plate -diaphysial line
hinge
The union of the proximal and middle phalanges form __________ joints. -saddle -pivot -plane (gliding) -condylar (ellipsoid) -hinge
synaptic vesicles
To stimulate muscle contraction, acetylcholine is released from the ___________ into the synaptic cleft. -synaptic vesicles -sarcolemma -sarcoplasmic reticulum -terminal cisterns -postsynaptic membrane folds
molecule
Ultrastructure refers to the detailed structure to the level of the ___________. -tissue -organelle -organ -cell -molecule
eumelanin and pheomelanin
Variations in hair color arise from differing amounts of __________. -carotene and collagen -collagen and elastic filaments -carotene and hemoglobin -eumelanin and pheomelanin -keratin and melanin
These are all fibrous joints.
What do sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses have in common? -These are joints found only in the appendicular skeleton. -These are all fibrous joints. -These are joints found only in the axial skeleton. -These are all bony joints. -These are cartilaginous joints.
The permeability of the sarcolemma to Na+ increases.
What happens when acetylcholine stimulates its receptors in the neuromuscular junction? -The positive charge on the sarcolemma decreases. -The release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum decreases. -The inhibitory effect of acetylcholinesterase is overridden. -The permeability of the sarcolemma to Na+ increases. -The threshold of the muscle fiber lowers.
Evolution
What is a change in the genetic composition of a population over time called? -Selection pressure -Natural selection -Mutation -Evolution -Adaptation
Synovial fluid
What is contained within the space at A? -Perilymph -Serous fluid -Mucus -Blood -Synovial fluid
It increases water retention from renal tubules.
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone? -It causes vasodilation. -It causes the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex. -It increases water retention from renal tubules. -It causes smooth muscle contraction in the female reproductive tract. -It acts on the hypothalamus to decrease appetite.
Lamina propria
What is the name of the layer at B in this membrane? -Mesothelium -Lamina propria -Dermis -Serosa -Epithelium
Proteins
What is the organelle at A primarily composed of? -Lipids -Proteins -Carbohydrates -Glycoproteins -Nucleic acids
The triad allows for Ca2+ release when a muscle fiber is excited.
What is the purpose of the triad? -The triad allows for Ca2+ release when a muscle fiber is excited. -The triad synthesizes ATP. -The triad maintains the resting membrane potential. -The triad removes acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft. -The triad stores sodium.
Cytology
What is the study of the structure at E called? -Physiology -Pathology -Histology -Cytology -Organismal biology
Histology
What is the study of the structure at F called? -Pathology -Cytology -Organismal biology -Physiology -Histology
Sarcomere
What is the term for the structure at C? -A band -Myofibril -Sarcomere -Motor unit -H zone
The presence of a receptor for that particular hormone
What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone? -The presence of a receptor for that particular hormone -The location of the gland that secretes the hormone -The chemical properties of the hormone -The site where the hormone is secreted -The location of the target cells in the body
Ependymal cell
What type of cell is labeled 2? -Microglia -Ependymal cell -Satellite cell -Schwann cell -Oligodendrocyte
Neuron
What type of cell is labeled 3? -Oligodendrocyte -Schwann cell -Neuron -Ependymal cell -Satellite cell
Oligodendrocyte
What type of cell is labeled 4? -Microglia -Ependymal cell -Oligodendrocyte -Astrocyte -Satellite cell
Unicellular exocrine
What type of gland is pictured at D? -Unicellular exocrine -Unicellular apocrine -Unicellular endocrine -Multicellular endocrine -Multicellular exocrine
Electrochemical gradient
What type of gradient causes the movement of ions due to both charge and concentration differences? -Osmotic gradient -Electrochemical gradient -Concentration gradient -Pressure gradient -Thermal gradient
