bio chapter 1,2,3 exam
This atom can form up to _____ single covalent bond(s).
4
The atomic number of neutral sulfur = 16. How many electrons does a sulfur atom have in its valence shell?
6
The average American consumes approximately ____ times the amount of sugar recommended by the World Health Organization.
6
The cells of the human body are about ____% water. Six elements together make up about 99% of the body. In addition to oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen, these are _______, _______, and ______.
70%: nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus
Describe the structure of a eukaryotic cell. How is it different from a prokaryotic cell?
A eukaryotic cell is made up of plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. Eukaryotic cell has a membrane bound nucleus where as prokaryotic cells don't.
What is the difference between science and technology?
Science and technology are a lot alike but both have different goals. The goal of science is to gain new knowledge. Where as technology's goal is to solve problems that humans face. Technology is a part of science.
When was Charles Darwin's seminal book On the Origin of Species published?
around the middle of the 19th century
A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role _____.
as a component of animal cell membranes
Proteins are polymers of _____.
amino acids
The primary structure of a protein is like the arrangement of beads on a string. In this analogy, the beads are _____.
amino acids
A typical soda contains sugar, flavorings, coloring agents, and carbon dioxide that have been dissolved in water. Soda is therefore _____.
an aqueous solution
An ionic bond involves _____.
an attraction between ions of opposite charge
What is the difference between: an ionic bond a covalent bond
an ionic bond- is a linkage between oppositely charged ions. a covalent bond- is a linkage of electron pairs between atoms.
Which of the following is an INCORRECT match between a type of protein and its function?
antibody: chemical messaging
Atoms with the same number of protons but with different electrical charges _____.
are different ions
The equation shows a _______________ --the breaking and forming of chemical bonds that leads to a change in the composition of matter.
chemical reaction
What property of water makes it move upward from the roots of plants?
cohesion adhesion
When you eat a piece of cheese, which of the following occurs in your digestive tract?
hydrolysis, then dehydration
What name is given to this molecule?
hydronium ion
What name is given to this molecule?
hydroxide ionWhich of these is the correct equation for the dissociation of water?
In most ecosystems, _____ energy is converted into _____ energy by ______.
light: chemical: producers
Here is a partial list of substances found in living cells. Which, if any, of these substances is not a macromolecule?
lipids
glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.
maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis
What information is provided by a molecule's structural formula that is not provided by its molecular formula?
number of covalent bonds and whether they are single, double, or triple
An atom's mass number equals which of the following?
number of protons + number of neutrons
There is (are) _____ eukaryotic domain(s).
one
Which of these does NOT contain a structural protein?
ovalbumin
Biologists rely heavily on feedback from their ______ in refining and improving their hypotheses
peers
In the equation, C6H12O6 is a _________
product.
Examine the graph. The x-axis shows increasing concentrations of carbonate ions (CO32-) in seawater, while the y-axis shows the rate of calcification of animals on coral reefs. What does this graph tell you about the relationship between the two variables?
the more carbonate ion in seawater, the higher the rate of calcification
Which of these functional groups is found in all amino acids?
-NH2
The innermost electron shell of an atom can hold up to _____ electrons.
2
. How does DNA demonstrate the unity of life?
All living things share a common chemistry and cellular structure like DNA
It is helpful to form hypotheses because they help focus your investigation on a single idea to be tested. Suppose that a farmer wants to determine what the best growing conditions are for almond trees on his farm. Which of the following are appropriate hypotheses that the farmer could test? Select all that apply.
Almond trees produce more almonds if they are watered once a day. Almond trees grow taller when they are planted in direct sunlight. Almond trees live longer if fertilizer is mixed into the soil once every three months.
Prokaryotic cells are found in the domain(s) _____.
Bacteria and Archaea
Describe the life's hierarchical organization from the most inclusive group (largest group) to the least inclusive group. Be sure to note differences between community and ecosystem as well as species and population.
Biosphere, ecosystem, communities, populations, organisms, organ systems, organs tissues, cells, and organelle. Community is a group of populations living and interacting with each other in an area. Ecosystem is a community and its abiotic environment. Species is a group of organisms that can interbreed and reproduce. Population is a group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same time.
Here is the chemical formula for glucose: C6H12O6. Maltose is a disaccharide formed when two glucose molecules combine via a dehydration reaction. Using this information, determine the chemical formula of maltose.
C12H22O11
Which of the following analogies best describes the process of science?
Driving to and from work every day but needing to travel via different streets to avoid traffic
When comparing DNA and RNA, only one of these choices is correct. Which one?
DNA directs RNA in assembling proteins.
Fungi are classified into which Domain?
Eukarya
If you want a molecule that is highly polar, look for one that contains:
H-N
You like some chocolate chip cookie recipes better than others.
Observation
Which of the following statements is NOT true about discoveries that have been made as a result of comparison of DNA sequences across many species?
