BIO 301 Final Exam Questions
The Indian gray mongoose is a small mammal that is known for its ability to kill venomous king cobras. Mongooses have evolved acetylcholine receptors that make them resistant or immune to the cobra's venom. What is likely responsible for this?
coevolution
Graphical models of competitions tell us that
coexistence of 2 competing species is most likely if intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific
What kind of oceanic circulation would you predict for the western coasts of continents?
cold currents moving from the poles towards the equator
researchers recently proposed a new way of lake succession can occur. What is one feature of this new model?
colonization of plants occurs on the sediments at the lake bottom
Under the basic model of metapopulation dynamics, which of the following conditions is necessary to prevent the species from going extinct?
colonization rate greater than extinction rate
According to the experimental results shown in the figure, what factor best explains the reduction in plant species richness with addition of fertilizer?
competition for light
Having a large # of offspring potentially affects a parents fitness for subsequent breeding seasons. Which of the following outcomes is the least likely?
competition with offspring for food could reduce energy for future reproduction
Consider a species with a fast potential growth rate, reproduction at a relatively early age, allocation of a small proportion of net production to seeds, and reliance on vegetative spread. According to Grime's classification of life history traits, this species fits the profile of a
competitor
which of the following does NOT drive ocean currents
continental water sources
a symbolic relationship with algae is central to
coral reefs
fish obtain oxygen from the water through their gills using..
countercurrent circulation
what happens when the predator population experienced V < m/ac
decreases
what happens when the prey population P>r/c
decreases
Human activity can affect metapopulations, in the basic model of metapopulation dynamics. If humans improve habitat quality of subpopulations, the probability of extinction ______ and the proportion of occupied patches ______.
decreases; increases
a complete physiological shutdown
diapause
assimilation energy is the % of consumed energy that is
digested and absorbed
stickleback fish exhibit variation in a morphological trait known as gill rakers. Fish with long gill rakers are very good at eating plankton and fish with short gill rakers are good at eating deep-water invertebrates. However, fish with intermediate length gill rakers are poor at eating either type of food. Fish that are better at consuming food have higher survival and reproduction rates than poorer consumers. Based on this information what type of selection is likely acting on stickleback gill raker length?
disruptive selection
why is tolerance mechanism that can be found in both early and late seral stages?
early seral species need tolerance of stressful environments, while later seral stages need tolerance of deep shade
research DNA analysis has shown that with most bird species the egg within a nest being incubated at the same time may be the product of a single female and more than one male. This finding is evidence of
extra pair computation
In the Sonoran Desert of Arizona, young saguaro cacti begin life in the shade of mesquite trees; they usually die if they begin life out in the open. This is an example of....
facilitation
which mechanism of succession depend on the one species arriving at a site before another species?
facilitation inhibition
abrupt changes in species distributions may be the result of abrupt changes in abiotic conditions suggesting that species are interdependent
false
some foragers consume a singular food type as a diet mixing foraging response because one type of food will provide all of the necessary nutrients
false
On Macquarie island invasive rabbits were causing declines in palatable vegetation and feral cats were preying on native birds. What is the primary result when a flea carrying a virus that killed the rabbits decreased rabbits # on the island?
feral cats switched from eating rabbits to eating native birds
a scientist is studying a bird that forages for worms and takes them back to its nest. If the relation between search time and number of prey caught remains constant but the scientist moves the food closer, what change in the birds behavior would central foraging predict
fewer worms would be brought back per trip
In some areas of the western United States pines are an important part of the climax community. Fires occur at regular intervals in these areas. How could fire maintain these pine populations?
fires kill the understory species, allowing pine seedlings to thrive
The presence of fish has a + effect in the shoreline flowering plants>which lines in the diagram reflect a - direct effect
fish effect on larval dragonfly
in most species, what process is responsible for sex ratios of approx. one to one
frequency dependent selection
a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence DNA
gene
Shown here is a picture of an island with a species of ladybug that comes in 2 colors, yellow and red. The ladybugs are not strong enough to fly to the new island but there is a large storm that blows several ladybugs onto the new island. The ladybugs on this new island are all red while the ladybugs in the initial pop still contain some of the yellow colored ladybugs. The mechanism of evolution this change change in allele frequency isa called ___
genetic drift
photosynthesis primarily allows plants to produce..
glucose
You have been keeping a list of the bird species that frequent your property. At the end of the year you have tallied eight seed eaters, one nectar sipper, three woodpeckers, six insectivores, two frugivores, four predators, and one carrion feeder. You have organized your tally according to
guild
which of the following types of allele would we expect to have lowest frequency in a population?
harmful dominant allele
a plant with high number of stomata
has a high rate of transpiration
As a river flows downstream, it generally
has more nutrients
which species would you characterize as seemingly unresponsive to changes in soil conditions across the trasnect?
hawkweed
which of the following statements about the logistic growth model is accurate? I. the per capita rate of population increase declines as population size increases II. the overall rate of population increase is highest at k/2 III. the overall rate of population growth is negative when N is greater than K/2
I and III only
In the study of leaf decomposition in a stream in Germany using leaf litter enclosed in either fine- or large-mesh bags, researchers found that decomposition was strongly affected by a. invertebrates and lignin content. b. vertebrates and lignin content. c. nitrogen and phosphorus. d. lignin and phosphorus.
