bio chapter 13
acclimation
a change of structure, behavior or internal process that enables an individual to better survive in its environment.
Adaptation
evolution of a structure, behavior or internal process that enables a species or population to better survive in its environment
Darwins Observations
1. Overproduction of offspring, 2. Individual offspring vary, 3. Competition for limited resources, 4. Offspring with the most beneficial traits are the ones that survive to reproduce passing those traits on to the next gen. , 5. Frequency of various traits within a population changes.
The voyage of the Beagle took Darwin to...
Australia, South America, and the Galapagos Islands
begin the process of speciation, pass on those traits to their offspring, & slow the process of evolution
Individuals that have traits that enable them to survive in a given environment can reproduce and...
Charles Darwin...
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
Charles Lyell
Principles of Geology
Pterodactyl
an extinct reptile found in rocks 140-210 million years ago
gradual
evolution in which gradual change over a long period of time leads to species formation
Example of adaptation
bacterial resistance to certain antibiotics
Hemoglobin protein
compared among species to determine evolutionary relationships
Population
consists of all individuals of a species that live in a specific, geographic area and that can interbreed.
paleontologist
determines the age of fossils by radiometric dating
crinoid
early multicellular life-form found in 800 million years old rocks
Darwin and Lamarck agreed that changes in species are linked to
environmental conditions
Evolution
genetic frequencies of alleles change over time. _______________ does not address the origin of life, simply that life on this planet changes over time.
Species that share a "distant" common ancestor
have many amino acid sequence differences
Natural selection causes the frequency of favorable alleles to
increase in population
leave more offspring than those less suited to the environment
individuals that are better able to cope with the challenges of their environment
Natural Selection
individuals/organims that have physical or behavioral traits that better suit their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce more successfully than those who do not have such traits.
Vestigial structure
leftover structures that DO NOT SERVE A USEFUL PURPOSE. as embryos humans have a tail and gill pouches.
modern whales
most likely had a hooved mammal ancestor
living organisms share ancestry
most scientists agree that
Mutations
new alleles are created. The vast majority of mutations are harmful, however sometimes mutations cause a beneficial change.
punctuated equilibrium
periods of rapid change in species are separated by periods or little of no change (spurts)
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
proposed a theory of evolution by means of acquired characteristics, AND the "use it or lose it" theory.
Gould and Eldredge
punctuated equilibrium
Variation exists within the genes of every population or species as the result of...
random mutation
A vestigal structure is one that is
reduced in size and useless
Most scientists agree that living organisms..
share ancestry
Homologous structures
similar structure used for different uses, but share a common ancestry, or a modified version. Example: Forelimbs- same bones different uses- flipper, foot, hand, and wing
have few amino acids sequence differences
species that share a common ancestor
resistance
the adaptation of bacteria to survive the effects of antibiotics
reproductive isolation
the condition in which two populations of the same species do not breed with one another due to geographic separation. A difference in mating..or barrier to reproduction
older species gave rise to more recent species
the fossil record provides evidence that
Darwin believed that Malthus's hypothesis about populations applied...
to all species
Analogous structures
very different structures used for the same purpose. Insects and birds, convergent evolution
Alfred Russel Wallace
wrote an essay describing evolution by natural selection