Organisms possessing a genetic code drastically different from that used by humans have been discovered.
Which atom in the pictured molecule will have the strongest partial positive charge?
The C that's in C=O.
Which of the following alternate hypotheses could explain Yoel's results that on some islands, green anole lizards live higher in the trees and have larger toe pads?
The introduction of a predator that lives on the ground caused the green anole lizard population to evolve.
Which of the following questions could be answered by a retrospective study that tests a hypothesis?
Was radiation therapy for breast cancer more effective in patients treated at Hospital A than at Hospital B?
Glycogen is _____.
a polysaccharide found in animals
The process whereby coral animals form their skeletons is called ________.
calcification
Of what substance are coral reefs mainly composed?
calcium carbonate skeletons of coral animals
Which element is closely associated with the field of organic chemistry?
carbon
A(n) _________ bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms, also known as a molecular bond.
covalent
What type of bond is joining the two hydrogen atoms?
covalent
What is another name for a condensation reaction?
dehydration
A radioactive tracer called PIB can be used to detect beta-amyloid plaques in the brains of some people with Alzheimer's disease. This represents the medical use of radioactive isotopes to _________.
diagnose disease
When two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms, a ________ bond is formed.
double
A phrase that applies to covalent bonding and not other kinds of bonds is ...
electron-sharing.
The number of oxygen atoms on the left side of the equation is _____________ the number of oxygen atoms on the right side.
equal to
A(n) _____________ differs from the control group by the one variable that is being tested in the experiment.
experimental group
Which of the following is a disease caused by an excess of a trace element and what is the element?
fluorosis: fluoride
Large proteins, like DNA polymerase and hemoglobin, are often composed of several polypeptides that are linked together. The _____ level of protein structure describes how the polypeptides are joined to create a larger complex.
fourth
Sucrose, the most common disaccharide, is made of a ________ molecule joined to a ________ molecule by means of a _________ reaction.
glucose: fructose: dehydration
A weak bond called a __________ bond results from an attraction between a slightly positive region in a molecule and a slightly negative region in the same or a different molecule.
hydrogen
The secondary structure of a protein results from _____.
hydrogen bonds
The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.
hydrogen bonds
In the equation, CO2 is a __________
reactant.
Arrow D is indicating a _____ protein.
receptor
Your new plant, which stood straight and tall when you brought it home from the store a few weeks ago, is now bending slightly and has its leaves turned toward the sunlight streaming into your dining room window. This is an example of which characteristic of living things?
response to the environment
This figure is an example of a: __________ h h-c-c^o-c(h-n)-c(h-n)-c(h-n)-h h-c- c^o-c(h-n)-c(h-n)-c(h-n)-h h-c- c^o-c(h-n)-c(h-n)-c(h-n)-h h
saturated fat
A(n) _________ is a factor that changes during an experiment.
variable
Astrobiologists searching for signs of life on other planets primarily search for __________.
water
Scientists have found several lines of evidence pointing to the existence of water on Mars. Which of the following have they NOT observed?
water-filled lakes or ponds
What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken?
hydrolysis
A(n) __________ is a proposed, testable explanation for an observation.
hypothesis
Defensive proteins are manufactured by the _____ system.
immune
Which of the following side effects is NOT linked to anabolic steroid use?
improvement in mood
The levels of carbon dioxide are expected to _____ of our oceans.
increase and lower the pH
A(n)_________ bond forms when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom.
ionic
In salt, what is the nature of the bond between sodium and chlorine?
ionic
Atoms or molecules with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons are ________
ions
A deficiency of _______ is the world's most common nutritional deficit.
iron
Which of these is a source of lactose?
milk
A(n) _____ refers to two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
molecule
Darwin posited that the mechanism for evolution is _______.
natural selection
In Sweden (a cold country) one year, there was sunshine from July 1-July 10, followed by several days of very cold, rainy weather. If you wanted to stay warm that year during your late-July camping trip, where was the best place to pitch your tent? Why?
near the coast: water stores heat from the sun and releases it gradually
Atoms involved in a __________ bond equally share electrons; there is no charge separation to the molecule.
nonpolar
In O2, the type of bond that holds the two oxygen atoms together is a _______________________
nonpolar covalent bond
Match the monomers with their polymers. Nucleic acid polymers are made up of __________ monomers. Carbohydrate polymers are made up of ___________ monomers. Protein polymers are made up of ___________ monomers.
nucleotide simple sugar amino acid
The "building blocks" of the nucleic acids DNA and RNA are called ________. These building blocks are _________.
nucleotides: monomers
Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats?
olive oil
What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?
peptide
Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on _____.
peptide bonds
Which functional group can transfer energy among organic molecules?
phosphate
A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____.
phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar
The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are _____.
phospholipids
A _________ bond is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms. As a result, one end of the molecule has a slightly negative charge and the other a slightly positive charge.
polar
In H2O, the type of bond that holds one of the hydrogen atoms to the oxygen atom is a _______________________
polar covalent bond.
