Bio- Chapter 24

Male frogs give calls that attract female frogs to approach and mate. Researchers examined mating calls of closely related tree frogs in South America. If reinforcement is occurring, what would you expect if you compare the calls of the two species in zones of sympatry versus zones of allopatry? a-Calls would be equally similar in both areas. b- Calls would be more different in areas of sympatry. c-Calls would be more similar in areas of sympatry. d-None of the above outcomes would be expected.

b- Calls would be more different in areas of sympatry.

Which of the following statements about species, as defined by the biological species concept, is (are) correct? I: Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation. II: Biological species are the model used for grouping extinct forms of life. III: All members of a species can potentially interbreed. a- I and II b- I and III c-II and III d-I, II, III

b- I and III

Two populations of birds with somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of a peninsula. The habitat between the populations is not suitable for these birds. When birds from the two populations are brought together, they produce young whose appearance is intermediate between the two parents. These offspring will breed with each other or with birds from either parent population, and all offspring of these pairings appear intermediate to various degrees. Three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have courtship songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact? a-A gametic reproductive isolating mechanism b-A behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism c-A temporal reproductive isolating mechanism d-A postzygotic isolating mechanism

b-A behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism

A researcher notices that in a certain moth species, some females prefer to feed and lay eggs on domesticated solanaceous plants like potatoes and tomatoes. Other females prefer to feed and lay eggs on wild solanaceous plants such as Datura. Both male and female moths primarily use scent to find these plants from afar. Females tend to mate where they feed, and the researcher finds a genetic basis for scent preference in these moths. Based on the above information, what might be occurring in this moth species? a-Divergence in sympatry b-Postzygotic isolation c-Polyploidization d-Divergence due to habitat fragmentation

a-Divergence in sympatry

Which of the following does NOT tend to promote speciation? a-Gene flow b-Natural selection c-Polyploidy d-Disruptive selection e-The founder effect

a-Gene flow

Dog breeders maintain the purity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when they are fertile. This kind of isolation is most similar to which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms? a-Habitat isolation b-Mechanical isolation c-Temporal isolation d-Gametic isolation e-Behavioral isolation

a-Habitat isolation

Two species of tree frogs that live sympatrically in the northeastern United States differ in ploidy: Hvla chrvsoscelis is diploid. and Hyla versicolor is tetraploid. I he frogs are Identical in appearance, but their mating calls. which females use to find mates differ Which likely evolved first? a-Polyploid b-Behavioral isolation c-Reproductive Isolation d-all of the above evolved at the same time

a-Polyploid

Which of the following could be a vicariance event? a-The level of water in a lake recedes, creating two lakes where there used to be one. b-Global warming allows populations of mosquitoes to survive at higher elevations. c-Some insects get blown in a storm to a new mountain range, where they lay eggs. d-Radiation near Chernobyl increases mutation rates, causing an increase in autopolyploidy.

a-The level of water in a lake recedes, creating two lakes where there used to be one.

Two researchers experimentally formed tetraploid frogs by fertilizing diploid eggs from Ran porosa brevipoda with diploid sperm from Rana nigromaculata. When they mated these tetraploid frogs with each other, most of the offspring that survived to maturity were tetraploid, with chromosome sets of both diploid parent species. Based on these results, if this type of tetraploid formed in the wild, what would be the result? (Y. Kondo and A. Kashiwagi. 2004. Experimentally induced autotetraploidy and allotetraploidy in two Japanese pond frogs. Journal of Herpetology 38(3): 381-92.) a-The tetraploids would be reproductively isolated from both parent species. b-The tetraploids would be selected against. c-The two parent species would interbreed and fuse into one species. d-The two parent species would recognize each other as mates.

a-The tetraploids would be reproductively isolated from both parent species.

In hybrid zones where reinforcement is occurring, you should see a decline in____ a-gene flow between distinct gene pools b-speciation c-mutation rates d-hybrid sterility e-the genetic distinctness of two gene pools

a-gene flow between distinct gene pools

Which of the following statements explains why animals are less likely than plants to speciate by polyploidy? a-Animals have better mechanisms for repairing chromosomes than plants have. b-Animals self-fertilize less often than plants, so diploid gametes are less likely to fuse. c-Animals use a more rigorous form of meiosis than plants, making diploid gametes much more difficult to form. d-Animals are more mobile, so populations get separated far less often. e-Animals are more mobile, so they have more effective prezygotic isolating mechanisms.

b-Animals self-fertilize less often than plants, so diploid gametes are less likely to fuse.

