Bio ch 31

Put the steps of basidiomycete sexual reproduction in order. Start with the mating of compatible hyphae at the top.

1-Compatible hyphae mate by plasmogamy 2-Basidia form in the basidiocarp 3-Nuclei in basidia fuse by karyogamy 4-Meiosis occurs 5-Basidiospores are released

Put the steps involved in sexual reproduction in ascomycetes in the proper order. Start with the mating of hyphae at the top. Instructions

1. hyphae mate 2. a dikaryotic mycelium produces an ascocarp 3. nuclei in a n ascus fuse by karyogamy 4. meiosis occus 5.ascospores are released

Put the steps of zygomycete sexual reproduction in the right order. Start with the production of multinucleate gametangia at the top. Instructions

1. hyphae produce multinucleate gametangia 2. gametangia fuse 3. karyogamy occurs and the zygosporangium develops 4. a dark, thick-walled zygospore develops 5. meiosis occurs to produce haploid spires

A puffball is an example of:which of the following?

A basidiocarp

In the zygomycetes, which of the following is the product of fertilization?

A zygosporangium

Fungi are most closely related to which of the following?

Animals

Which of the following has hyphae that penetrate the outer cells of the plant root, forming distinct structures, such as minute branches?

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

This fungal phylum undergoes meiosis followed by mitosis to produce eight haploid spores in a sac.

Ascomycetes

Most lichen is composed of cyanobacteria and/or green algae and fungi from the Phylum .

Ascomycetes or Ascomycota

The sac fungi comprise the phylum

Ascomycota

Select the four traditional fungal phyla.

Ascomycota Chytridiomycota Zygomycota Basidiomycota

The sac that contains sexual spores in ascomycetes is called which of the following?

Ascus

Aflatoxin is one of the most carcinogenic compounds known. It is produced by which fungus?

Aspergillus

What are mycorrhizae?

Associations between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of plants

Where do zygomycete sporangia form during asexual reproduction?

At the tips of sporangiophores

Which of the following human diseases are caused by fungi?

Athlete's foot Ringworm

Mushrooms and puffballs are examples of which of the following?

Basidiomycetes

What are ectomycorrhizae?

Beneficial interactions between temperate forest trees and soil fungi

Where do the hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi grow?

Between the cell wall and plasma membrane of the plant root cell

It is often more difficult to treat human diseases caused by fungi than those by bacteria due to which of the following?

Both humans and fungi are eukaryotes

Select all effects of aflatoxins.

Cancer Kidney damage Nerve damage

What fungal group produces flagellated spores?

Chytrids

Select the characteristic that distinguishes basidiomycetes from other fungi?

Club-shaped sexual reproductive structures

Most zygomycete fungi are which of the following?

Decomposers

Which term describes Neocallimastigomycetes?

Decomposers

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes?

Dikaryon stage

This type of mycorrhizae grows on the surfaces of tree roots and in the spaces between root cells.

Ectomycorrhizae

What are the two most common types of mycorrhizae?

Ectomycorrhizae Arbuscular mycorrhizae

Interactions between plant roots and fungi are known as __________if the fungal hyphae grow between plant cell walls and do not directly contact the plant plasma membrane.

Ectomycorrhizae.

Select the feature that distinguishes the chytridiomycota and relatives from the other groups of fungi.

Flagellated spores

What are ascocarps?

Fruiting bodies of ascomycetes

Which of the following are the main decomposers in ecosystems?

Fungi and bacteria

Why is treating fungal diseases in animals particularly difficult?

Fungi are phylogenetically related to animals

Select all examples of mutual symbioses between fungi and animals.

Fungi in the guts of ruminant animals Leaf cutters ants that cultivate fungi

What are fungal endophytes?

Fungi that live within tissues of other organisms

Arbuscular mycorrhizae are composed of plant roots and which of the following?

Glomeromycete fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizae are intracellular associations between which of the following?

Glomeromycetes and plant roots

Identify the photosynthetic organisms that could be part of a lichen.

Green algae Cyanobacteria

Which of the following lists features of blastoclads?