Invertebrates and lignin content
Consider 4 populations of island birds. Each island has a different carrying capacity and the birds are subject to environmental and demographic stochasticity. Which population is least likely to go extinct?
Island 4, K=1200
Grime proposed that combinations of life history traits in plants are mainly determined by three factors
Competition disturbance stress
in areas with significant leaching, which soil horizon would be largest
E
Net Primary productivity is calculated as
GPP - respiration
dormancy types: chipmunks ---> West Indian hummingbird --> Crocodiles -->
Hibernation aestivation torpor
Consider the figure, which shows how Virginia pepperwood responds to herbivores. Which of the following conclusions can we make solely using the data shown? I. Plants increased glucosinolate production when aphids were present II. plants with more glucosinolate and trichomes had fewer aphids III. producing glucosinolate and trichomes reduced plant fitness when aphids were absent
I and II only
For 5 years, a biologist studied a population of mice living in a field. The mice have 3 age classes; 1 year old, 2 years old, 3 years old. The number of individuals in each age class over the course of the study is shown in the table. Which describes this population? I. the population has a stable age distribution II. the populations' growth is consistent with a geometric model III. the population's growth is consistent with a logistic model in which K= 1,900
I and II only
When the protist Euplotes detects predators, it grows "wings" and other projections to discourage predators. However, developing the projections and wings slows down growth. This is an example of I. phenotypic trade-off II. phenotypic plasticity III. inbreeding depression
I and II only
Lakes are generally divided into zones, each of which has unique physical and biological attributes. In which zone would you expect to find rooted vegetation?
Littoral
which of the following makes coexistence of species 1 and 2 more likely
Lower values of both alpha and beta
Based on the phylogeny in the figure, which group is most closely related to the reptiles?
Mammals
When a parental generation undergoes stabilizing selection, how will the distribution of phenotypes in the population change between the parental generation and their progeny?
Mean phenotype stays the same, but variability decreases
How does an ecologist determine the presence of an ecotone
Measure the abundance of plant species over space and abrupt changes in species composition
Th plot shows that most species in this community are....
Moderately abundant
Shown below are pictures of Arabidopsis ssp which typically has 4 flowers as in the picture to the left. The picture on the right represents a flower from an organism where a change occurred in the nucleotide sequence of the sex cells of its parents. This example represents the mechanism of evolution called_____.
Mutation
which of he following equations is a zero-growth isocline?
N2 = K1 / a
in the logistic growth model, under which condition is the per capita rate of increase the highest?
N=K/4
Evolution by artificial selection is similar to evolution by natural selection because I. both require traits to be heritable. II. both incorporate founder effects. III. both generate differences in fitness between individuals.
I and III
which is/are correct about the founder effect? I. founder effect occurs when individuals are transplanted to a new location II. founder effect produces new alleles III. founder effect may see a further reduction in genetic variation
I and III
which reflects the negative density dependence? I. a fungus infects and kills plants at a higher rate when there are abundant then when they are rare II. a group of birds has a higher per capita survival rate when it is large than when it is small III. a large population of deer exhausts local food supplies and has a high risk of death, a small population has plentiful food and low risk of death
I and III
The resource requirements of 2 plant species. A and B have been carefully studied. Researchers have determined the levels of a particular resource that will support the equilibrium levels of each species. Species A needs more of this resource to maintain equilibrium than species B. When are these 2 species set in competition what is likely to happen to the populations of species A and B?
Species B will displace species A
which of the following is TRUE about succession?
Species richness initially increases with time in terrestrial succession
In S-I-R models, if the ratio of new infections to recoveries is less than 1
The infection fails to take hold the host popualtion
what is true about the Lotka-Volterra model for predator and prey
The model results in oscillating populations of predator and prey with the predator population lagging behind the prey population
Based on the data that follow, which of the following statements is FALSE? Seagrass Habitat African Plains Australian Grassland
The rank abundance curves for the Africans plains and Australian Grasslands data would have the same shape
spotted salamanders lay eggs in gelatinous masses on twigs partially submerged in small ponds. Scientists have found a species of algae living in a mutualistic relationship with the developing eggs. what happens in response to this relationship?
The salamander embryos receive am increased oxygen supply
Which is true about terrestrial succession?
The sequence of seral stages is variable.
when discussing nutrients within a stream ecosystem, those materials that enter the stream from the surrounding terrestrial environment are termed...
allochthonous
the low density of ice...
allows aquatic plants to survive the winter
which of the following is not a part of carbon equilibrium in water?
ammonia
what is the risk to a species of inbreeding depression
an increased likelihood of deleterious genes being inherited from both egg and sperm
which is NOT an example of a major human alteration to the global nitrogen cycle?
animal waste from agriculture
In which aquatic environment are organisms most likely to produce bioluminescence?
aphotic zones
many organisms that employ chemical defenses also display
aposematism
When wolves and coyotes compete, reductions in # of coyotes are attributed to a virus the wolves carry that is more harmful in coyotes. This is an example of....
apparent competition
the competitive exclusion principle states that 2 organisms coexist indefinitely when they
are limited by the sane resources
anaerobic conditions...