Cellulose is a _____ made of many _____ linked together with _______ bonds.
polymer: glucose molecules: covalent
According to the long-term Nurses' Health Study, which of the following foods is associated with the lowest relative risk of heart disease?
polyunsaturated fats
Which of the following foods would contain the most starch?
potatoes
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used. Scientists use a general process known as _______________ to ask and answer questions about nature. Using a type of logic known as ______________, a generalized conclusion can often be drawn from a large number of specific observations. A(n)_____________ is a proposed explanation for a set of observations. It leads to predictions that can be tested by additional observations or by experiments. _______________ uses ''if . . . then'' logic to proceed from a general hypothesis to specific predictions of results that can be expected if the general premise is true. A hypothesis must be testable and ______________ --there must be some observation or experiment that could show that it is not true A(n) _______ involves both an experimental group and a control group, which are alike except for the one variable that the experiment is designed to test. A(n)_______ is broader in scope than a hypothesis, is supported by a large body of evidence, and generates many new hypotheses.
scientific inquiry inductive reasoning hypothesis deductive reasoning falsifiable controlled experiment theory
The backbone of protein molecules coils or folds into local patterns. This gives the protein its ________ structure. A protein composed of more than one polypeptide chain has a __________ structure.
secondary: quaternary
Your body contains thousands of different types of proteins, each with a specific function. A protein's function is largely determined by its _____.
shape
In a covalent bond, electrons are ________. In an ionic bond, electrons are ______. Which is the stronger type of bond?
shared: transferred: covalent
When one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms, a __________ bond is formed.
single
What type of bond joins the carbon atom to each of the hydrogen atoms?
single (nonpolar) covalent
Little Freddie is a bored child at home on a rainy day. He stirs salt and sugar into his favorite soda. Freddie has created a solution with which of the following characteristics?
soda is the solvent: salt and sugar are solutes
Arrow A is indicating a(n) _____ protein.
structural
Grapefruit juice is approximately pH 3, and tomato juice is approximately pH 4. A glass of grapefruit juice contains _____ H+ as a glass of tomato juice.
ten times as much
Which of the following would be affected when a protein is denatured?
tertiary structure
To qualify as a scientific hypothesis, a proposed explanation for a set of observations must be ________.
testable
When all the available evidence was taken into account, scientists concluded that the red panda, which has characteristics similar to those of bears, raccoons, weasels, giant pandas, and other bears, belongs to _______.
the family Ailuridae, of which it is the only member
What determines the types of chemical reactions that an atom participates in?
the number of electrons in the outermost electron shell
The chemical energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from __________.
the sun
A protein's alpha helices and beta sheets fold together to create an overall shape at the _____ level of protein structure.
third
Researchers studying the effects of toxic wastes knew that animals were poisoned by the heavy metal cadmium, but they wanted to know where cadmium accumulated in the body. They could find out by _____.
tracing the movement of cadmium isotopes in test animals
DNA is composed of ______ coiled strand(s). Each strand consists of a sequence of ________.
two: nucleotides
Polymers that contain sugars ...
(a), (b), and (c). (a) may store hereditary information. (b) may store energy. (c) may protect cells.
About _____ molecules in a glass of water are dissociated.
1 in 500,000,000
What is the charge on a hydronium ion?
1+
What is the charge on a hydroxide ion?
1-
Drag type of experiment on the left to the example of experiment on the right.
1. Natural: Blood concentrations of BPA in college students are compared to their recent consumption of canned food items. 2. Natural: The feeding behavior of fish in streams that receive acidic runoff from strip mines is compared to the feeding behavior of fish in unaffected streams. 3. Natural: The deformity rate in baby birds from nests in pesticide-sprayed fields is compared to the deformity rate in birds from nests in unsprayed fields. 4. Manipulative: Tumor development is compared in mice exposed to five dosages of a known carcinogen in the laboratory. 5. Manipulative: Foraging activity levels are compared in tadpoles exposed to four concentrations of toxic metals in the laboratory. 6. Manipulative: Growth of corn plants is compared in field plots sprayed with three different dosages of weed killer. 7. Natural: BPA concentrations in the urine of people with diabetes are compared to BPA concentrations in the urine of people without diabetes.
1. The term for a solution with a low pH number, such as lemon juice or vinegar, is _________ 2. The term for a solution that has an equal concentration of H+ and OH- is __________ 3. The term for a solution with a high pH number, such as ammonia or bleach, is _________ 4. An acid is a compound that donate_______ to a solution. 5. The higher the pH number, the higher the concentration of ________ in a solution. 6. A substance that accepts H+ when they are in excess and donates H+ when their concentration drops is called a(n) __________.