Electrochemical gradient
What type of gradient causes the movement of ions due to both charge and concentration differences? -Pressure gradient -Electrochemical gradient -Osmotic gradient -Thermal gradient -Concentration gradient
Downy (Lanugo)
What type of hair is present prenatally and usually replaced by birth? -Peach fuzz -Downy (Lanugo) -Vellus -Terminal hair -Lunule
Downy (Lanugo)
What type of hair is present prenatally and usually replaced by birth? -Terminal hair -Vellus -Peach fuzz -Downy (Lanugo) -Lunule
Steroid
What type of hormone is found at B? -Steroid -Catecholamine -Peptide -Nucleotide -Amino acid
Gomphosis
What type of joint is found at B? -Synovial -Syndesmosis -Suture -Cartilaginous -Gomphosis
Stratified squamous epithelium
What type of tissue is found in the most superficial layer of skin? -Dense irregular connective tissue -Areolar connective tissue -Stratified squamous epithelium -Simple squamous epithelium -Dense regular connective tissue
Yellow bone marrow
What would you find in the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult humerus (arm bone)? -Yellow bone marrow -Red bone marrow -Periosteum -Hematopoietic tissue -Compact bone
relaxes
When acetylcholinesterase outlasts the release of acetylcholine from the synaptic vesicles, the skeletal muscle __________. -contracts -relaxes -gets stronger -opens its Na+ channels -releases Ca2+
repolarizing
When the voltage of a plasma membrane shifts from +35 mV toward 0 mV, the cell is __________. -repolarizing -depolarizing -exiting the threshold -hyperpolarizing -reaching the threshold
D
Where do calcium ions bind during a muscle contraction? -A -B -C -D -E
Calcaneal tendon
Where in the human body would this tissue be found? -Lining the lumen of the aorta -Intervertebral disc -Calcaneal tendon -Dermis of the skin -Heart wall
E
Where in this feedback loop is homeostasis present? -B -D -E -A -C
B
Where would red bone marrow be found in this adult femur? -A -D -B -C -E
B
Where would red bone marrow be found in this adult femur? -D -B -A -C -E
The intercalated discs of cardiac muscle
Where would you expect to find numerous gap junctions in muscular tissue? -The intercalated discs of cardiac muscle -The sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle -Multiunit smooth muscle -The A bands of skeletal and cardiac muscle -The sarcolemma of skeletal muscle
B
Which cell is responsible for bone deposition? -C -E -A -B -D
E
Which cell is responsible for bone resorption? -D -E -B -C -A
E
Which cell is stimulated by the hormones calcitriol and PTH? -E -D -B -C -A
Oligodendrocytes
Which cells form myelin in the spinal cord? -Satellite cells -Astrocytes -Oligodendrocytes -Microglia -Schwann cells
Collagen and fibroblasts
Which of the following best describes the composition of the dermis? -Collagen and dead keratinocytes -Collagen and living keratinocytes -Elastic fibers and melanocytes -Collagen and fibroblasts -Elastic fibers and dendritic cells
Collagen and fibroblasts
Which of the following best describes the composition of the dermis? -Elastic fibers and dendritic cells -Collagen and living keratinocytes -Collagen and fibroblasts -Collagen and dead keratinocytes -Elastic fibers and melanocytes
Melanocyte
Which of the following cells is largely responsible for skin color? -Keratinocyte -Dead keratinocyte -Tactile cell -Dendritic cell -Melanocyte
Melanocyte
Which of the following cells is largely responsible for skin color? -Melanocyte -Dendritic cell -Tactile cell -Keratinocyte -Dead keratinocyte
Dendritic cells
Which of the following cells stand guard against toxins, microbes, and other pathogens? -Melanocytes -Keratinocytes -Dendritic cells -Adipocytes -Tactile cells
Up-regulation
Which of the following is an increase in the number of receptors making a target cell more sensitive to a hormone? -Down-regulation -Negative feedback inhibition -The antagonistic effect -Up-regulation -Enzyme amplification
Hydroxyapatite
Which of the following is an inorganic component of the bone matrix? -Glycosaminoglycans -Proteoglycans -Hydroxyapatite -Glycoproteins -Collagen