are more common in deep water than in the shallows
the drastic phenotypic differences between large dogs, such as bloodhounds, and small dogs, such as a result of
artificial selection
What is the largest pool of nitrogen in the global nitrogen cycle?
atmosphere
Nitrogen-fixing plants such as soybeans are able to convert
atmospheric nitrogen to nitrate and ammonium
factors that influence the probability of hos infection include....
avoiding detection ability to infect multiple species reliance on a vector
which characterizes the rate of infection between susceptible and infected individuals ins a SIR model?
b x I x S
which is an example of an ecosystem engineer?
beavers, which build dams on streams
Many types of traits are plastic, such as
behavior, growth, development, and reproduction
how are floods that remove organic matter on the surface of rocks similar to gaps observed in forests ?
both allow early sucession species to colonize
Consider a situation in which overharvesting causes the # of fish in a population to become drastically smaller, which causes genetic variation in that fish to decrease over a few generations. This is an example of
bottleneck effect
an organism at times mates by outcrossing and other times mates by self fertilization. What is the least likely environmental variable the organism is responding to?
changes in daily temp profile
migratory birds are likely responding to what environmental cue to initiate the behavior leading to migration from the northern breeding grounds to their more southern overwintering areas?
changes in day length as seasons change
acellular structure carrying genetic material that consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins
chromosome
The average rainfall measured in a desert over 10 years is which type of variation
climate
Reduction in virulence of myxomatosis in rabbits in Australia in the second outbreak was a result of
coevolution
an important characteristic of a stream is
high allochthonous inputs
which does not limit the ability of aquatic plants to photosynthesize?
high levels of carbonic acid
which combination of factors causes the fastest nutrient cycling in a biome
high precipitation in high temps
which of the following are characteristics of a source subpopulation?
high quality habitat high emigration rate high levels of resources
a liquid with low pH have a __ H+ concentration and would be called ___.
high, acidic
having 2 identical alleles for a given gene
homozygous
According to the Lotka-Volterra, what information was required to calculate the rate of change in population size of the prey over time (dv/dt) ?
how efficient the predator was in capturing the prey
which is the most accurate statement about the conservation biology if species with positive density dependent population regulation
if a population is small, it may not be able to increase
If a plant is primarily limited by nitrogen and secondarily by phosphorus, according to Leibig's law of the minimum, under which circumstances would adding phosphorus increase the plant's growth rate?
if the nitrogen is added to alleviate limitation before phosphorus is added
Using remote sensing, an ecosystem with high absorption of blue and red wavelength and high reflectance of green reflectance would likely be found
in the tropical rainforest
when adults have a high probability of survival from one year to the next and offspring survival is relatively poor, the best strategy is for an adult to maximize fitness is to
increase survival at the expense of fecundity
Which is not a benefit of extra pair computation
increased fitness of monogamous male due to less energy expended on reproduction
which is not an adaptation to low oxygen aquatic environments?
increased metabolic activity
the primary cause of coral bleaching is
increased water temperature
What happens to the prey population when P < r/c
increases
what happens when the predatory population experiences V>m/ac
increases
what is a major distinction between direct and indirect effects in a community?
indirect effects always include more than 2 species; direct effects do not
These graphs show that succession is associated with rapid increase in species richness that slows and levels off over time. How might you explain why a graph showing succession with exhibits an initial increase in species richness followed by a decline in species richness over time?
inhibition
electrical companies have discovered that dense shrub thickets, once est. can prevent growth of trees under powerlines. Which mechanism of succession are these companies using by planting shrubs under powerlines? It is the ________mechanism. (hint facilitation, inhibition, priority, tolerance)
inhibition
The figure below represents the _____ hypothesis. This suggests that species superior at competition and species that are adapted to many disturbances are _____ likely to exist together.
intermediate disturbances; more
Based on the phylogeny in the figure, which traits are shared by bony fishes and amphibians?
jaws and bony skeleton
which of the following units is commonly used to express GPP
kJ/m^2/y
Which type of succession would be expected to be the slowest?
lake
In response to a specific type of environmental variation, the Burmese python can drastically increase the size of its heart and length of its intestines in fewer than 2 days. what environmental variation causes this drastic change?
variation in availability of food
Why might direct observation of succession be easier in intertidal communities than in terrestrial communities?
organisms in intertidal areas have shorter generation time than organisms in terrestrial communities
Which of the plots would be consistent with cleaner fish switching from a mutualistic to a parasitic relationship with damselfish when the cleaner fish does not obtain fitness benefits?
panel c
Mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii are often attracted to bobcat urine. This is an example of ______
parasite adaptation
the observable physical and physiological traits of an organism which are determined by its genetic
phenotype
indirect observations of succession are often done by using......
pollen chrono sequences
Body size is a heritable trait in the amphipod, an aquatic crustacean. Fish preferentially consume large amphipods, leaving primarily small amphipods to breed. Based on these observations, how would we expect evolution to affect ponds with and without fish?
ponds with fish should have smaller amphipods
Here is a table of 4 populations of dragons with the allele frequencies that relate to breathing fire over 10 years. Which of the populations evolved? You may choose more than one answer if necessary
population 2 and 3
a biologist grew 1 groups of flowers in 1 sqm plots of soil. In 5 plots, the biologist planted 20 flowers and in the other 5 plots the biologist planted 100 flowers. At the end of the simmer the biologist counted the seeds that each flower produced and found 100 seeds per plant in the plot with 20 plants and 500 seeds per plant in the plot with 100. This is an example of?