1. acidic 2. neutral 3. basic 4. H+ 5. OH- 6. buffer
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. 1. The type of test that changes only one variable at a time in order to isolate the results is known as a __________ 2. The one variable that is manipulated by a scientist as a potential cause in an experiment is the______________ 3. The____________ is the factor a scientist observes to see the effect of the change made. 4. A ____________ establishes a baseline for an experiment. 5. A ___________ is a group in which no response is expected. 6. A_____________ is a group in which a known response is expected. 7. In a _____________ experiment, the researchers--but not the participants--know who receives the treatment and who does not, to eliminate subjective bias. 8. In a ___________ experiment, neither the participants nor the researchers know who receives the treatment and who does not.
1. controlled experiment 2. independent variable 3. dependent variable 4. control group 5. negative control 6. positive control 7. single-blind 8. double-blind
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used. 1. Lipids are diverse compounds that are grouped together because they are __________ 2. A fat molecule is composed of two types of smaller molecules: __________ and fatty acids. 3. A fatty acid consists of a ____________ and a long hydrocarbon chain. 4. _________________ have one or more double bonds in their hydrocarbon chains and are usually found in vegetable oils. 5. The hydrocarbon chains of _______________ are not kinked, and thus pack closely together, making animal fats solid at room temperature. 6. _____________ are a major component of cell membranes. They form a bilayer with their hydrophobic tails mingling together and their hydrophilic heads facing the watery environment on both sides of the membrane. 7. __________ are lipids with a structure consisting of four fused rings. Many sex hormones are made from this type of lipid.
1. hydrophobic 2. glycerol 3. carboxyl group 4. Unsaturated fatty acids 5. saturated fatty acids 6. Phospholipids 7. Steroids
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. 1. Nucleic acids are polymers of ___________ 2. The monomers of nucleic acids consist of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a _______________ 3. ______________ provides directions for its own replication. It also directs cell activities by providing instructions for building proteins. 4. A gene provides the directions to build a molecule of __________________; the genetic instructions it carries are then translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein. 5. A polynucleotide has a repeating _____________ backbone. 6. The structure of DNA is a _____________, held together by the complementary base-pairing of cytosine with guanine, and adenine with thymine. 7. RNA usually consists of a single _________________ strand.
1. nucleotides. 2. nitrogenous base 3. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 4. RNA (ribonucleic acid) 5. sugar-phosphate 6. double helix 7. polynucleotide
Which of the following are the reactants in the chemical reaction that results in 2 molecules of water (2H2O)?
2 molecules of hydrogen gas and 1 molecule of oxygen gas
If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand?
3'-TAAACG-5'
If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain?
75
Define a hydrogen bond.
A bond between two molecules, a attraction from one proton in one molecule to a electron in the other molecule.
What does a buffer do? Why is it important for the blood to have buffers in it?
A buffer is a solution that resists changes in pH. Buffer are important in blood because they protect against large changes in the pH. For example when you work out your pH in your blood can drop and buffers help prevent that from happening.
What is a cell? What are the properties of a cell?
A cell is the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life. Properties of a cell are DNA, plasma membrane, ribosomes and cytoplasm.
Which of the following statements accurately describes a typical gene?
A gene is a segment of DNA that directs the synthesis of a specific protein.
In hydrolysis reactions, which of the following occurs?
A polymer is broken down by the addition of water: water is consumed.
Describe the structure of a prokaryotic cell.
A prokaryotic cell is a unicellular organism which does not share the same membranes as other cells. It's made up of a chromosome instead of a nucleus. Prokaryotes have a cell membrane or plasma membrane that acts like a protective cover. They also have a cell wall for added support and protection.
What is a scientific hypothesis? What are the characteristics of a good hypothesis? How is it different from a theory?
A scientific hypothesis is an educated guess based off observation and prior knowledge. A good hypothesis will be testable, simple, clear, and relevant to the problem.
Which of the following correctly lists the main steps in the flow of information from gene to protein?
A segment of DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is then translated into a chain of molecules that make up a protein.
How did this molecule form?
A water molecule gained an hydrogen ion from another water molecule.
What is the basic monomer unit of proteins? What type of bond holds these units together to form a protein? What type of chemical reaction forms this bond?
Amino acid, peptide bonds, and amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains.
. What are emergent properties? Give examples.
An emergent property is a property a complex system has, but individual members do not have. A group of items that you wouldn't find in any of the individual items. Examples would be cites, ant colonies, and the brain.
Drug-resistant tuberculosis is a major health issue in many countries. Treatment for these resistant forms of bacteria is longer and requires more expensive antibiotics. Scientists attribute this to natural selection. Under these circumstances, what does natural selection mean?
An environment was created in which the tuberculosis bacterium carrying the antibiotic-resistant genes had an increased likelihood of survival and reproduction.