What does the biological species concept use as the primary criterion for determining species boundaries? a-Niche differences b-Gene flow c-Molecular (DNA, RNA, and protein) similarity d-Geographic isolation e-Morphological similarity

b-Gene flow

Two populations of birds with somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of a peninsula. The habitat between the populations is not suitable for these birds. When birds from the two populations are brought together, they produce young whose appearance is intermediate between the two parents. These offspring will breed with each other or with birds from either parent population, and all offspring of these pairings appear intermediate to various degrees. What keeps the two populations separate? a-Lack of hybrid viability b-Habitat isolation c-Temporal reproductive isolation d-Behavioral reproductive isolation

b-Habitat isolation

Beetle pollinators of a particular plant are attracted to its flowers' bright orange color. The beetles not only pollinate the flowers but also mate while inside of the flowers. A mutant version of the plant with red flowers becomes more common with the passage of time. A particular variant of the beetle prefers the red flowers to the orange flowers. Over time, these two beetle variants diverge from each other to such an extent that interbreeding is no longer possible. What kind of speciation has occurred in this example, and what has driven it? a-Allopatric speciation; temporal isolation b-Sympatric speciation; habitat isolation c-Sympatric speciation; sexual selection d-Allopatric speciation; behavioral isolation e-Sympatric speciation; allopolyploidy

b-Sympatric speciation; habitat isolation

Two populations of birds with somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of a peninsula. The habitat between the populations is not suitable for these birds. When birds from the two populations are brought together, they produce young whose appearance is intermediate between the two parents. These offspring will breed with each other or with birds from either parent population, and all offspring of these pairings appear intermediate to various degrees. The two populations are____ a-different species, under the biological species concept b-different subspecies, under the morphological species concept c-different species, under the phylogenetic species concept d-none of the above

b-different subspecies, under the morphological species concept

Most causes of speciation are relatively slow, in that they may take many generations to see changes, with the exception of____ a-colonization b-polyploidy c-reinforcement d-natural selection

b-polyploidy

Which two of the following have operated to increase divergence between mosquitofish populations on Andros? 1. Improved gene flow 2. Bottleneck effect 3. Sexual selection 4. Founder effect 5. Natural selection a-3 and 4 b- 2 and 3 c-3 and 5 d-2 and 4 e-1 and 3

c-3 and 5

Which process led to the formation of the species pairs of Pacific and Caribbean snapping shrimp? a-Allopatric speciation by dispersal b-Sympatric speciation by dispersal c-Allopatric speciation by vicariance d-Sympatric speciation by vicariance

c-Allopatric speciation by vicariance

On the Bahamian island of Andros, mosquitofish populations live in various, now-isolated, freshwater ponds that were once united. Currently, some predator-rich ponds have mosquitofish that can swim in short, fast bursts; other predator-poor ponds have mosquitofish that can swim continuously for a long time. When placed together in the same body of water, the two kinds of female mosquitofish exhibit exclusive breeding preferences. What is the best way to promote fusion between two related populations of mosquitofish, one of which lives in a predator-rich pond and the other of which lives in a predator-poor pond? a-Transfer only female mosquitofish from a predator-rich pond to a predator-poor pond. b-Perform a reciprocal transfer of females between predator-rich and predator-poor ponds. c-Build a canal linking the two ponds that permits free movement of mosquitofish, but not of predators. d-Remove predators from a predator-rich pond and transfer them to a predator-poor pond.

c-Build a canal linking the two ponds that permits free movement of mosquitofish, but not of predators.

