Bio Exam 1- Ch. 1-3

16. what is the smallest distance two points can be separated and still resolved using light microscopy?

0.2 um

47. On average, eukaryotic cells are BLANK times longer and have BLANK times more volume than prokaryotic cells

10, 1000

54.a. what would be the best model organism to use for the investigation of the process of: programmed cell death

C. elegans

22. some prokaryotes can live by utilizing entirely inorganic materials. which of the following inorganic molecules would you predict to be the predominant building block for fats, sugars, and proteins? a. O2 b. N2 c. CO2 d. H2

CO2

3.c. Similarly, the genetic information of all cells is stored in their BLANK.

DNA

24.c. In contrast, the BLANK is a type of organelle found only in the cells of plants and algae, and performs photosynthesis.

chloroplasts

26. the nucleus, an organelle found in eukaryotic cell, confines the BLANK, keeping them separated from other components of the cell.

chromosomes

4. How does cellular specialization serve multicellular organisms and how might a high degree of specialization be detrimental?

Each type of cells in a multicellular organism, relies on the other cells types for survival, which is the specialization component of cells that creates the division of labor between cells. This specialization of cells is essential for the organism as a whole, because if one type of specialized cells were to be removed, then that lack of capabilities would discontinue the ability to generate offspring and would not live very long.

19.a. true or false: the terms "prokaryote" and "bacterium" are synonyms

False. archaea are significantly different from bacteria

59. you wish to explore how mutations in specific genes affecting sugar metabolism might alter tooth development. which organism is likely to provide the best model system for your studies, and why?

Mice, because they have teeth and have been used as a model organism for a long time. They can reproduce relatively rapidly and the extensive scientific community that works with mice has developed techniques to facilitate genetic manipulations. E. coli and arabidopsis do not have teeth. horse like sugar and have big teeth.

31.

a

10. select the option that correctly finishes the following statement: "a cell's genome contains all of ...."

a cell's dna

18. although there are many distinct prokaryotic species, most have a small range of shapes, sizes, and growth rates. Which of the following characteristics are NOT observed in prokaryotes? a. a highly structured cytoplasm b. endoplasmic reticulum c. the ability to divide rapidly d. a cell wall

a highly structured cytoplasm endoplasmic reticulum

51. biologist cannot possibly study all living species. instead they try to understand cell behavior by studying a select subset of them. which of the following characteristics are useful in an organism chosen for use as a model in laboratory studies? a. amenability to genetic manipulation b. ability to grow under controlled conditions c. rapid rate of reproduction d. all of the above

all of the above

3.b. Despite the diversity, cells resemble each other to an astonishing degree in their chemistry. For example, the same 20 BLANK are used to make proteins.

amino acids

6. Proteins are important architectural and catalytic components within the cell, helping to determine its chemistry, its shape, and its ability to respond to changes in the environment. Remarkably, all of the different proteins in a cell are made from the same 20 BLANK. By linking them in different sequences, the cell can make protein molecules with different conformations and surface chemistries and therefore different functions.

amino acids

36.b. what cell type has a nucleus?

animal, plant

36.f. what cell type has lysosomes?

animal, plant

36.g. what cell type has mitochondrion?

animal, plant

36.h. what cell type has Golgi apparatus?

animal, plant

36.a. what cell type has DNA?

animal, plant, bacterial

36.c. what cell type has plasma membrane?

animal, plant, bacterial

54.b.what would be the best model organism to use for the investigation of the process of: chloroplast function

arabidopsis

37. which of the following choices best describes the role of the lysosome? a. transport of material to the golgi b. clean-up, recycling, and disposal of macromolecules d. the storage of excess macromolecules

b

11. which statement is NOT true about the events/conclusions from studies during the mid- 1800s surrounding the discovery of the cells? a. cells came to be known as the smallest universal building block of living organisms b. scientists came to the conclusion that new cels can form spontaneously from the remnants of ruptured cells. c. light microscopy was essential in demonstrating the commonalities between plan and animal tissues. d. new cells arise from the growth and division of previously existing cells.

b. scientists came to the conclusion that new cells can form spontaneously from the remnants of ruptured cells.

49. a. good or bad to study in the model organism E. coli: formation of endoplasmic reticulum

bad

49.c. good or bad to study in the model organism E. coli: how the actin cytoskeleton contributes to cell shape

bad

49.e. good or bad to study in the model organism E. coli: how mitochondria get distributed to cells during cell division

bad

13. f.employs a light microscope and requires that samples be fixed and stained in order to reveal cellular details

bright-field

7. Which statement is NOT true about mutations? a. A mutation is a change in the dna that can generate offspring less fit for survival than their parents b. A mutation can be a result of imperfect dna duplication. c. A mutation is a result of sexual reproduction d. A mutation is a change in the dna that can generate offspring that are less fit for survival as their parents are.

c. A mutation is a result of sexual reproduction

45. Microtubules BLANK and are required to pull duplicated chromosomes to opposite poles of dividing cells

can rapidly organize

1. living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and behavior. It is estimated that there are between 10 million and 100 million different species. Despite this wide variety of organisms, it remains difficult to define what is alive. Which of the following can be described as the smallest living unit?

cell

43. despite the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, prokaryotes have proteins that are distantly related to eukaryotic actin filaments and microtubules. what is likely to be the most ancient function of the cytoskeleton?