Which of the following INCORRECTLY pairs a listed organism and its domain?
An organism living in a boiling hot spring belongs to the domain Bacteria.
Some athletes use anabolic steroids to build their body mass. Why is this considered a problematic practice, especially in adolescents?
Anabolic steroids can prevent bone growth.
_______________ is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical properties of an element and its place in the periodic table. The number of protons plus neutrons in an atom, represented as an average of all naturally occurring forms of the element, is known as a______________. ______________, also called micronutrients, are any chemical element required by living organisms in miniscule amounts, but cells require them to survive. _____________ is one of the four elements that make up 96.3% of living cells. _____________ is one of the seven elements that make up a small fraction, approximately 3.7%, of living cells. _____________ is one of the fourteen trace elements and is a component of certain digestive enzymes and other proteins.
Atomic number atomic weight Trace elements Nitrogen Calcium Zinc
Which of the following is an example of natural selection?
Black beetles, which are vulnerable to extreme cold, vanish from the region during one very cold winter in Montana.
Name 4 major groups of macromolecules in the body. What monomer units make up these polymers? Describe some of the major functions of each of these groups.
Carbohydrates- functions are to provide energy, store energy, fuel the central nervous system. Lipids- functions are storing energy in molecules, cell membrane structure, thermal insulation. Proteins- functions are to repair and build the body's tissue, provide structure, help regulate pH in the body. Nucleic acids- functions are to carry genetic information that is read in cells to make the RNA and proteins by which living things function. Monomers are the building blocks of the four basic macromolecules
Which of the following statements about carbon skeletons is correct?
Carbon skeletons can be straight or in the shape of a ring.
Describe the characteristics shared by all living things.
Characteristics all living things share are reproduction, growth and development, movement, response to stimuli, and use of energy.
What are differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA is double-stranded, has four nitrogen bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, contains sugar deoxyribose. RNA is single-stranded, instead of thymine, it has uracil, contains the sugar ribose.
Describe the structure of DNA.
DNA structure is a double-stranded helix held together by complementary base pairs. DNA is made up of molecules called nucleotides.
Which is the correct sequence of events in gene expression?
DNA→RNA→protein
Briefly describe Darwin's Theory of evolution and how he came to his conclusions.
Darwin's theory has two aspects to it natural selection and adaption. His theory pretty much says species go through natural selection, some species survive by adapting to meet the changes in there environments. If they successfully evolve they species will thrive. On the other hand if the species fails to adapt they will eventually die off. He came to this conclusion by coming up with 5 observations, competition, adaption, variation, overproduction, speciation.
What type of chemical reaction links monomers into polymers? What type of chemical reaction breaks polymers apart into their monomer units?
Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions.
Which of the following is true with regard to the relationship between ecosystems and communities?
Ecosystems include the nonliving components of an environment; communities include only the living components of an environment.
What is the difference between an element and a compound?
Element- is a substance that cant be broken down to other substances. Compound- is a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.
How do energy and nutrients flow through an ecosystem? Which one is recycled and how? Which one flows only one way and how?
Energy and nutrients are passed around through the food chain. This takes place when one organism eats another organism. Nutrients are recycled through the ecosystem. This happens because left over nutrient goes back to the plants, they make the food for the consumers and then when it decomposes the nutrients goes to the soil. Energy only flows one way and it goes up. It starts at the bottom of the food chain and makes it way up to the top and then disperses.
A human is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____.
Eukarya ... Animalia
A rose bush is classified in domain _____ and kingdom _____.
Eukarya ... Plantae
Which Domain(s) includes unicellular orgainsms?
Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria
You make one batch of cookies with regular flour and another with cake flour.
Experiment
What is an experimental group in a scientific study? What is a control group and what is its purpose?
Experimental group are the ones who are going through the test this is the variable you are studying. The control group are the ones who are not being tested they are the ones you will compare the experimental group too in order to measure the test.
There are many elements to the process of science. Can you match the elements to the examples that occurred in Yoel's story? Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right. ____________ Yoel collected data on the size of green anole toe pads. ___________ Politicians may develop new policies to protect species from environmental changes. ___________ Yoel read literature about Todd Campbell's work with green and brown anoles. ___________ Yoel submitted an article describing his results, which was reviewed by other scientists.
Forming and testing hypotheses Societal benefits and outcomes Exploration and discovery Scientific community analysis and feedback
Which of these is the correct equation for the dissociation of water?
H2O + H2O <==> H3O+ + OH-
Water molecule A has two hydrogens, called HA1 and HA2. Its oxygen atom is called OA. The same naming rules apply to water molecules B, C, D, and E. How does Molecule A form its hydrogen bonds?
HA1 bonds with OB, HA2 bonds with OC, and OA bonds with HD1 and HE1
What happens when water is heated?
Hydrogen bonds are broken.
Cake flour works better than regular flour.