positive density dependent population growth
Between latitudes of 30° N and 30° S, NPP is primarily constrained by
precipitation
which statement is TRUE about global hydrologic cycle?
precipitation is greater than evaporation in terrestrial ecosystems
Choose a logical path for a molecule of water starting and ending in the atmosphere
precipitation, infiltration, evaporation, condensation
carbon dioxide with radioactive carbon was bubbled into an illuminated aquarium containing unfiltered pond water. In what order will radioactivity appear in various organisms in the aquarium?
producers, herbivores, carnivores
Which lake zone would photosynthesis not occur
profundal zones
the bacterium that causes chlamydia in humans can be transmitted from, mother to fetus by _______ transmission or between any 2 individuals by ______ transmission
vertical; horizontal
Aquatic organisms have developed streamlined shapes to adapt to the
viscosity of water
what is NOT a reason why cold regions with high rainfall are rare
water does not evaporate at high temps cold atmosphere holds a lot of water vapor
The figure shows plan growth responses to variation in availability of water. If this is an example of adaptive phenotypic plasticity, how would we expect the root-to-shoot ratio to be related to fitness
when water is scarce plants with high root to shoot ratios have higher fitness
which conclusion does this figure support?
white pine may have has decreased recruitment since the late 1700's
Plants _____ should be used for initial seeding of abandoned strip mines.
with high tolerance to shade
Consider the time series of population sizes in years 1 and 2 for populations a, b, c, and d. If the population size in year 3 is determined by a logistic model with delayed density dependence from a 1-year time lag (i.e., τ = 1), r = 1, and K = 10 individuals, which of the following time series of population sizes would lead to an overshoot of the carrying capacity in year 3?
year 1, 5 ind., year 2, 10 ind.
Consider a population with the following numbers of ind. over time Year 1: 10 year 2: 25 year 3: 30 if the population size in year 4 id determined to be a logistic growth model with delayed density dependence from a 1 year time lag
r = 2
which describes the figure of logistic growth shown in the graph
r>; k<300
which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which organisms can purge deleterious mutations?
random assortment in mitosis
the allele whose effects are hidden
recessive
The 10% ecological efficiency rule of thumb has implications for humans in what way?
recognizing the 10% efficiency rule may provide insight into future human diets in an increasingly populated planet
In SIR models, which of the following does not determine the proportion of S, I, and R individuals in a population?
recovery of infected individuals
researchers manipulated the # of species of mycorrhizal fungi living in the soil and measured the effects on plant biomass and phosphorus uptake. Their results are shown in the figure. Based on their results, the most likely way the extinction of mycorrhizal fungi species would affect the ecosystem is to...
reduce plant growth
which of the following is not a potential benefit of increased resource availability
reduced predation risk
vaccinations slow or stop the spread of diseases by
reducing the size of the susceptible population
Keystone species that are predators in a food web can increases species diversity by ....
removing competitive dominants
protect plants from slow water loss
resin
which is the portion of energy that an organism uses to maintain its body temp?
respired
based on the phylogeny of the Galapagos finches, which statement is correct?
the ancestor of the small tree finch and large tree finch probably ate insects
which of the following factors is NOT used for quantifying primary productivity over time?
the change in consumer biomass
reproductive trade-offs that an organism might face include all of the following except
the costs of hibernation during the nonbreeding season versus the costs of migration
according to Lotka and Volterra what information was required to calculate the change in population size of the predator over time (dP/dt)?
the efficiency rate of converting prey consumed into predator offspring
which is a reasonable explanation of the results in the figure?
the plants are light limited
what is the suggested mechanism by which the presence of insecticide influences phytoplankton abundance?
the reduction of zooplankton by insecticide reduces the herbivory on phytoplankton, which increases abundance
which of the following is the most likely reason a soil would not have an O horizon
the soil is in desert
In aquatic ecosystems, trophic pyramids of biomass are inverted because
the standing biomass of algae is lower than the standing biomass of consumers
The energy of incident solar radiation reaching the surface of Earth declines toward the poles from its maximum in equatorial regions. Which is NOT a reason for this
the tilt of the earth increases the reflection of solar radiation
Hemlocks cast much deeper shade than birch trees. The tree that competes more successfully for light is ______
the tree that can persist as saplings in deep shade in the forest understory
why are both carbon dioxide and oxygen limited in aquatic environments
they are not very soluble in water
sexual reproductio is costly because it requires ____, _____, and there is increase risk of herbivory, predation, and parasitism when finding mates
time energy
when we talk about resistance and resilience it is important to recognize community resilience is about the _______ to return to its original state and resistance its about the _______ if changes when a disturbance occurs.
time, amount
Some of the first species to colonize an area following disturbance have to persevere under inhospitable conditions such as disturbed soils, low soil moisture, and altered nutrient levels. This is an example of ______.
tolerance
a brief dormancy in which individuals reduce activity
torpor
In the classic work of Dan Janzen and acacia trees, Janzen supported his contention that ants were critical to the survival and growth of acacia trees with a variety of data and observations. Which of the following was NOT evidence of Janzen's contention?
trees with ants produced more flowers that lasted longer than trees without ants
decomposition is more rapid in ______ forests because of ______.
tropical; increased temp and precipitation
slow environmental fluctuations favor slow phenotypic responses, whereas rapid fluctuations favor rapid phenotypic responses
true
which of the following is an example of weather
A single location received 10 cm of snow on January 1, 2011, but no snow on January 2, 2011
which of the following is NOT an example of inhibition?
