Bio Chapter 4: Cell Structure

bacteria that lack fimbria are less likely to

adhere to cell surfaces

why are mitochondria and chloroplast not part of the endomembrane system

because they contain their own plasma membrane and dna

In which order would you cross all the layers surrounding a bacterial cell if you started on the outside?

capsule, plasma membrane, cell wall

nucleus

cell organelle that houses the cell's dna and directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

eukaryotic cell

cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and several other membrane-bound compartments or sacs

Mitochondria

cellular organelles responsible for carrying out cellular respiration, resulting in the production of atp, the cells main energy carrying molecule

ribosome

cellular structure that carries out protein synthesis

nucleoid

central part of a prokaryotic cell in which the chromosome is found

which structure would not be expected to be observed in bacteria

centriole

gap junction

channel between two adjacent animal cells that allows ion, nutrients, and low molecular weight substances to pass between cells, enabling the cells to communicate

plasmodesma

channel that passes between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells, connects their cytoplasm, and allows materials to be transported from cell to cell

what is protein chaperone

chemical that helps the protein fold properly

intermediate filament

cytoskeleton component, composed of several intertwined strands of fibrous protein, that bears tension, supports cell-cell junctions, and anchors cells to extracellular structures.

nucleolus

darkly staining body within the nucleus that is responsible for assembling the subunits of the ribosomes

nuclear envelope

double membrane structure that constitutes the outermost portion of the nucleus

peroxisomes got their name because hydrogen peroxide is produced

during their oxidation reaction

which of the following do not play a role in extracellular movement

intermediate filaments

desmosome

linkages between adjacent epithelial cells that form when cadherins in the plasma membrane attach to intermediate filaments

flagellum

long, hair-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane and is used to move the cell

lysosome

organelle in an animal cell that functions as the cells digestive component, it breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids

golgi apparatus

organelle made up of series of stacked membranes that sorts, tags, and packages lipids and proteins for distribution

plasma membrane

phospholipid bilayer with embedded (integral) or attached (peripheral) proteins, and separates the internal content of the cell from its surrounding environment

smooth er

region of the er that has few or no ribosomes on its surface and synthesis carbs, lipids, and steroid hormones, detoxifies certain chemicals, and stores calcium ions

peroxisome

small, round organelle that contains hydrogen peroxide, oxidizes fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxifies many poisons

chromosome

structure within the nucleus that is made up of chromatin that contains dna, the hereditary material

These junctions allow two adjacent plant cells to influence each other's function using hormones.

tight

Cell theory

1. all organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. cell is the basic unit of life 3. new cells arise from existing cells

Central Vacuole

Large plant cell organelle that regulates the cells storage compartment, holds water, and plays a significant role in cell growth as the site of macromolecule degragdation

chloroplast

Plant cell organelle that carries out photosynthesis

cilium

Short, hair-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane in large numbers and is used to move an entire cell or move substances along the outer surface of the cell

cytoplasm

entire region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope, consisting of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals

tight junction

firm seal between two adjacent ANIMAL CELLS CREATED BY PROTEIN ADHERENCE

an example of monosaccharide is

fructose

cytosol

gel-like material of the cytoplasm in which cell structures are suspended

Often secreted proteins are modified with sugar residues. Where would you expect the sugar residues to be added onto the protein?

golgi

chlorophyll

green pigment that captures the light energy that drives the light reactions of photosynthesis

Lactose is a disaccharide formed by the formation of a ______ bond between glucose and _________.

gylcosidic, galactose

extracellular matrix

material secreted from animal cells that provides mechanical protection and anchoring for the cells in the tissue

vacuole

membrane bound sac, somewhat larger than a vesicle, which functions in cellular storage

Which components of the cytoskeleton are responsible for the contraction of muscles?

microfilaments

f a sperm cell produces defective microtubules, which cellular function is impaired?

movement of flagellum

What type of RNA passes through the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm before splicing?

mrna

microfilament

narrowest element of the cytoskeleton system, it provides rigidity and shape to the cell enables ceullar movement

cytoskeleton

network of protein fibers that collectively maintain the shape of the cell, secure some organelles in specific positions, allow cytoplasm and vesicles to move within the cell, and enable unicellular organisms to move independently.

hannels that pass between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells, connect their cytoplasm, and allow materials to be transported from cell to cell are called:

plasdesmota

which of the following are only found in plant cells

plasmadesmata

chromatin

protein-dna complex that serves as the building material of chromosomes

Centrosome

region in animal cells made of 2 centrioles, think spindle formation of microtubules

rough er

region of er that is studded with ribosomes and engages in protein modification and phospholipid synthesis

Cell Wall

rigid cell covering made of cellulose that protects the cell, provides structural support and gives shape to the cell. (prokaryotes and plant cells)

endoplasmic reticulum

series of interconnected membranous structures within eukaryotic cells that collectively modify protein and synthesize lipids

vesicle

small, membrane bound sac that functions in cellular storage and transport, its membrane is capable of fusing with the plasma membrane, membranes of the er and the golgi

prokaryotes

unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane bound organelle

microtubule

widest element of the cytoskeleton system, it helps the cell resist compression provides a track along which vesicles move through the cell, pulls replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell, and is the strucutral element of centrioles, flagella, and cillia