Hypothesis
Describe some of the important properties of water. Why is it an excellent solvent?
Importance of water, survival , flushes out toxins, and regulates body temperature. It a good solvent because it can dissolve different substances.
When water freezes, ice floats. Why?
In ice, the water molecules are farther apart than in liquid water.
What is inductive reasoning? What is deductive reasoning?
Inductive reasoning is the process of reasoning that a statement is true because specific cases are true. Starts with observations and moves backward towards theories. Deductive reasoning is the process of using logic to draw conclusions from given facts, definitions and properties. Starts with hypothesis and then tests to see if it's true through observation. A hypothesis and theory are different because a hypothesis is an educated guess and a theory is well thought out and has been tested it uses facts, observations and hypotheses to become a theory.
In chemistry, an "organic" compound is a compound with which of the following characteristics?
It always contains carbon atoms.
What does the term amino acid signify about the structure of the molecule?
It consists of an amino group and a carboxyl group.
Darwin used many lines of evidence to show that natural selection is the mechanism of evolution. One line was the overproduction of offspring in animal species. How did Darwin believe that this affected natural selection?
It created the need for competition for resources such that only the best adapted individuals would survive to reproduce.
What happens to the shape and function of a protein if one of the amino acids is replaced with a different type of amino acid?
It depends on the role of the amino acid that is altered. One amino acid might be replaced with no measurable effect on the protein's function; replacing another might cause a total loss of function.
Sodium chloride (NaCl, table salt) is a compound but not a molecule. Why?
It does not contain covalent bonds.
Which of the following is a characteristic of Carbon-14, but not of Carbon-12 or Carbon-13?
Its nucleus is unstable.
Which of the following choices shows the correct arrangement of the components of life's hierarchy of organization, going from smallest to largest? A. Population B. Cell C. Organ D. Organ system E. Biosphere F. Tissue G. Community H. Organelle I. Organism J. Molecule K. Ecosystem
J, H, B, F, C, D, I, A, G, K, E
Which of the following statements regarding lactose tolerance is true?
Lactose tolerance has evolved independently in multiple different human populations.
The scientific method is a process that is used by everyone in their daily lives, not just by scientists in a research lab. Which of the following scenarios describe people using steps of the scientific method? Select all that apply.
Miguel's car doesn't start in the morning, so he methodically checks one possible component at a time to try to figure out why his car will not start. In order to determine what type of fertilizer works best for growing flowers on his balcony, Joe plants flowers in three pots with three different types of fertilizes and measures their growth over time. While trying to figure out why her smartphone keeps turning off after she dropped it, Jocelyn predicts that the battery is loose inside the case. Sarah observes that a specific type of ant keeps showing up in her kitchen, which leads her to wonder what the ant is attracted to.
Which of these is a scientific hypothesis?
My excessive urination may mean that I have high blood pressure.
Which of the following atoms make up a protein's polypeptide "backbone"?
N and C bonded to each other, plus the attached H and O
Why is natural selection called a theory?
Natural selection is a theory because it is supported by observable evidence and is not considered the definite reason why organisms can evolve due to their surroundings.
Which three statements are supported by the data in the graph?
Non-heart attack patient would have nearly 3g of trans fats in 200 g of adipose tissue, on average. 1.77% of the total fat in heart attack patients is trans fats. Heart attack patients have higher levels of trans fats in their adipose tissue than non-heart attack patients.
What is a nucleotide? What are the three main parts that make up a nucleotide?
Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. Each nucleotide, is made up of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate.
Which answer correctly ranks the atoms in terms of decreasing electronegativity (the highest electronegativity first)?
O, N, C, H
Use your knowledge of electronegativity to pick out the most polar bond in the list below.
O-H
What is ocean acidification? How does the rising carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere affect the coral reefs?
Ocean acidification lowers the pH of the ocean when carbon dioxide is dissolved by the seawater. The rising of carbon dioxide is dangerous for the coral reefs. When carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean, it raises the water's acidity level. This prevents a build up of calcium carbonate, which corals draw from seawater to build their skeleton.
Let's imagine there are two species of squirrels, Chattery and Squeaky, in the same habitat. Chattery squirrels can digest pine nuts from pine trees and acorns from oak trees, whereas Squeaky squirrels can digest only acorns. Chattery squirrels are small and timid, while Squeaky squirrels are large and aggressive. One summer, a disease kills off all of the oak trees. What does natural selection predict will happen?
Over time, Chattery squirrels will outnumber Squeaky squirrels because they are better adapted to the environment's new, more limited food supply.
What are the 4 main elements that make up living organisms on earth?
Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
Your text contains this sentence: "Every citizen has a responsibility to develop a reasonable amount of scientific literacy to be able to participate in the debates regarding science, technology, and society." What does this mean?
People ought to understand science well enough to be able to understand how it, technology, and society can address complex problems.
