PSYCH OF LEARNING EXAM

A __________ is the first step to a ______________________-

A WELL PLANNED LESSON is the first step to a WELL MANAGED CLASSROOM

Mr. French is planning an upcoming unit on adjectives and adverbs. He begins by determining what he ultimately wants students to know and be able to do at the end of the unit. He then creates an assignemtn taht will effecively measure such knowledge and skills. FInally, he designs a series of lessons hat will help students successfully use adjectives and adverbs. Mr. French's approach can best be descried as

A backward design

A community of learners can best be described as:

A classroom in which a cooperative spirit of helping one another learn prevails

Julie, a sixth grader, nearly always eats lunch with the same five or six girls. They are not antiestablishment but they usually spread out at the table in order to provent other students from joining them. Sometimes they even plan together what they will wear to school the enxt day. Julie's group is an example of: ?

A clique

A study that tells us whether two variables are associate, but does not tell us if one variable causes or influences the other, is:

A correlational study

Which one of the following students is displaying intrinsic motivation

Annette loves to play the viola and so pracitces for at least an hour every day.

An instructional objective that asks studens to use words properly in a sentence - to know what they are and then put those words together to form a single sentence - is at which level of Bloom Taxonomy presented in the textbook/

Apply

Only one of the following students is definitely engaging in critical thinking. Which one?

As Morgan watches her lab partner experiment with a pendulum, she says, "You just changed the length of the string at the same time you added more weight. That won't tell us anything."

individual constructivism

how individuals learners create knowledge through their interactions with the environemnt

functional analysis

identifies the specific stimulus conditions that exist both before and after Samantha makes inappropriate responses

procedural knowledge

knowledge on HOW to do things

decay

knowledge stored in long term memory but weakens or disappears altogether

memory

leanrers ability to mentally save newly acquired info

encoding

learner changes or adds to incoming information in some way in order to remember it more easily

complex cognitive processes

learners go far beyond the specific info they're studying, perhaps to apply it to a new situation

organization

learners pull new info togethr into a logical structure

construction

learners use many separate tidbits of infor to create general udnerstnaidng, interpretation, or recollection of some aspect of their world

covert strategies

learning strategy that is strictly mental (rather than behavioral) in nature and thus cannot be directly observed by others

positive transfer

prior learning helps learning or performance in another situation

sounding

playful verbal interaction involving creating one upmanship commont ot AA communities

paper-pencil assessment

present questions to answers, topics to address or problems to solve and students respond on paper

retrieval

remembering something

mental set

represnt a problem or situation in a way that excludes potenetioal solutions

provlem solving

requires use of existing knowledge and skills to address an unanswered question or puzzling situation

situated learning

responses and cognitive process to be associated with and retrieved only in some contexts but not in others like physical or social contexts

retrieval cues

retrieve priviously acquired knowledge and skills ina new context is triggered

self-imposed contingencies

self-reinforcement and self-puishment

quasi-experimental study

take into account but don't completely control other influential factors

cognitive psychology

theoretcal perspective that focuses on tehmental processes underlying learning and behavior, including perception, memory and reasoning

constructivism

theories that focus primarily on the nature of constructive prcesses in learning are collectively known as...

illusion of knowing

think they know it but they dont

metacognition

thinking about thinking

schemas

tightly organized sets of facts related to particular concepts ofr phenomena

Misbehaviors often occur most frequently during ___________-

transition times

When planning for the day, ________ are useful when moving from _________ to another

transitions .... one activity

rubric

two dimensional matrix that identifieds critieria for assessing different componenets of students performance along with concrete descriptions of various levels of performance relative to each coponent

table of specifications

two way grid that indicates both what topics should be covered and what tudents shouldb e able to do with each topic

Many children lack metacognitive knowledge. This is reflected in the fact that they:

Don't know very much about how to learn and don't actively reflect upon how they learn.

Which one of the following is the best example of intrinsic reinforcement?