A species acts as a nurse plant and increases water available to other species
any of the alternatives versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects
allele
manure from a farming operation that enters into a stream would be considered
allochthonous
The selection requirement for evolution by natural selection
- Some of the traits are passed down from parents to descendants and are heritable - Those individuals with traits that make them fitter will be the ones to survive while the least fit die off - the individuals in a population display a variation of traits such as color, behavior, size and shape due to genetic variation - The parents in a population overproduce offspring so that some will not surprise
characteristics of holistic concept
- interdependence - discrete boundaries - neighboring communities would have few species in common
characteristics of individualistic concept
- no sharp boundaries - coincidental assemblage of species with similar environmental requirements - open communities - independence
A type _____ functional response occurs when a predators rate of prey consumption increases linearly with increasing prey and satiates
1
Amy has a population of 500 rats - 245 of them are auburn while 255 are black - auburn is homozygous recessive trait - if this population is currently in hardy Weinberg equilibrium 1. the value of p = 2. the value of q = 3. how many rats are homozygous dominant? 4. how many are heterozygous?
1 -0.3 2- 0.7 3- 45 4- 210
Based on the image below, match the # with the letter for each textbox (A-D) and then identify the point labeled by E
1 = D 2 = C 3 = A 4 = B E = joint equilibrium
a fish that has tissue concentrations that are higher than the surrounding water... 1. is hyperosmotic 2. is trying not to drink the environmental water in an attempt to maintain internal water concentrations 3. is constantly drinking the environmental water in attempt to maintain internal water concentrations 4. is hypoosmotic
1 and 2
In David Tilman's experiments with the diatoms Cyclotella and Asterionella, when the diatoms were grown at silicon/phosphorus rations between 6 and 90, why did the 2 species coexist?
1 species was limited by phosphorus and the other was limited by silicon
Availability of soil nutrients varies with... 1. presence of other ions 2. soil temperature 3. daytime 4. pH
1, 2, and 4
the following table shows the survival and fecundity of a flowering plant. What is the R0 for this species?
1.664
The transfer of energy to each higher trophic level is typically - ____%
10
The rate of biological processes increases two to four times for each _____ increase in temperature
10 degrees Celsius
a trophic level has a biomass residence time of 5 years and net productivity of 3 kg/m2/y. What is the biomass?
15 kg/m2/y
If a goldfish is acclimated at 25°C, at which temperature would we expect the fish to swim fastest?
25
Based in the image below, predators exhibited a _____ functional response
3
For 5 years, a biologist studied a population of mice living in a field. The mice have 3 age classes; 1 year old, 2 years old, 3 years old. The number of individuals in each age class over the course of the study is shown in the table. The geometric mean growth rate from year 1 to year 2 is
3
The temperature that water reach its maximum density is ___ degrees Celsius
4
when looing at a competitive interaction between chipmunks and gray squirrels, you determine the competition coefficient for chipmunks is 0.25. How many chipmunks would need to be added to the chipmunk population to have the same effect as adding 1 gray squirrel to the gray squirrel population?
4
aquatic ecosystems typically have ____ trophic levels, while terrestrial ecosystems typically have ______ trophic levels.
5; 3 or 4
you are sampling a stream with a net, collecting 100 micro vertebrates. You have been told the stream has high richness but low evenness. Which of the following collections would best represent the stream if what you were told is true?
60 caddisflies, 20 mayflies, 10 stoneflies, 5 damselflies, 4 dobsonflies, 1 cranefly
based on the central-place foraging theory and the figure. Identify the optimal number of prey for a forager to catch. In the figure the straight orange line indicated the optimal rate of prey capture
8 Prey
Consider a gene that affects fur color in mice. This gene has two alleles, A and a. If AA mice have white fur, Aa mice have gray fur, and aa mice have black fur, how would we describe the effect of these alleles?
A and a are codominant
Some marine snails (species L) produce large numbers of small eggs that are shed into the sea, hatch at an early stage of development, and feed on microscopic plants. Other marine snails (species S) produce few eggs that are retained for a long time within the body of the mother snail in a brood pouch, hatch at an advanced stage of development, and immediately begin to feed on the surfaces of large plants like the adults. A biologist discovers approximately equal numbers of adults of species L and S in the same area over many generations. While studying the two species of snails, the biologist hypothesizes that the two species expend approximately the same amount of energy producing young. What assumption is the biologist making?
An egg of species S contains more energy than an egg of species L
which is a prediction of the hypothesis that predation caused industrial melanism
Birds more frequently capture dark moths on light trees than those on dark trees
Ants are often observed with aphids, small insects that feed on plants. The ants obtain nutritious nectar from the aphids. A biologist wants to test whether ants and aphids are mutualists. She removes ants from groups of aphids and compares them to controls. Which of the following outcomes is consistent with a mutualistic relationship between ants and aphids? A) Aphids consume more of the plant. B) Plants with aphids produce fewer seeds. C) More aphids are eaten by herbivores. D) Fewer aphids are eaten by herbivores.
