Bio 4

Proximate causation

"how" a behavior occurs or is modified

ultimate causation

"why" a behavior occurs in the context of natural selection

A patient in the Emergency Room has difficulty breathing. Through surface examination, the doctor finds that a broken rib has pierced the chest cavity, causing the right lung to collapse. Which variable of Fick's law of diffusion has been affected?

A

Trachea

Air filled tubes that insects use to breathe

Which of the following aquariums would require the most air bubbled in to maintain oxygenation of the water: Aquarium A with warm fresh water and some fish; Aquarium B with cold fresh water, some fish, and some algae; or Aquarium C with warm salt water and some fish?

Aquarium C

Unipotent

Capable of differentiating into a single cell type

Totipotent

Capable of differentiating into any type of cell.

Pluripotent

Capable of differentiating into many cell types

Multipotent

Capable of differentiating into more than one cell type.

Acrosome

Contains enzyme for penetrating sperm

3 main parts of a neuron

Dendrites cell body axon

Organogenesis

Division movement and differentiation of cells into organs and tissues.

Ovum

Egg is large and nonmotile

Oogenesis

Egg production

Sodium potassium pump

Exports 3 Na ions out and imports 2 K ions

Which of the following stages of development is defined by the three embryonic tissue layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)?

Gastrula

What would be the effect on an EPSP if the concentration of the enzyme responsible for degrading the excitatory neurotransmitter increased dramatically in the synapse?

It would decrease the magnitude of the EPSP

What wants to be maximized and minimized in ficks law

Max: A Min: D

Atmospheric pressure for N and O

N: 78 O: 21

Peripheral system

Neurons outside the CNS

Vitelline envelope

Outside cell membrane to protect egg

Somites

Precursors to skin, bone and muscle

When comparing the neural signaling of two species, you find that species A and B have the same resting potential, but species A has a more positive threshold potential. What does this indicate about each species' ability to trigger an action potential?

Species B can more easily trigger an action potential

Glial cells

Support cells (50:1 to neurons)

T/F: % of gases remains the same regardless of altitude

T

T/F: Only germ cells survive from one generation to the next?

T

T/F: vertabres breathe by positive pressure ventilation and mammals breathe by negative

T

Amount of dissolved gas depends on?

Temp Presence of other solutes surface area and mixing activity of inhibiting organism

Which of the following statements about the Bicoid protein is true?

The Bicoid protein is a regulatory transcription factor.

In terms of signaling information about intensity, what is most significant about action potentials?

The frequency

During pregnancy, the blood volume and heart rate increase in the mother so that more oxygen can be transported via hemoglobin to the placenta. In viviparous species, what is true about the hemoglobin of the mother and fetus?

The mother's hemoglobin has a lesser affinity for (binds less tightly to) oxygen than fetal hemoglobin.

Which of the following correctly describes a difference between mammalian spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

The production of primary spermatocytes occur throughout a male's life, while production of primary oocytes ends before a female fetus is born.

Gas diffuse through:

Thin film of surfactant Thin layer of epithelial cells Wall of capillary membrane of RBC's

is blood pressure high in the arteries or the veins

Veins: low Arteries: high

Gas transport pathway

Ventillation, gas exchange, circulation and cellular respiration.

Membrane potential

Voltage across a plasma membrane

Determination

When a cell becomes committed to a particular fate

Cell specialization pathway

Zygote--> Blastula --> Gastrula

Which of the following statements is TRUE about sexual reproduction? Sexual reproduction:

allows animals to conserve resources and reproduce only during optimal conditions.

At a synapse, the presynaptic cell can pass on a signal to the postsynaptic cell. In a synapse between two neurons, the ____ of the presynaptic neuron communicates with the _____ of a postsynaptic neuron.

axon; dendrite and axon; cell body

The correct sequence of events in the development of humans and other mammals is

cleavage, formation of a blastula, gastrulation, and then organogenesis

Once it enters the circulatory system, most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is _____.

converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells

Progesterone plays an important role in maintaining pregnancy and is produced at high levels throughout pregnancy. Following ovulation and for the first few weeks of pregnancy, progesterone is produced by the ______. By the end of the first trimester, the _______ has developed and taken over production of progesterone, which it will continue to do for the rest of the pregnancy.

corpus luteum; placenta

During development of the roundworm C. elegans, a cell from the developing nervous system was transplanted into the developing gut. The cell continued to develop as a nerve cell, meaning that it was:

determined

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)

determined cells that sometimes revert to an embryonic cell

parthenogenesis

female produces offspring without male.

Viviporous

giving birth to live young

For a neuron at rest with a membrane potential of -65 mV, an increase in the movement of potassium ions out of that neuron's cytoplasm would result in the ________.

hyperpolarization of the neuron

Tetrodotoxin blocks voltage-gated sodium channels and ouabain blocks sodiumpotassium pumps. If you added both tetrodotoxin and ouabain to a solution containing neural tissue, what responses would you expect?

immediate loss of action potential with gradual loss of resting potential

In the circulatory system, PO2 of blood ____ in the alveolar capillaries and _____ in the systemic capillaries.

increases; decreases

Human chronionic gonadotropin (hCG)

maintains corpus luteum so ovary continues to secrete progesterone.

Resting potential

membrane potential of a neuron at rest

The embryonic precursor to the human brain is the

neural tube

Gametogenesis

production of gametes

The operation of the sodium-potassium "pump" moves ________.

sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

In mammals, spermatogenesis occurs in the _____ and oogenesis occurs in the ________.

testes; ovaries

oviporous

young hatch from eggs laid outside the body