bio chapter 13

acclimation

a change of structure, behavior or internal process that enables an individual to better survive in its environment.

Adaptation

evolution of a structure, behavior or internal process that enables a species or population to better survive in its environment

Darwins Observations

1. Overproduction of offspring, 2. Individual offspring vary, 3. Competition for limited resources, 4. Offspring with the most beneficial traits are the ones that survive to reproduce passing those traits on to the next gen. , 5. Frequency of various traits within a population changes.

The voyage of the Beagle took Darwin to...

Australia, South America, and the Galapagos Islands

begin the process of speciation, pass on those traits to their offspring, & slow the process of evolution

Individuals that have traits that enable them to survive in a given environment can reproduce and...

Charles Darwin...

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

Charles Lyell

Principles of Geology

Pterodactyl

an extinct reptile found in rocks 140-210 million years ago

gradual

evolution in which gradual change over a long period of time leads to species formation

Example of adaptation

bacterial resistance to certain antibiotics

Hemoglobin protein

compared among species to determine evolutionary relationships

Population

consists of all individuals of a species that live in a specific, geographic area and that can interbreed.

paleontologist

determines the age of fossils by radiometric dating

crinoid

early multicellular life-form found in 800 million years old rocks

Darwin and Lamarck agreed that changes in species are linked to

environmental conditions

Evolution

genetic frequencies of alleles change over time. _______________ does not address the origin of life, simply that life on this planet changes over time.

Species that share a "distant" common ancestor

have many amino acid sequence differences

Natural selection causes the frequency of favorable alleles to

increase in population

leave more offspring than those less suited to the environment

individuals that are better able to cope with the challenges of their environment

Natural Selection

individuals/organims that have physical or behavioral traits that better suit their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce more successfully than those who do not have such traits.

Vestigial structure

leftover structures that DO NOT SERVE A USEFUL PURPOSE. as embryos humans have a tail and gill pouches.

modern whales

most likely had a hooved mammal ancestor

living organisms share ancestry

most scientists agree that

Mutations

new alleles are created. The vast majority of mutations are harmful, however sometimes mutations cause a beneficial change.

punctuated equilibrium

periods of rapid change in species are separated by periods or little of no change (spurts)

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

proposed a theory of evolution by means of acquired characteristics, AND the "use it or lose it" theory.

Gould and Eldredge

punctuated equilibrium

Variation exists within the genes of every population or species as the result of...

random mutation

A vestigal structure is one that is

reduced in size and useless

Most scientists agree that living organisms..

share ancestry

Homologous structures

similar structure used for different uses, but share a common ancestry, or a modified version. Example: Forelimbs- same bones different uses- flipper, foot, hand, and wing

have few amino acids sequence differences

species that share a common ancestor

resistance

the adaptation of bacteria to survive the effects of antibiotics

reproductive isolation

the condition in which two populations of the same species do not breed with one another due to geographic separation. A difference in mating..or barrier to reproduction

older species gave rise to more recent species

the fossil record provides evidence that

Darwin believed that Malthus's hypothesis about populations applied...

to all species

Analogous structures

very different structures used for the same purpose. Insects and birds, convergent evolution

Alfred Russel Wallace

wrote an essay describing evolution by natural selection