Haplodiplontic life cycle; zoospore with a single flagellum

Sexual reproduction in ascomycetes involves the production of which of the followng?

Haploid spores within an ascus

Which term describes all fungi?

Heterotrophic

Which of the following describes fungi?

Heterotrophs

The threadlike nature of fungal hyphae means that which of the following relationships is true?

High surface area-to-volume ratio

Sexual reproduction in club fungi occurs through fusion of which of the following?

Hyphae

What are fungal filaments called?

Hyphae

Which of the following statements correctly describes asexual reproduction in ascomycetes?

Hyphae produce conidia, which grow into genetically identical hyphae.

Neocallimastigomycetes are predominantly found where?

In ruminant herbivores

How do the two nuclei of dikaryotic fungal cell function?

Independently from each other

Mitosis in multicellular fungi differs from that of other organisms in which way?

It is not followed by cell division.

The formation of a diploid nucleus during the ascomycete life cycle results from which of the following?

Karyogamy

The fusion of two haploid nuclei to form a diploid nucleus is called .

Karyogamy

Traditionally, fungi were divided into four phyla based primarily on which characteristic?

Meiosis

This is an example of a mutualistic fungal-plant association.

Mycorrhizae

Which of the following are glomeromycetes?

Mycorrhizae

is the general term for a direct infection usually of the skin and nails by various fungal species.

Mycoses

Fungi in this phylum are anaerobic and produce zoospores.

Neocallimastigomycota

A monokaryotic hypha has which of the following structures?

One haploid nucleus

What benefit do mycorrhizal fungi receive from their plant partners?

Organic nutrients

Some zygomycetes are parasites of which of the following?

Plants and animals

Fungi can form beneficial associations with which of the following?

Plants and animals.

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of ascomycetes?

Presence of a dikaryon stage

Which of the following are reproductive structures found in fungi?

Puffballs Mushrooms Toadstools

Select all examples of basidiomycetes.

Rusts Puffballs Toadstools Mushrooms

Basidiomycetes are fungi with which of the following?

Septate hyphae and club-shaped fruiting bodies

An important role of the ascomycete fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae is that it does which of the following?

Serves as a model organism

Which of the following describes fungal spores?

Small and light

Fungi have formed mutualistic symbioses with which of the following?

Some animal species, such as ants and ruminants

During asexual reproduction in zygomycetes, hyphae produce which of the following?

Sporangia

Since fungi are heterotrophs, they are incapable of which of the following?

Synthesizing essential organic molecules

How do the two nuclei of a dikaryotic fungal cell function?

The genomes of both nuclei are transcribed.

How does the primary mycelium in Basidiomycota differ from that of the secondary mycelium?

The primary mycelium is made up of monokaryotic hyphae, while the secondary mycelium is composed of dikaryotic hyphae

When a fungus undergoes mitosis, which of the following occurs?

The spindle apparatus forms within the nucleus.

How do the chytrids typically disperse spores?

The spores swim.

Ascomycetes derive their name from which of the following?

Their saclike reproductive structures

Which of the following are features of fungi?

They are more closely related to animals than to plants. Can exist as single cells or multicellular forms. They secrete enzymes to acquire nutrients.

Select all true statements about the Glomeromycota.

They do not undergo sexual reproduction. They form arbuscular mycorrhizae.

Which statement about fungal cells is true?

They may have one, two, or more nuclei.

Which of the following is a characteristic of microsporidia?

They parasitize animal cells.

Select all true statements about neocallimastigomycetes.

They produce zoospores with multiple flagella They are anaerobic.

Select all true statements about blastoclads.

They produce zoospores. They have a haplodiplontic life cycle.

How are fungal spores produced?

Through sexual or asexual reproduction

What is the function of a basidiocarp?

To disperse spores

True or false: Fungal cells or hyphae may have more than one nucleus.

True Correct. Fungi are different from most animals and plants in that each cell or hypha can contain one, two, or even more nuclei.

What must occur for a fungus to reproduce sexually?

Two haploid hyphae of compatible mating types must fuse.

A dikaryotic cell contains which of the following?

Two separate nuclei

What are yeasts?