Feeling good about your own generosity toward a less fortunate student

Sixteen-year-old Reynelda has known since she was 4 years old that she was going to become a teacher. Her gradnmotherw as a teacher, and her mother and aunts are teachers. She never eally eaven thought about any other occupation. Reynelda can best be described as showing:

Foreclosure

What are the four lobes of the human brain forming the cerebral cortex?

Frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal

Which one of the following statements reflects Kohlberg's preconventional moral reasoning?

It's okay to cheat on this exam because the teacher isn't watching me and I will get a better grade.

Which one of the following pairs of students best illustrates a difference in epistemic beliefs, understanding how one truly learns?

Keith thinks that learning geography means memorizing place names, but Kareem thinks that learning geography means understanding migration and settlement patterns.

Lily is 10 years old. She gets a score of 99 on an IQ test. What does this tell us about her intellectual ability?

Lily's score is about average for her age-group

learning

Long-term change in mental representations or associations due to experience.

Which one of the following high school teachers clearly has high self efficacy about his or her teaching?

Mr. Driver is confident that he can get even seemingly unmotivated students exicted about science.

Which one of the following teachers is most likely to promote intrinsic motivation in his or her students?

Ms. Benedetti describes events in history so vividly that her students are captivated during her entire lesson

Three of the following teachers are using strategies that should promote self-regulated learning. Which teacher, while almost certainly helping students learn more effectively, is probably not promoting self-regulated learning?

Ms. Henry recruits several parents to provide one-on-one tutoring for students who are having difficulty in a particular subject area.

Which one of the following accurately describes the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Negative reinforcement increases the frequency of the behavior, whereas punishment decreases it.

Which one fo the following is the best example of negative transfer?

Nellie sees five squared (5^2) in her math book and reads it as "fifty-two"

withitness

They know and their students know that they know what students are doing at all times

A higher-level question asks students to respond in which one of the following ways?

To develop or create a response that those students haven't sepcifically been taught

In Mr. Medeiros's classroom, students are given play money each time they turn in an assignment; they receive additional amounts of money if the assignment is turned in on time and if it is done correctly. At the end of each week, students can use their money to purchase special privileges. Mr. Medeiros's approach can best be characterized as: ?

Token economy

cortex

upper and outer parts of the brain where complex thinking, learning, and knowledge are located

evidence-based practices

use fo instructional methods nd other classroom strategies that research has consistently shown to bring about significant gains in students' development and academic achievement

mixed methods research

uses both quanittive and qualitative elements

elaboration

using prior knowledge to exapnd or embellish on a new idea in some way

situated learning dsitrubted cognition

various ways of thiking are inextricaly tied to particular physical or social cirucmstnaces

concepts

well-integrated entities that encompass particular ideas or groups of ideas

criterion refrernced score

what students ahve achieved in relation to specific objectives

Teachers should focus less on what a student is doing wrong when misbehaving adn focus more on _______________-

what the teacher can do to keep teh student on track towards more productive behaviors

attention

whatever a learner mentally pays attention to continues on to working

autonomy

when students feel like they are a part of the decision making

conceptual misunderstanding

when students form many logical connections within the specific conepts and ideas ofa topic

knowledge base

where new learning can build upon

sociocultural thoery

young learners intiially use sophisticated thinking stregies in social interaction and gradually internalize these strategies for their own personal use

Which one of the following si the best example of extrinsic motivation?

Wanting a good grade in your history calss to please your parents

social constructivism

young learners work together two or more people cna often gain better understandings than anyone could gain laone

Which one of the following is the best example of positive transfer?