C) More aphids are eaten by herbivores
many factors create ocean currents
Coriolis effect salinity wind directions unequal heating
which of the following is most likely to explain why Daphnia exhibits greater oscillations in population size than Bosmina?
Daphnia exhibits delayed density dependence. Bosmina does not
Adding dissolved compounds such as salt to water increases the boiling point and increases the freezing point
False
which statement best describes the cost of meiosis
Females pass on only 50% of their DNA thru sexual reproduction rather than 100% thru asexual reproduction
Researchers experimentally removed cleaner wrasse from some coral reef communities and left cleaner wrasse present in other communities. Their results are shown in the figure. Based on these results, extinction of cleaner fish would result in _____ fish species, and each species would be ____ abundant.
Fewer; less
A group of researchers grew plants so that half of their roots were in soil with a fungus provided to the plants and the other half were in soil with a fungus that did not benefit the plants. After 9-weeks of growth, they provided the plants with carbon dioxide containing a rare isotope of carbon. For 4 days, they evaluated how much of the carbon went to the beneficial fungus and how much carbon went to the nonbeneficial fungus. Some of their results are presented in the figure. Which of the following statements is/are correct? I. at the experiment start, the nonbeneficial fungus was taking resources from the plant II. After 4 days, the plant provided more resources to the beneficial fungus III. This is an example of how species can prevent cheating in mutalsim
I, II, and III
which correctly describes metapopulations I. the can arise from habitat fragmentation II. the frequency of occupied habitats is due to the balance of extinction and colonization III. the basic metapopulation model assumes that all patches are equal in quality
I, II, and III
which of the following is used to distinguish aquatic biomes I. salinity II. depth III. flow
I, II, and III
which of the following is/are correct? I. sympatric speciation occurs without geographic barriers II. sympatric speciation occur thru polyploidy III. sympatric speciation is less common than allopatric speciation
I, II, and III
which statement about predator and prey phenotypic plasticity is accurate I. prey can change morphology to avoid predators II. predators can change morphology to capture prey III. both predators and prey exhibit phenotypic trade-offs
I, II, and III
Several animal species have gone extinct on the islands of Mauritius. These extinct animals, including the dodo bird and tortoises, once ate the fruit of many plant species. As a result of the extinction of these animals I. the flowers of the plants can no longer be pollinated. II. the parental plants are strongly competing with their offspring. III. many plants are growing together in tight groups instead of being spread over the island.
II and III
Which photosynthesis method is best suited to warm, dry environments? I. C3 fixation II. C4 fixation III. CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism)
II and III only
which is likely to follow an exponential increase in population size? I. a population of mice that has consumed most of the food in its habitat II. a small population of rats recently introduced to an island with many resources III. bacteria recently placed in a new petri dish with suitable growth medium
II and III only
which of the following phenotypically plastic responses of plants to reduced water availability I. develop trichomes and produce more glucosinolate II. close stomata in leaves III. increase the root/shoot ratio
II and III only
which of the following 3 interactions are mutualisms? I. wasp and butterfly larvae. The wasp lays its eggs inside the body of a butterfly larva. The eggs hatch and the wasp larvae feed on the body of the butterfly II. fig and fig wasp; the adult wasps crawl into the cluster of fig flowers to lay eggs. III. ants and acacias
II and IIII
which is an example of the rescue effect? I. a small population of birds maintains a stable population size near carrying capacity II. a population of mice in a low quality habitat persists because of immigration from high quality habitats III. habitat destruction reduces the quality of an environment and causes population of lizards to decline every year until they go extinct
II only
which is true about the damped oscillations? I. they are a pattern of population growth in which a population continues to exhibit large oscillations over time II. they are a form of demographic stochasticity III. they are expected to occur when rt=1
III only
the figure show the tail shape developed by 3 tadpole genotypes (M,N, and O) when raised in an environment with predators and an environment without predators. IN the presence of predators, tadpoles with larger tails have high fitness and tadpoles with small tails have low fitness. When predators are not present, tadpoles with large tails have low fitness and tadpoles with small tales have high fitness. Which genotype exhibits phenotypic plasticity in response to predators?
O only
2 species of ant that live on acacia are pseudomyrmex ferrugienea and P. graciles. The figure shows how the presence or absence of each species of ant affects the abundance of pathogenic bacteria on acacia leaves. What conclusion can you draw from this figure?
Only p. ferruginea is mutualistic with acacia
Which of the following does NOT significantly affect terrestrial decomp rates?
Phosphorus content of litter
Lotka-Volterra model's of predator-prey interactions show that
Predator populations lag behind prey populations
which is true about reservoir species?
Reservoir species may be resistant to the parasitic disease
Shannon's index and Simpson's index are both measurements of community's level of diversity. What does it mean when, after calculating these 2 indices for a given community, the results show the Simpson's index =1 , while the Shannon's index = 0?
The community has no diversity
If a population of butterflies is under strong natural selection favoring large wings but there is no genetic variation for wing size, what do we expect to occur in the next generation?