Your textbook describes experiments concerning predation of mice that belong to the same species but live in two different habitats. The mice in the two habitats were differently colored. How were these experiments carried out?
Plastic models of mice of the two different colors were placed in each habitat, and the frequency of predator attacks was recorded.
Describe the function of each of the following types of organisms in an ecosystem. Give examples of each type:
Producers are organisms that create food from inorganic matter. They are the foundation of any ecosystem. Examples: plants, lichens and algae. Consumers function is to obtain energy by feeding on other organisms and sometimes transfer energy to other consumers. Any changes that affect consumers can impact other organisms within the ecosystem. Examples: rabbits, bears, giraffes, horses, and cows Decomposers clean up the dead material by processing it and returning the nutrients to the soil for the producers. Examples: bacteria and fungi.
Describe some major functions of proteins in the body.
Proteins provide structure and support for cells. Proteins transmit signals to coordinate biological processes between different cells, tissues, and organs. Proteins like enzymes carry out thousands of chemical reactions that take place in cells.
What are the three main particles that make up an atom? Which of the particles determines the following properties of an atom:
Protons, neutrons, and electrons make up an atom. The number of electrons determines the chemical properties of the atom. Protons add to the mass of an atom and has a positive charge. Atomic mass number- the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom. Atomic number- the number of protons in a nucleus. Chemical bonding properties- forces of attraction that hold atoms to form molecules. The element that the atom belongs to- depends on the number of protons. The isotope- are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons and electrons.
Does the type of flour you use make a difference?
Question
Which of these is NOT a lipid?
RNA
Describe the structure of RNA.
RNA structure is a single stranded and is made of ribonucleotides that are linked by phosphodiester bonds.
Using cake flour makes the cookies soft, which you prefer.
Results
Why are the two strands of DNA called "complementary"?
The base sequence of one strand exactly predicts the base sequence of the other.
In the figure below, what leads directly to the reproductive success of these beetles?
The beetles with traits best suited to the environment survive.
What do you predict would occur if a gene for manufacturing insulin were inserted into the DNA of bacterial cells growing in the laboratory?
The cells would manufacture insulin.
Lactose intolerance appears to be the "norm" for humans, yet many Northern Europeans happily consume large quantities of milk and cheese. Which of the following probably led to the high prevalence of lactase in Northern Europeans?
The cold climate of Northern Europe forced people to rely on dairy products.
After a person eats dinner, which of the following occurs?
The concentration of glucose in the blood increases, causing the pancreas to release insulin, which allows glucose to enter cells, thereby lowering blood glucose levels.
What is the structural difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
The difference is in the number of double bonds. Saturated fats lack double bonds between the individual carbon atoms. Whereas unsaturated fats there is at least one double bond in the fatty acid chain.
What is the benefit of the red panda's enlarged radial sesamoid?
The enlarged radial sesamoid acts as a "false thumb," enabling the red panda to grasp objects by pressing one or more of its parallel digits to this "thumb."
What are the five unifying themes in biology?
The five themes are structure and function of cells, interactions between organisms, homeostasis, reproduction and genetics, and evolution.
In the section in your textbook about systems biology, interactions among members of the bacteria-sloth-tree system in the South American rain forest were described. What benefit do these South American sloths derive from the bacteria that live on their hair?
The greenish-brown coat provides camouflage from predators.
Which of these relationships is true of an uncharged atom?
The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.
Drinking a (safe) buffering solution after eating a very acidic meal would be likely to have which of the following effects on the pH of a person's stomach contents?
The pH would increase slightly.
Which of the following statements is correct regarding double-layered cell membranes?
The phosphate-glycerol "heads" face the watery environment.
Which of the following is a correct statement comparing the "false thumbs" of this red panda and the giant panda?
The structures are anatomically similar but evolved separately in the two lineages.
How does the level of trans fats in non-heart attack patients compare to the level of trans fats in heart attack patients?
The trans fats level in non-heart attack patients is 84% of the level in heart attack patients.
Robins, blue jays, and sparrows live in your garden, which is also filled with roses, tulips, and wisteria. Which of the following statements correctly describes this situation in terms of life's hierarchy of organization?
There are robin, blue jay, and rose populations in your garden community.
Consider the figure shown below. What one characteristic is shared by sucrose and maltose?
They are all disaccharides.
What are the similarities between DNA and RNA?
They both have four nitrogen bases and share three of them adenine, cytosine, and guanine. They also both have pentose sugar together plus phosphate backbone.
Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding radioactive isotopes?
They can be used to diagnose, but not to treat, certain diseases.
Which of the following statements is true about the chemical nutrients in an ecosystem?
They cycle within the ecosystem and are constantly reused.
Fatty acids, unsaturated fats, saturated fats, and cholesterol are alike in which of the following ways?
They do not mix well with water.