The origin of a new plant species by hybridizing two existing species, coupled with accidents during cell division, is an example of___ a-sympatric speciation and autopolyploidy b-allopatric speciation and autopolyploidy c-sympatric speciation and allopolyploidy d-allopatric speciation and allopolyploidy

c-sympatric speciation and allopolyploidy

In a hypothetical situation, a certain species of flea feeds only on pronghorn antelopes. In the western United States, pronghorns and cattle often associate with one another in the same open rangeland. Some of these fleas develop a strong preference for cattle blood and mate only with other fleas that prefer cattle blood. The host mammal can be considered as the fleas' habitat. If this situation persists, and new species evolve, this would be an example of____ a-allopatric speciation and habitat isolation b-sympatric speciation and temporal isolation c-sympatric speciation and habitat isolation d-allopatric speciation and gametic isolation

c-sympatric speciation and habitat isolation

Many songbirds breed in North America in the spring and summer and then migrate to Central and South America in the fall. They spend the winter in these warmer areas, where they feed and prepare for the spring migrator north and another breeding season. Two hypothetical species of sparrow, A and B, over winter together in mixed flocks in Costa Rica. In spring, species A goes to the east coast of North America, and species B goes to the west coast. What can you say about the isolating mechanisms of these two species? a-they must have strong prezygotic isolating mechanisms to spend winter in such close proximity. b-reinforcement must be occurring when they winter together c-their winter habitat has no bearing on their degree of reproductive isolation d-They must have strong postzygotic isolating mechanisms to spend winter in such close proximity

c-their winter habitat has no bearing on their degree of reproductive isolation

Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian Islands have different elaborate courtship rituals. These rituals involve fighting other males and making stylized movements that attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent? a-Habitat isolation b-Gametic isolation c-Temporal isolation d-Behavioral isolation

d-Behavioral isolation

Which factors are often associated with speciation events in island-dwelling species, such as the Galápagos finches studied by Rosemary and Peter Grant? a-Vicariance and colonization b-Hybridization and mutation c-Mutation and dispersal d-Dispersal and colonization

d-Dispersal and colonization

Male frogs give calls that attract female frogs to approach and mate. Researchers examined mating calls of closely related but separate species of tree frogs in South America. What outcomes could possible occur where The ranges or two species overlap? I. The species will interbreed, eventually fusing over time. II. A stable hybrid zone will form if hybrids are better adapted to the area of overlap than either parent species is. III. Species will continue to diverge and be isolated by behavioral or genetic mechanism a- I b-II c-III d-I,II and III

d-I,II and III

Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds have been classified as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence, if TRUE, would be cause for this reclassification? a-The two forms live in similar habitats. b-The two forms have many genes in common. c-The two forms are very similar in coloration. d-The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction. e-The two forms have similar food requirements.

d-The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction.

A hybrid zone is properly defined as___ a-an area where members of two closely related species intermingle, but gene flow is prevented by prezygotic barriers b-a zone where sterile hybrids form, kept separate by postzygotic barriers c-an area where the ranges of two closely related species overlap, but do not interbreed d-an area where mating occurs between members of two closely related species, producing viable offspring

d-an area where mating occurs between members of two closely related species, producing viable offspring

Reinforcement is most likely to occur when____ a-gene flow Is low b-the environment is changing c-prezygotic isolating mechanisms are in place d-hybrids have lower fitness than either parent population

d-hybrids have lower fitness than either parent

The phenomenon of fusion is likely to occur when, after a period of geographic isolation, two populations meet again and____ a-no reproduction occurs in the hybrid zone b-a decreasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of the next 100 generations c-their chromosomes are no longer homologous enough to permit meiosis d-an increasing number of infertile hybrids is produced over the course of the next 100 generations e-an increasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of the next 100 generations

e-an increasing number of viable, fertile hybrids is produced over the course of the next 100 generations

The peppered moth provides a well-known example of natural selection. The light-colored form of the moth was predominant in England before the Industrial Revolution. In the mid-nineteenth century, a dark-colored form appeared. The difference is produced by a dominant allele of one gene. The dark- and light-colored forms readily interbreed with each other. By about 1900, approximately 90 percent of the moths around industrial areas were dark colored, whereas light-colored moths were still abundant elsewhere. Apparently, birds could readily find the light moths against the soot-darkened background in industrial areas and, therefore, were eating more light moths. Recently, use of cleaner fuels has greatly reduced soot in the landscape, and the dark-colored moths have been disappearing. Should the two forms of moths be considered separate species? a-Yes, because they are reproductively isolated based on habitat. b-Yes, because they have completely different coloration and natural selection has affected the frequency of the two different forms. c-Yes, because they have completely different coloration. d-Yes, because natural selection has affected the frequency of the two different forms. e-no

e-no