Bio Chapter 4: Cell Structure
bacteria that lack fimbria are less likely to
adhere to cell surfaces
why are mitochondria and chloroplast not part of the endomembrane system
because they contain their own plasma membrane and dna
In which order would you cross all the layers surrounding a bacterial cell if you started on the outside?
capsule, plasma membrane, cell wall
nucleus
cell organelle that houses the cell's dna and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins
eukaryotic cell
cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and several other membrane-bound compartments or sacs
Mitochondria
cellular organelles responsible for carrying out cellular respiration, resulting in the production of atp, the cells main energy carrying molecule
ribosome
cellular structure that carries out protein synthesis
nucleoid
central part of a prokaryotic cell in which the chromosome is found
which structure would not be expected to be observed in bacteria
centriole
gap junction
channel between two adjacent animal cells that allows ion, nutrients, and low molecular weight substances to pass between cells, enabling the cells to communicate
plasmodesma
channel that passes between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells, connects their cytoplasm, and allows materials to be transported from cell to cell
what is protein chaperone
chemical that helps the protein fold properly
intermediate filament
cytoskeleton component, composed of several intertwined strands of fibrous protein, that bears tension, supports cell-cell junctions, and anchors cells to extracellular structures.
nucleolus
darkly staining body within the nucleus that is responsible for assembling the subunits of the ribosomes
nuclear envelope
double membrane structure that constitutes the outermost portion of the nucleus
peroxisomes got their name because hydrogen peroxide is produced
during their oxidation reaction
which of the following do not play a role in extracellular movement
intermediate filaments
desmosome
linkages between adjacent epithelial cells that form when cadherins in the plasma membrane attach to intermediate filaments
flagellum
long, hair-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane and is used to move the cell
lysosome
organelle in an animal cell that functions as the cells digestive component, it breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids
golgi apparatus
organelle made up of series of stacked membranes that sorts, tags, and packages lipids and proteins for distribution
plasma membrane
phospholipid bilayer with embedded (integral) or attached (peripheral) proteins, and separates the internal content of the cell from its surrounding environment
smooth er
region of the er that has few or no ribosomes on its surface and synthesis carbs, lipids, and steroid hormones, detoxifies certain chemicals, and stores calcium ions
peroxisome
small, round organelle that contains hydrogen peroxide, oxidizes fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxifies many poisons
chromosome
structure within the nucleus that is made up of chromatin that contains dna, the hereditary material
These junctions allow two adjacent plant cells to influence each other's function using hormones.
tight
Cell theory
1. all organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. cell is the basic unit of life 3. new cells arise from existing cells
Central Vacuole
Large plant cell organelle that regulates the cells storage compartment, holds water, and plays a significant role in cell growth as the site of macromolecule degragdation
chloroplast
Plant cell organelle that carries out photosynthesis
cilium
Short, hair-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane in large numbers and is used to move an entire cell or move substances along the outer surface of the cell
cytoplasm
entire region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope, consisting of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals
tight junction
firm seal between two adjacent ANIMAL CELLS CREATED BY PROTEIN ADHERENCE
an example of monosaccharide is
fructose
cytosol
gel-like material of the cytoplasm in which cell structures are suspended
Often secreted proteins are modified with sugar residues. Where would you expect the sugar residues to be added onto the protein?
golgi
chlorophyll
green pigment that captures the light energy that drives the light reactions of photosynthesis
Lactose is a disaccharide formed by the formation of a ______ bond between glucose and _________.
gylcosidic, galactose
extracellular matrix
material secreted from animal cells that provides mechanical protection and anchoring for the cells in the tissue
vacuole
membrane bound sac, somewhat larger than a vesicle, which functions in cellular storage
Which components of the cytoskeleton are responsible for the contraction of muscles?
microfilaments
f a sperm cell produces defective microtubules, which cellular function is impaired?
movement of flagellum
What type of RNA passes through the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm before splicing?
mrna
microfilament
narrowest element of the cytoskeleton system, it provides rigidity and shape to the cell enables ceullar movement
cytoskeleton
network of protein fibers that collectively maintain the shape of the cell, secure some organelles in specific positions, allow cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, and enable unicellular organisms to move independently.
hannels that pass between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells, connect their cytoplasm, and allow materials to be transported from cell to cell are called:
plasdesmota
which of the following are only found in plant cells
plasmadesmata
chromatin
protein-dna complex that serves as the building material of chromosomes
Centrosome
region in animal cells made of 2 centrioles, think spindle formation of microtubules
rough er
region of er that is studded with ribosomes and engages in protein modification and phospholipid synthesis
Cell Wall
rigid cell covering made of cellulose that protects the cell, provides structural support and gives shape to the cell. (prokaryotes and plant cells)
endoplasmic reticulum
series of interconnected membranous structures within eukaryotic cells that collectively modify protein and synthesize lipids
vesicle
small, membrane bound sac that functions in cellular storage and transport, its membrane is capable of fusing with the plasma membrane, membranes of the er and the golgi
prokaryotes
unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane bound organelle
microtubule
widest element of the cytoskeleton system, it helps the cell resist compression provides a track along which vesicles move through the cell, pulls replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell, and is the strucutral element of centrioles, flagella, and cillia