There will be no evolutionary change in wing size
which of the following strategies do schistosomes use to circumvent the hosts' immune system?
They produce a protective layer around their bodies that prevents them from being detected by the hosts' immune system
Terrestrial NPP is greatest in _____ ecosystems, and aquatic NPP is greatest in _____ ecosystems.
Tropical; coastal
Energy benefit of a resource item/ Handling of time = amount of energy gained per unit of time
True
a parasite could be a pathogen
True
3 different wildlife management areas (X,Y,Z) are surveyed for nesting birds. When compared using the Jaccard index of similarity, the results are as followed: Area X and Y - J = 0.6 Area Y and Z - J = 0.2 Area X and Z - J = 0.8 Which 2 areas are most similar?
X and Z
Consider 3 populations of a plant species each isolated from other populations of the same species. Population X has contained approx. 100 individuals in each generation for the past 200 generations. Population Y has contained approx. 10,000 individuals in each generation for the past 200 generations. If generations. Population Z has contained approx. 1 million individuals in each expect the amount of genetic variation to differ among these populations?
X will have the lowest variation. Y will have intermediate variation, and Z will have the highest variation
Which panel best illustrates the most direct effect of predation?
a
which panel is most likely to indicate a population with constant environment and no time delays in density dependence?
a
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 16 lizards out of 100 in the year 2004 had the ability to breathe underwater (ff) a) frequency of a dominant allele (p) b) frequency of the recessive allele (q) c) homozygous dominant individuals d) heterozygous individuals 64 lizards out of 100 in the year 2012 had the ability to breathe underwater (ff) e) frequency of a dominant allele (p) f) frequency of the recessive allele (q) g) homozygous dominant individuals h) heterozygous individuals
a - 0.6 b - 0.4 c - 36 d - 48 e - 0.2 f - 0.8 g - 4 h - 32
if an individual of species 2 has a greater effect on species 1 than the reverse, which symbols would make the following competitive coefficients TRUE a ____1 and b _____ 1 (<,>, =)
a < 1 ; b > 1
Imagine a population of 600 mice and 350 chipmunks. The chipmunks and mice eat some of the same food, but the food to support 1,000 mice would support only 300 chipmunks. What would alpha and beta be for this population in which mice are species 1 and chipmunks are species 2?
a = 3.3; B = 0.3
In the experiment associated with the figure, acorn barnacles facilitate the growth of algae. if you removed both acorn barnacles and the limpet predators of algae, what would you be likely to observe over time?
a carpet of little brown barnacles followed by algal growth
you are sampling a stream with a net, collecting 100 micro vertebrates. Your collection is as follows: 5 caddisflies, 17 mayflies, 48 stoneflies, 6 damselflies, 4 alderflies, 2 alderflies, 2 dobsonflies, 2 midges, 3 crayfish, 1 aquatic sowbug, 1 water penny, 1 cranefly. If you were to take this data and construct a rank abundance curve, what would it look like?
a curve initially very steeply downward on the left side and leveling off on the right
Fig wasp populations contain a high proportion of females to males because of local mate competition. This occurs because
a large # of females can mate with a single male
which is an example of trait mediated indirect effect?
a predator causes a consumer to change its foraging pattern, affecting the amount of food consumed
Research on frogs has shown that compared to well-nourished counterparts, poorly nourished frogs mature at
a somewhat later age and at a somewhat smaller size
In Lotka-Volterra predator-prey models. In the equilibrium isocline for prey is written as an equation. The parts that are considered in the equation are... a = _b_/__c_ d = _e__/__f__
a: growth rate prey b: number predator c: probability prey captured d: r e: P f: c
Latent heat _______ ---> ---> melting, evaporation freezing, condensation <--- _________latent heat <----
absorbed, released
When humans move from low elevations to high elevations, it typically takes one or more weeks for their bodies to improve their ability to carry oxygen. This is an example of
acclimation
The shutting down of metabolic processes during the summer in response to hot or dry conditions.
aestivation
Dead zones are formed when rivers that empty into oceans carry excess phosphorus and nitrate runoff. These dead zones are caused by
algal blooms
which of the following are benefits that many mutualists provide one another?
all but 1 (maintenance of pH) nutrients protection from the predators shelter
Which is NOT a true statement?
all ectotherms are poikilotherms
which of the following is NOT an assumption of the SIR model
all infected individuals die
It is known that as succession progresses from an early seral stage to a later seral stage, not only do the plants change but so too do the animals. A possible reason for this change in animals present may be....
later seral stages tend to have greater spatial heterogeneity than earlier seral stages
Imagine that an acacia tree in the ant-plant mutualism is introduced to an island without ants. Over evolutionary time, natural selection from the lack of ants would probably lead to acacia trees that produce
les nectar
compared to costal regions the interior of a continent usually has __ precipitation and ___ variation in climate
less; more
If you were assigned the task of starting a plant community that could thrive on mars, where there is no soil on the surface, which might be good to bring for the initial colonization?
lichens
Photosynthesis occurs in 2 steps, know as _____ and ______.
