Bio 4
Proximate causation
"how" a behavior occurs or is modified
ultimate causation
"why" a behavior occurs in the context of natural selection
A patient in the Emergency Room has difficulty breathing. Through surface examination, the doctor finds that a broken rib has pierced the chest cavity, causing the right lung to collapse. Which variable of Fick's law of diffusion has been affected?
A
Trachea
Air filled tubes that insects use to breathe
Which of the following aquariums would require the most air bubbled in to maintain oxygenation of the water: Aquarium A with warm fresh water and some fish; Aquarium B with cold fresh water, some fish, and some algae; or Aquarium C with warm salt water and some fish?
Aquarium C
Unipotent
Capable of differentiating into a single cell type
Totipotent
Capable of differentiating into any type of cell.
Pluripotent
Capable of differentiating into many cell types
Multipotent
Capable of differentiating into more than one cell type.
Acrosome
Contains enzyme for penetrating sperm
3 main parts of a neuron
Dendrites cell body axon
Organogenesis
Division movement and differentiation of cells into organs and tissues.
Ovum
Egg is large and nonmotile
Oogenesis
Egg production
Sodium potassium pump
Exports 3 Na ions out and imports 2 K ions
Which of the following stages of development is defined by the three embryonic tissue layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)?
Gastrula
What would be the effect on an EPSP if the concentration of the enzyme responsible for degrading the excitatory neurotransmitter increased dramatically in the synapse?
It would decrease the magnitude of the EPSP
What wants to be maximized and minimized in ficks law
Max: A Min: D
Atmospheric pressure for N and O
N: 78 O: 21
Peripheral system
Neurons outside the CNS
Vitelline envelope
Outside cell membrane to protect egg
Somites
Precursors to skin, bone and muscle
When comparing the neural signaling of two species, you find that species A and B have the same resting potential, but species A has a more positive threshold potential. What does this indicate about each species' ability to trigger an action potential?
Species B can more easily trigger an action potential
Glial cells
Support cells (50:1 to neurons)
T/F: % of gases remains the same regardless of altitude
T
T/F: Only germ cells survive from one generation to the next?
T
T/F: vertabres breathe by positive pressure ventilation and mammals breathe by negative
T
Amount of dissolved gas depends on?
Temp Presence of other solutes surface area and mixing activity of inhibiting organism
Which of the following statements about the Bicoid protein is true?
The Bicoid protein is a regulatory transcription factor.
In terms of signaling information about intensity, what is most significant about action potentials?
The frequency
During pregnancy, the blood volume and heart rate increase in the mother so that more oxygen can be transported via hemoglobin to the placenta. In viviparous species, what is true about the hemoglobin of the mother and fetus?
The mother's hemoglobin has a lesser affinity for (binds less tightly to) oxygen than fetal hemoglobin.
Which of the following correctly describes a difference between mammalian spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
The production of primary spermatocytes occur throughout a male's life, while production of primary oocytes ends before a female fetus is born.
Gas diffuse through:
Thin film of surfactant Thin layer of epithelial cells Wall of capillary membrane of RBC's
is blood pressure high in the arteries or the veins
Veins: low Arteries: high
Gas transport pathway
Ventillation, gas exchange, circulation and cellular respiration.
Membrane potential
Voltage across a plasma membrane
Determination
When a cell becomes committed to a particular fate
Cell specialization pathway
Zygote--> Blastula --> Gastrula
Which of the following statements is TRUE about sexual reproduction? Sexual reproduction:
allows animals to conserve resources and reproduce only during optimal conditions.
At a synapse, the presynaptic cell can pass on a signal to the postsynaptic cell. In a synapse between two neurons, the ____ of the presynaptic neuron communicates with the _____ of a postsynaptic neuron.
axon; dendrite and axon; cell body
The correct sequence of events in the development of humans and other mammals is
cleavage, formation of a blastula, gastrulation, and then organogenesis
Once it enters the circulatory system, most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is _____.
converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells
Progesterone plays an important role in maintaining pregnancy and is produced at high levels throughout pregnancy. Following ovulation and for the first few weeks of pregnancy, progesterone is produced by the ______. By the end of the first trimester, the _______ has developed and taken over production of progesterone, which it will continue to do for the rest of the pregnancy.
corpus luteum; placenta
During development of the roundworm C. elegans, a cell from the developing nervous system was transplanted into the developing gut. The cell continued to develop as a nerve cell, meaning that it was:
determined
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)
determined cells that sometimes revert to an embryonic cell
parthenogenesis
female produces offspring without male.
Viviporous
giving birth to live young
For a neuron at rest with a membrane potential of -65 mV, an increase in the movement of potassium ions out of that neuron's cytoplasm would result in the ________.
hyperpolarization of the neuron
Tetrodotoxin blocks voltage-gated sodium channels and ouabain blocks sodiumpotassium pumps. If you added both tetrodotoxin and ouabain to a solution containing neural tissue, what responses would you expect?
immediate loss of action potential with gradual loss of resting potential
In the circulatory system, PO2 of blood ____ in the alveolar capillaries and _____ in the systemic capillaries.
increases; decreases
Human chronionic gonadotropin (hCG)
maintains corpus luteum so ovary continues to secrete progesterone.
Resting potential
membrane potential of a neuron at rest
The embryonic precursor to the human brain is the
neural tube
Gametogenesis
production of gametes
The operation of the sodium-potassium "pump" moves ________.
sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell
In mammals, spermatogenesis occurs in the _____ and oogenesis occurs in the ________.
testes; ovaries
oviporous
young hatch from eggs laid outside the body