Zelda uses the formula for calculating the area of a circle when she wants to figure out how much bigger a 10-inch pizza is than a 7inch pizza

working memory

component of memory where attended-to information stays for a short time so that learners can make better sense of it

Imagine you are a third-grade teacher. If you look atcognitive development from Piaget's perspective, which stage would best characterize ost of your students?

concrete operational stage

automaticity

able ot use what they've learned quickly, effortlessly, and automatically

educational psychology

academic disipline that studies the nature of human learning, development, motivation, and related topics and applies it to the identification adn development of effecitve instructional practices

co-regulated learning

adult adn children share responsiility for directing varios aspects of the learning process

misbehavior

any actiona that can potentially disrupt learinga dn palnned classroom activiteis

assessment bias

any of offend or unfairly penalize members fo a particular group

authentic assessment

asessments in an authentic similar to real life context is gaining increasing prominence

practicality

assessment instruments and procedures are easy to use

content validiy

assessment questions and tasks adequately represent overall body of knoweldge adn skills

action research

conduct systematic studies of issues and problems in their own schools with seeking more effective strategies in mind

summative assessment

conducting an assessment after instruction for assigning final class grades or determing which studetns are ready for more advanced classes

Establish rules and procedures which need to be ____ and ______

consistent and equitable

Rules need to be enforced ______

consistently

self-monitoring

continually checks prog3ress towards their goals

Classroom management

creating and maintaining a class environment conducive to learning and achievement

reflective teaching

examine and critique their assumptions, inferences, and isntructional practices and they adjust their beliefs and strategies in light of new evidence

negative transfer

exising knoweldge or skills hinder later learning

correlational study

explores possible relationships amont two or more variables

validity of an assessment

exten to which it measures what its intended to measure and allows us to draw appropriate inferences about the ability in question

reliability

extennt to which an assessment yields consistent info about the knowledge ksills or charactersistics being assessed

Which one of the following teacher questions or statements asks students to engage in a complex cognitive process?

"Can you use what you've learned about snakes and what you know about climate in North America to guess where this snake might live?"

Sense of school community

1) all faculty memebers are working together to help studeents become informed and productive citizens, adn 2) students can and hsould help and support one another

A teacher should communicate 3 things

1) interst in teh students long term school achievement, 2) concern that the misbehavior is interfereing with that achievement and 3) commitment to working cooperatively with the student to resolve the problem

Which one of the following is the best example of punishment as pscyhologists define it?

After Norma spends a few minutes in the time-out room for hurting a classmates'f eelings, she acts more compassionately toward taht classmate in the future.

All of these students are relatively successful but only one of the following definitely illustrates high-self-efficacy. Which one?

Amy knows she is a good singer and feels she will do well in her role in the upcoming school musical

backward design

An approach to instructional planning in which a teacher first determines the desired end result (i.e., what knowledge and skills students should acquire) and then identifies appropriate assessments and instructional strategies.

Which one of the follwoing most accurately describes the general concpet of temperment?

An inherited predisposition to interact with one's environment in certain ways

formal assessment

planned assessments used for a specific purpose - determine what students have learned

How can a teacher show relatedess?

Ask how a student is doing, compliments, warm greetings

Which one of the following best illustrates differentiated instruction?

Assigning different reading materials to different students, depending on each student's current reading skills

Which general model of parenting is an effective classroom management strategy?

Authoritative parenting

Need for relatedness

Basic need to feel socially connected to others and to secure others' love and respect.

Students are most likely to be motivated to do things that in one way or another result in desirable consequences for themselves - they get something. This motivation operates on their environmetn." These statements are most consistent with which one of the following theoretical perspectives of motivation?

Behaviorism

Which one of thefollowing examples illustrates how the maginary audience can be a factor in the adolescents devleoping self-concept?

Bernita feels as if everyone must be looking at her when she walks down the hall with he friends.

Which one of the following is the best illustration of metacognition? a) Andrea is studying for a spelling test. She writes each spelling word five times in her nicest handwriting. b) Betsy stays up late studying for a geography test. The following morning in school, she is too tired to think straight during the test. c) Connie is studying for a history test. She knows that she has trouble with dates so she checks herself by giving herself a short quiz after each chapter. d) Dolly is preparing to take the SAT exam for college, so she checks out an SAT preparation book from the local library and reads it from cover to cover.