Hydrogen and helium are the only elements in the first row of the periodic table. What characteristic(s) do they share that determines their position?
They have only one electron shell.
A researcher hypothesizes that mice who eat spinach will develop stronger hamstring muscles. To test her hypothesis, she feeds one group of mice their regular diet plus spinach, and a second group of mice their regular diet only. Both groups have access to running wheels in their cages. After 6 weeks, she tests the strength of the hamstrings in all of the mice. Which of the following correctly describes this experiment?
This is a controlled study in which the independent variable is spinach and the dependent variable is hamstring strength.
What are trace elements and what do they do? Give an example and tell how it functions. How does your body obtain these elements?
Trace elements- an element that is essential for life but require in extremely minute amounts. Trace element function is primarily catalysts in enzyme systems. For example iron is a trace element needed by all life forms. Common foods contain these elements.
Which of the following is an example of an emergent property?
When gears and other structures are assembled into a bicycle, the entire assembly can propel the rider.
Dr. Haxton says the O-O bond is polar and the C-C bond is nonpolar. A good student would say ...
Wrong again, Ralph. Both bonds are nonpolar.
Which experiment would best determine if the green anole lizards' diet was affected by their change in habitat?
Yoel should compare the diet of green anole lizards from islands where no brown anole lizards live to the diet of green anole lizards from islands where green and brown anole lizards live.
Which of the following is the best definition of a "polar" molecule?
a molecule with an unequal distribution of charges
What does it mean if a solution has: a neutral pH an acidic pH a basic pH
a neutral pH- A chemical solution which is neither acidic nor basic. On the scale it would be in the middle and its safe to drink. an acidic pH- The concentration of hydrogen ions is greater than the concentration of hydroxide ions. On the scale it would be at the lower end. a basic pH- the concentration of hydrogen ions is less than the concentration of hydroxide ions. On the scale it would be at the higher end.
Which of the following is present in a controlled clinical trial, but lacking in a retrospective study, of a new drug ("X") that might be effective in treating tuberculosis?
a placebo drug
What is the difference between: a polar bond a nonpolar bond
a polar bond- is a linkage between two atoms where the electrons are not shared equally. a nonpolar bond- is a linkage between two atoms where the electrons are shared equally
What is radon?
a radioactive gas from the decay of uranium that can cause lung cancer
Describe the characteristics of organisms in each of the following kingdoms. Give examples of organisms that belong to each group.
a. Animalia- this kingdom includes animals that are multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Some examples are polar bears and blue whale. They reproduce with an egg and a sperm. They are also heterotrophs which means the rely on other organisms for food. b. Plantae- this kingdom is mainly plants. They are also multicellular organisms and they have a cell wall unlike animals. Some examples are algae, mosses, and ferns. There reproductive system is primarily asexual or sexual. Source of nutrition is photosynthesis. c. Protista (multiple kingdoms)- these kingdoms contain single-celled eukaryotes. These are unicellular organisms. Includes plants, animals, and fungi. Mainly aquatic animals. These kingdoms are categorized into five major groups. Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Protozoans, Euglenoids, and Slime moulds. The cell body contains nucleus. Reproduction is asexual or sexual. Nutrition is photosynthetic and mixotrophic. d. Fungi- in this thallus is found in fungi. A thallus organization is the body of a multicellular nonmoving organism. They have no organization of their tissues to their organs. Some fungi are multicellular, and some are single-celled. They have a cell wall. There are five categories for fungi, Chytridiomycota, Zygomycetes, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota. Reproduction can be asexual, sexual, or vegetative. For nutrition parasitic, saprophytic, or symbiotic.
Describe the three main domains of life:
a. Archaea is a domain of single celled organisms, no nucleus, prokaryote cells. They also have distinct molecular characteristics separating them from bacteria. b. Bacteria is a domain of microscopic, single-celled organisms. They do not have a nucleus so they have prokaryote cells. Some bacteria can be harmful but most bacteria has a purpose and is very useful. c. Eukarya is a domain of organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope. This means they have eukaryote cells.
The "R" groups of an amino acid consist of which of the following?
carbon atoms with different functional groups attached
Which component of the core structure of an amino acid makes the molecule acidic?
carboxyl group
Which of these is a polysaccharide?
cellulose
_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.
cellulose
Your apartment has a cockroach problem. When you walk across your kitchen floor late at night, you hear "CRUNCH, CRUNCH," as you trample on an army of cockroaches. What substance in the insects' bodies produces that sound, and of what is it made?
chitin: structural polysaccharide
A(n)_______________ in an experiment yields data against which other groups are compared.
control group
A(n) _____ bond joins these two oxygen atoms.
double covalent
Which subatomic particles are directly involved in an atom's chemical activity?
electrons
A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical procedures is known as a(n) _____.
element
Water has different properties from its components hydrogen and oxygen. Such properties are called _________.
emergent