light and Calvin
which is NOT an adaptation that exploits the density of water
long, filamentous appendages
albedo is the fraction of solar energy reflected by an object. Forests have ___ albedo and snow has __ albedo
low; high
Oceans and lakes cover ___ in the northern hemisphere compared to the Southern Hemisphere. therefore ___ rain falls in the northern hemisphere
lower and more
Waters polar nature
makes it a good solvent
diseases such as HIV and African sleeping sickness can avoid the hosts' immune system by
making themselves undetectable
Communities with ____________ species are ____________ stable.
many; more
In waterlogged conditions, anaerobic metabolism of carbon compounds can cause the production of green house gas.....
methane (CH4)
different species of birds found feeding in different parts of the same forest canopy at the same time may be an example of
microhabitat differences
which is a unique characteristic of estuaries
mixing of fresh and salt water
a smallmouth bass swimming in colder water of a springtime lake would likely expend ____ energy than when swimming in a warmer water of the same lake during the summer (all things being equal).
more
changes in ___ and ___ are often relatively slow phenotypic responses
morphology and life history
what process creates new alleles in a population
mutation
there are multiple benefits to undergoing sexual reproduction. These include removing ____ and having the ability to cope with ____, _____, ______
mutations environment pathogen parasite
The above figure shows a _______ species richness-productivity relationship the Park Grass Experiment in England has demonstrated over the past 150 years (hint describe the shape)
negative
The ocean zone with the highest productivity is the
neritic zone
Food chain efficiency is the percentage of _____ from one trophic level compared to the next_____ trophic level.
net production; lower
An age structure graph that appears rectangular in overall shape would likely see what in the future?
no change in population size
Can you tell what plant seral state you are in by looking at the bird species in a given area?
no, because sine bird species are associated with a # of plant seral stages
Of the types of mutualism __________ ____________ would likely have the largest impact on other species if 1 member of the mutualism went extinct?
obligate; specialist
In the hydrologic cycle, what is the final destination of liquid water falling on terrestrial environments?
oceans
All of the following are benefits of sexual reproduction EXCEPT that
offspring are likely to have greater resources for reproduction than asexually reproduced offspring
which variable best summarizes the response to increased predation mortality for adults and suggests that putting more energy into reproduction provides an improved fitness benefit?
offspring volume (percent of adult mass)
To apply the concept of chrono sequence, ecologist assume that...
older and younger sites have undergone the same disturbances
the aphotic zone is a feature in
open oceans
a predator should always eat the prey species that provides the highest amount of energy gained per unit time.. this is for the ____ response to food variation in space and time
optimal diet consumption
Consider a mouse that can forage in one of two fields. The south field has three times more seeds than the north field. However, an owl (a predator that eats mice) lives at the south field. The mouse forages in the north field despite the fact that it contains less food. This is an example of:
risk-sensitive foraging
a peacock is significantly more colorful than a peahen and has much larger tail. These traits allow the peacock to attract a mate but also make the peacock more visible to predators. This is an example of
runaway sexual selection
You observe 3 beech-maple forests in Indiana that began as ponds. How might you determine whether they all started succession with the same community composition?
sample the soils at each site for pollen and carbon date them to get an estimate if the species that appeared 1st at the site
In some perfect flowers, the receptiveness of the stigma is delayed until after its anthers have released pollen. This delay prevents
self fertilization
which of the following is NOT a trait of a pioneer species?
shade tolerant
able to take up water after a brief rain fall events
shallow roots
Thermohaline circulation is driven by:
sinking polar water with high salinity
prevent loss of leaf tissue
small leaves with high density of veins
since resources vary in __ and __, no single foraging strategy can maximize an animals fitness
space and time
A biologist is studying 3 species of small fish that cling to the bodies of bigger fish and consume parasites on the larger fish. She conducts an experiment with 3 treatments. In each treatment, she removes a different one of the small fish species from a large fish and examines the # offspring produced by the large fish. Which of the following conclusions is supported by the data shown in the figure?
species 3 is a mutualist
succession typically progresses from _____ to _____.
species dispersed by the wind; species dispersed by gravity
produce a boundary layer of still air
spines and hairs
a biologist is developing models to describe the population dynamics of a species. 4 models are listed. Each model is based on the logistic model, with r equal to 1 and K equal to 100. the initial population size is given by N0. In which of the models of population growth would be the population be most likely to go extinct?
stochastic model N0=10
The image below is an example of _______-dependent sex determination
temperature
plant growth and its growing season can be constricted by ___ and ___
temperature and precipitation
Some marine snails (species L) produce large numbers of small eggs that are shed into the sea, hatch at an early stage of development, and feed on microscopic plants. Other marine snails (species S) produce few eggs that are retained for a long time within the body of the mother snail in a brood pouch, hatch at an advanced stage of development, and immediately begin to feed on the surfaces of large plants like the adults. A biologist discovers approx. equal # of adults of species L and S in the same area over many generations. While studying the 2 species the biologist hypothesizes that the 2 species expend approx. the same amount of energy producing young. What assumption is the biologist making?
young that parents care for until they reach a more advanced stage have a greater chance of survival
what organism in the figure appear NOT to be indirectly affected by insecticide?
zooplankton
Consider a biologist studying a population of deer. At the beginning of the year, there are 100 adult deer in the population. Over the course of the year, 15 adult deer die, and an additional 25 deer are born. What can we conclude about λ for this year?
λ > 1