C) Connie is studying for a history test. She knows that she has trouble with dates so she checks herself by giving herself a short quiz after each chapter.

Which one f the following best illustrates a sense of self image or personal identitiy?

Carlos sees himself as a caring individual who is truly concerned about other people's lives and needs.

Mr. Sanders teaches in a school district where students are predominantly Native American . In this situation, which one of the following would best illustrate culturally responsive teaching?

Conducting cooperative learning activities in which students work together to create maps of their community

As a teacher, you want ttwo students who have physical disabilities to develop closwer firendships with their nondisabled calssmates. Of the following choices, an effective instructional approach to use for this purpose is

Cooperative learning student grouping

Ms. Goodsell is thinking about how she might help the students in her introuctory French class learn to pronounce the word bonjour correctly. Which one of her thoughts below is most consistent with a social cognitive theory perspective of learning? A) "If I explain the parts of the word - if I tell them that bon means "good" and jour means "day" then they will have an easier time understanding why the word is pronounced the way it is." B) I need to be patient. Correct pronunciation will come in time for those students who are really motivated to speak French. C) Maybe I should explain how certain letters and combinations are consistently pronounced differently in French than they are in English. D) Maybe I should show them how I form my mouth and lips as I pronounce the word and then encourage them to imitate me.

D) Maybe I should show them how I form my mouth and lips as I pronounce the word and then encourage them to imitate me.

You know what a computer is, and you may also know how to send an e-mail message using a computer. The difference between these two kinds of knowledge can best be characterized as a difference between: ?

Declarative knowledge vs. procedural knowledge

The following indicates that three over-arching, general, principles of development

Development takes place in an orderly fashion, it takes place over time and it occurs at varying rates in different individuals

Marietta is a female high school student. Considering what psychologists ahve larned about the effects of gender shemas, and without knowing anything else about Marietta, in which area would you expect her to have the strongest motivation to do well - sterotypically?

Dressing fashionably

Psychologists understand that the defiition of intelligence is culture-speciic -- that "intelligent' behavior in one culture is not necessarily considered intelligent behavio in a different culture. Three of the following are aspects of intelligence regardless of the culture in which it is found. Which one is limited to intelligence in some cultures but not in others?

Getting a high GPA

An authoritative parenting style is seen in which one of the following examples invovling junior high school students?

Henry's parents have high expectations for him and tell him that they deeply care for him and often ask his opinion when they set guidelines for acceptable behavior

As a 17-year-old high school senior, Julian still has no sense of direction for his life. Over the past yar he has dabbled in auto mechanics, photography, and Buddhism, but nothing has held his interest for more than a month or so. Julian can best be described as showing which level of identitiy develpment:

Identity diffusion

Which one of the following alternatives best describes learner-centereed instruction?

Instruction that is tailored to indivdual students; characteristics and needs

Which one of the following si the best example of qualitative research?

Interviewing adolescents about the nature of various cliques at their school

If teachers consider both Garnder's and Sternberg's views of intelligence, they would be most likely to conclude that:

Our students are intelligent in various and multiple ways

Which one fo the follwoing statements is most accurate about the effects of peer groups and peer pressure?

Peer groups may encourage either desirable qualities (honesty) or undesirable qualitiess (poor attitudes) peer pressure may be positive or negative

Danny is a quiet 11-year-old who usually keeps to himself. Some of the other boys in class like to tease him when the teacher isn't looking because theyknow they can provoke him to fight, and then Danny hits them and gets in trouble. The type of aggression that Danny exhibits is called: ?

Reactive aggression

Which one of the following statements best describes positive reinforcement?

Reinforcement consists of getting something a learner finds desirable

Which one of the following statements best describes the idea that learning involves a process of construction underlying the constructivist learning model

Students combine pieces of information about a topic to create their own understandings.