Unicellular fungi

What are fungal septa?

Walls that form between the cells of certain fungal hyphae.

Carcinogenic compounds produced by some Aspergillus flavus strains are called

aflatoxins

A mycorrhizal association in which the fungus grows in the space between the cell wall and the plasma membrane of a plant root is called a(n) ______mycorrhizae.

arbuscular

Soy and wheat have______ mycorrhizae associated with their root systems.

arbuscular

The glomeromycetes form intracellular associations with plant roots, called __________ mycorrhizae.

arbuscular

The symbiosis involving plant roots and glomeromycete fungal hyphae that penetrate the root cell walls is known as ______ mycorrhizae.

arbuscular

The phylum Ascomycota derives its name from the production of microscopic sacs called ___________, which carry sexual spores.

asci

Ascomycetes produce fruiting bodies called .

ascocarps

Ascomycetes produce sexual spores within a sac called a(n) .

ascus

In ascomycetes, sexual reproduction occurs within a microscopic, saclike structure called the .

ascus

The asexual spores produced by ascomycetes are called .

conidia

A fungal mycelium containing two separate nuclei that divide at each cell division is said to be .

dikaryotic

The two most common types of mycorrhizae are the ______- which surround but do not penetrate the cell walls of root cells and the _____ mycorrhizae

ectomycorrhizaae arbuscular

Fungi that live within the leaf and stem tissues of plants without causing disease, are known as fungal .

endophytes

A fungus typically obtains food by secreting extracellular digestive_________ , which break down organic molecules.

enzymes

a(n)________ is the nonphotosynthetic plant member in a mycorrhizal association.

epiparasite

If a symbiotic fungus can survive without its host, this relationship is described as a(n) ________symbiosis.

facultative

In order for sexual reproduction to occur in a fungus, two________ hyphae of compatible_______ types must fuse.

haploid mating

A mycelium is composed of filaments called .

hyphae

Match the structure in ascomycete fungi with the proper karyotype. Instructions

mated hyphae----dikaryotic zygote--- diploid ascospores---haploid

During sexual reproduction, a hyphal branch from one mycelium fuses with a hyphal branch of a different mycelium of the same species with a compatible

mating type

Mycorrhizal relationships provide plants with which of the following?

minerals

If a hypha has one nucleus, it is said to be .

monokaryotic

A mass of connected hyphae is called a(n) .

mycelium

The main body of a multicellular fungus is called a(n) .

mycelium

A scientist who studies fungi is known as a(n) .

mycologist

Mutualistic associations between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of most seed plants are known as .

mycorrhizae

If a symbiosis is essential for survival, it is described as a(n) _______symbiosis.

obligate

Which member of a mycorrhizal relationship benefits through improved uptake of nutrients?

plant

In a mycorrhizal relationship the host ____ produces nutrients for use by the _____

plant fungus

The basidiomycete mycelium composed of monokaryotic hyphae is called the ________mycelium, while that containing dikaryotic hyphae is called the ______mycelium.

primary secondary

The parasitic fungi, microsporidia were thought to be________ because of the absence of mitochondria.

protist

Small cross walls between individual fungal cells of ascomycete and basidiomycete hyphae are known as

septa

During asexual reproduction in the zygomycetes, sporangia form at the tips of erect stalks called .

sporangiophores

Fungal ______can reach plants and cause infection via the wind, water, soil, and/or animal vectors.

spores

Fungal reproductive cells are called .

spores.

The is/are the part of a fungus that when inhaled may cause allergies or asthma.

sppores

Match the basidiomycete cell type with the karyotype. Instructions

unfused hyphae- haploid Fused hyphae- dikaryotic Basidia- dikaryotic then diploid

Ascomycete fungi that occur as single cells and reproduce by budding are called .

yeast

Chytridiomycota are distinguished from other fungi because they possess flagellated __________ , released from a specialized structure called a chytridion.

zoospores

The Microsporidia share a common ancestor with fungi in which Phylum?

zygomycota

Fusion of nuclei within the zygosporangium of a zygomycete fungus results in the production of a(n) .

zygospore