Bio chapter 10 test questions

Who confirmed the idea of extinction of species

Georges Cuvier

Which one of the following is not one of the four evolutionary mechanisms?

Heritability

which scientist was least helpful to Darwin in his development of the theory of evolution?

Wallace

natural selection

a mechanism of evolution that occurs when, for a heritable variation of a trait, individuals with a different version of that trait

artificial selection

a special case of natural selection; the three necessary and sufficient conditions for natural selection are satisfied, but the differential reproductive success is determined by humans rather than by nature and so is typically goal-oriented

which of the following is not necessary for natural selection to occur

adaptation

which scientist is incorrectly matched to his scientific/evolutionary contribution?

all of the above are correctly matched a. Georges Buffon showed that the earth is much older than previously believed b. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck suggested that living species might change over time c. Charles Lyell theorized that geological forces had shaped the earth and continue to do so

which condition is necessary for natural selection to occur

all of the above are necessary a. there must be variation for a trait within a population b. the variation must be heritable c. individuals with one version of the trait must produce more offspring than those with a different version of the trait

which of the following are important elements to an organism's fitness

all of these are important a. fitness depends on the specific environment in which the organism's lives b. fitness depends on an organism's reproductive success compared with other organisms in the population c. measured relative to other genotypes or phenotypes in the population

a mutation is defined as

an alteration in the base-pair sequence of an individual's DNA; may arise spontaneously or following exposure to a mutagen

most mutations:

are random, meaning they are unrelated to how useful or harmful they might be to the organisms in which they occur

what kind of beaks were selected when finches had to eat large, hard seeds in dry years

big beaks

the deaths of a random portion of population is known as the ____ effect

bottleneck

what selection, for a given trait, increases fitness at one extreme of the phenotype and reduces fitness at the other, leading to an increase or decrease in the mean value of the trait

directional slection

if ______ has occurred, the allele frequencies in a population has changed

evolution

which is not a mechanism of evolution

extinction

what is a measure of the amount of reproduction of an individual with a particular phenotype relative to the reproductive output of individuals of the same species with alternative phenotypes

fitness

a small group from a larger population moves into a smaller population creating their own describes the ____ effect

founder

_______ structures are body structures in different organisms that are derived through inheritance from a common evolutionary ancestor

homologous structures

the transmission of traits from parents to offspring through genetic information is called

inheritance

according to disruptive selection, individuals with intermediate phenotypes:

lowest fitness

what agent of evolution can or does increase genetic variation in a population?

mutation

which if the following mechanisms of evolution is an alteration of the base-pair sequence of an individual's DNA

mutation

which is not one of the five primary lines of evidence demonstrating the occurrence of evolution

radiometric dating

what kind of beaks were selected when finches had to eat small, soft seeds in wet years

small beaks

when certain individuals in a population are born with characteristics that make them more likely to ________, evolution can occur

survive and reproduce compared to other individuals in the population

which of the following evolving beliefs were not thought of after Darwin

the earth is mostly unchanging

what is the best measure of an organism's fitness

the number of fertile offspring it produces

what is biogeography?

the study and interpretation of distribution patterns of living organisms around the world

which is not one of the four types of evolution mechanisms

Adaptation

Who published the origin of species in 1859

Charles Darwin