Which one of the following is the best example of a student attributing success to internal factors according to Weiner's attribution theory of motivation

Sue Ellen has just gotten a good grade on her geography test. She is proud that she did so well and glad that she studied thoroughly

reconstruction error

people fill in gaps in what they recall based on what seems logical, the often make mistakes

Judging from the textbook's discussion of educational research, which one of the following would be the best course of action for teachers to take?

Teachers can use findings from educational research to guide their classroom decision making to use best practices to improve student learning.

We distinguished between teacher-directed and student-directed forms of instruction. (Note: instruction is intended to be student-centered all the time). Which one of the following best describes how teachers should view these two approaches (teacher directed and student directed)?

The best approach varies depending on the needs of the students and the goals of instruction

which students generally need a good teacher-student relationship the most?

The disobediatn adn unruly ones

Which one of the follwoing is deinitely an example of teacher efficacy to engage student feeling that they can be successful?

The right kind of instruction can make all the difference in the world. You can do it! I'm determined to find out how each of you can best learn mathematical concepts.

Hypothetically, a research study finds that, on average, students who weigh more do better in school. Which one of the following is an appropriate, researched based, deduction from this information?

There is a correlational relationship between weight and classroom performance.

teachers must work to gain ______ with students

a good teacher-student relationship

culture of transfer

a learnign environmetn in which applying school subject matter to diverse sitatuions and topics is the expectation and norm

applied behavior analysis

a more intensive interventions like behavior therapy and toningnecy managemtn focus on changing stimulus conditions adn response-consequence contingencies in a students invoronemtt

transfer

a phenomenon in which something a person has learned at one time affects how the person learns or performs in a later situation

school climate

a place where students feel physcially and psychologicaly safe adn are jointy committed to accomplishing importatn acadmeic adn personal goals in a peaceful adn productive shcool enviornment

sense of community

a sense that they and their students share common goals, are mutually resectfuul and supportive of one another's efforts

response to intervention

a teacher frequently assesses students progress keeping a lookout for students who have unusual difficulty acquiring certain basic skills despite teachers evidence based practices in both whole class instruction and follow up small groups work

raw score

based soletly on the # or % of points earned

collective self-efficacy

belief that working as a team they can have an impact on students learning

misconceptions

belies that are inconsistent with widely accepted and well validated explanations of certain phenomena or events

self-efficacy

believing you're capable fo executing certain behaviors or reaching certain goals

Students tend to misbehave when they are.....

bored

positive behavioral interventions and supports

builds a knowledge about the funcitons of misbehaviors in order ot encourage more productive behaviors such as.. teach behaviors that can serve the same purpose as and can tehrefore replace inappropriate behaviors

cognitie load

certain amount of info that learners mus simultaneously think about

checklist

characteriscts that should be in students work

synapses

chemical substances to send messages across the tiny spaces between neurons

school community involves

close student to student relationships, classroom to classroom relationships and across grade levels

convergent thinkgin

combining of info into one single idea or product

sensory register

component of memory that holds the information from the senses

descriptive study

describes a situation or gives info abut characteristics of study

norm-refernced score

determined by comparing a studetns performacne with others

formative assessment

determining what students know and can do before or during instruction

learning disabilities

difficulties in processing and learning from academic lessons or social interactions

test anxiety

extrememly anxious in test taking situations

social cognitive thoery

focused on the ways in people learn from observing one another, environment stimuli affects behavior but cognitive process play a significant role as well. Modeling

central executive

focuses attention and oversees the flow of information throughout the memeory system

heuristic

general approach that may or may not yield a successful outcome

disposition

general inclination to approach adn think about learning and problem solving situations in a particular way

theories

general understandings and belie systems of how the world works

divergent thinking

generating many different ideas froma single starting point

astrocytes

glial cells seem to be intimately invovled in learning and memory

inclusion

including disabeled students into general education classrooms

consolidation

information needs considerable time to firm up in the brain

theory

integrated set of concepts and principles developed to explain the underlying mechanisms of a phenomenon

learning strategy

intentionally engaging in certain conitive proesses to reach a goal of learning and remembering

informational processing theory

internal mechanimsl underlie human cognition and about how people mentally process new info through elaboration and visual imagery

creativity

involves new and og behavior yielding a product appropriate for and valued in ones culture

inschool suspension

involves removing a student from normal classroom acitvities

Response cost

involves the loss eithe rof previously earned reinforcer or of an opportunity to obtain reinforcemtn it is a form of removal punishment

critical thinking

invovles evaluating the accuracy, credibility, and worhth of info and lines of reasoning

assessment

is a proces of observing a smaple of students' behavior and drawing inferences about he students knowledge and abilitiies

treatment groups

is given the particular intevention

self-evaluation

judging their own performance with respect to the goals and standards they've set for themselves

self-regulation

make decisions about, direct, monitor, adn evaluate their own learnign and behavior

neurons

microscopic in size and send signals to the rest of the body

qualitative research

nonnumeric data in the form of verbal reports, written documents, pictures, or maps

specific transfer

og learning task and the transfer task overlap in some way

general transfer

og taks and transfer task differ in both content and structure

classroom climate

overall psychological atmosphere in which learnign takes place

contextual theories

palce emhpasis on the influence of learners phsycial and social environents on cognition and learning

behaviorism

process cnanot be directly observed and cannot be studied objectively and scientifically. Focus on people's vehaviors and the environmental events tha tprecede and follow those behaivors

comprehension monitoring

process of keeping track of one's recall and understanding

schoolwide positive behavioral interventions adn supports

programs that encompass some of the same componenets preivously described for applied behavior analysis and positive behavioral inteventions and supports

Classroom climate

psychological environment of learning where students feel safe and secure making learning a high priority and are willing to take chance and make mistakes as they tackle new challenges

storage

putting something into memeory

overt strategies

readily apparent in what learners do in their efforts to study

control ropus

recieves no intervention

meaningful learning

recogniing a realtionship between new info and something previoulsy stored

standardization

refers tot he extent to which an assessment involves similar content and format and is administered and scored int he same way for everyone

quantitative research

reflect percentages, frequencies, or averages related to certain characterisitics

curriculum based measurement

regularly administer assessments that each focus on a single specific skill int eh cirriculum

performance assessment

show what theyve learned by doing somethign

logical consequences

something that follows naturally or logically from a student's misbehavior; punishment that fits the crime

mnemonics

special memory tricks

algorithm

specific sequence of steps that guarantees a correct solution

cognitive processes

specific things individuals do mentally as they try to interpret and remember what they see, hear and sudy

timeout

specified period of time in which a student has no opportunity to recieve the reinformecemtns that other students have access to

informal assessment

spontaneous day to day observations of what studets say adn do at school

Learner centered instruction

student characteristics and behaviors are at the center of everything that teachers do int he classroom

belongingness

students see themselves as important and valued members of the classroom

experimental study or expeiment

study in which the researcher somehow chagnes or manipulates one or more aspects of the environment then measures the effects of such changes on something else

declaritve knowledge

such knowledge about what and how things are

dynamic assessment

teacher assess students ability to learn something enw typicall in a one on one situation

conceptual change

teachers actively and vigorously heping students revise their thinknig

prior knowledge activation

teachers using students existing knowledge as a starting point whenever they introduce a new topic

pedagogical content knowledge

teachings strategies, including strategies for teaching particular topics and skills

confirmation bias

tendency to look for what one thinks is true and to ignore evidence to the contrary

correlation

the extent to which two characteristics or phenomena tend to be found together or to change together

Vygotsky's concept of zone of proximal development can best be described as:

the range of tasks children can accomplish only with support