cell division

53. brewer's yeast, apart from being an irreplaceable asset in the brewery and in the bakery, is an experimental organism used to study eukaryotic cells. however, it does have some limitations. which of the processes below cannot be studied in yeast? a. dna replication b. cell motility c. exocytosis d. cell division

cell motility

13. a. a BLANK scans the specimen with a focused laser beam to obtain a series of two-dimensional optical sections, which can be used to reconstruct an image of the specimen in three dimensions the laser excites a fluorescent dye molecule, and the emitted light from each illuminated point is captured through a pinhole and recorded by a detector

confocal

24.d. If we were to strip away the plasma membrane from a eukaryotic cell and remove all of its membrane-enclosed organelles, we would be left with the BLANK, which contains many long, fine filaments of protein that are responsible for cell shape and structure and thereby form the cell's BLANK.

cytosol cytoskeleton

38.

didinium engulfs prey by changing its shape, and for this it uses its cytoskeleton. bacteria have no cytoskeleton and cannot easily change their shape because they are generally surrounded by a tough cell wall.

54.d.what would be the best model organism to use for the investigation of the process of: development of a multicellular tissue

drosophila

52. many of the mechanisms that cells use for maintenance and reprodution were first studied at the molecular level in bacteria. which bacterial species had a central role in advancing the field of molecular biology?

e. coli

39. the cell constantly exchanges materials by bringing nutrients in from the external environment and shuttling unwanted by-products back out. which term describes the process by which external materials are captured inside vesicles and brought into the cell?

endocytosis

30. mitochondia contain their own genome, are able to duplicate, and actually divide on a different time line from the rest of the cell. nevertheless, mitochondia cannot funcition for long when isolated from the cell because they are...

endosymbionts

8. Changes in dna sequence from one generation to the next may result in offspring that are altered in fitness compared with their parents. the process of change and selection over the course of many generations is the basis of BLANK.

evolution

46. a.true or false: plants do not require a cytoskeleton because they have a cell wall that lend structure and support to the cell

false. although plant cells do have a cell wall that lends structure and support, they still need a cytoskeleton, which also helps with connections between cells and the transport of vesicles inside the cell

32.a. true or false: the number of mitochondria inside a cell remains constant over the life of the cell.

false. in plants, only mitochondria perform cellular respiration (using oxygen to break down organic molecules to produce carbon dioxide) just as in animal cells. Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis in which water molecules are split to generate oxygen and fix carbon dioxide molecules.

2.a. True or False: the paramecium is a multicellular microorganism covered with hairlike cilia

false. it is a single-celled organism

35.c. true or false: lysosomes are small organelles where fatty acid synthesis occurs.

false. lysosomes house enzymes that break down nutrients for use by the cell and help recycle materials that cannot be used, which will later be excreted from the cell

32.b. the number of mitochondria inside a cell remains constant over the life of the cell

false. mitochondria have their own division cycle and their numbers change based on the rate of division

21.b. true or false: mitochondria are thought to have evolved from anaerobic bacteria

false. mitochondria use oxygen to generate energy and are thought to have evolved from aerobic bacteria

21.c. true or false: photosynthetic bacteria contain chloroplasts

false. photosynthetic bacteria have enzyme systems similar to those found in chloroplasts, which allow them to harvest light energy to fix carbon dioxide

14.c. the cytosol is fairly empty, containing a limited number of organelles, which allows room for rapid movement via fusion.

false. the cytosol is actually brimming with individual proteins, protein fibers, membrane systems, transport vesicles, and small molecules. The rate of movement is limited by the space available.

48.c. true or false: the first eukaryotic cells on earth must have been aerobic; otherwise, they would not have been able to survive when the planet's atmosphere became oxygen-rich

false. the first eukaryotic cells likely contained a nucleus but no mitochondria. these ancestral eukaryotes subsequently adapted to survive in a world filled with oxygen by engulfing primitive aerobic prokaryotic cells

48.a. true or false: primitive plant, animal, and fungal cells probably acquired mitochondria after they diverged from a common ancestor.

false. the mitochondria in modern plant, animal and fungal cells are very similar, implying that these lines diverted after the mitochondrion was acquired by the ancestral eukaryote

14.a. true or false: the nucleus of an animal cell is round, small, and difficult to distinguish using light microscopy

false. the nucleus is one of the largest organelles and the easiest to discern within a typical cell

13. c.requires the use of two sets of filters. the first filter narrows the wavelength range that reaches the specimen and the second blocks out all wavelengths that pass back up to the eyepiece except for those emitted by the dye in the sample

fluorescence

4.b. good or bad to study in the model organism E. coli: DNA replication

good

49.d. good or bad to study in the model organism E. coli: how cells decode their genetic instructions to make proteins

good

40. eukaryotic cells are able to trigger the release of material from secretory vesicles to the extracellular space using a process called exocytosis. an example of materials commonly released this way is...

hormones

33. chloroplasts are found only in eukaryotic cells that carry out photosynthesis: plants and algae. plants and algae appear green as a result of the presence of chlorophyll. where is chlorophyll located in the chloroplast?

in the third, innermost membrane

35.a. true or false: membrane components in the cell are made in the endoplasmic reticulum.

true

56. drosophila melanogaster is a BLANK. this type of animal is the most abundant of all animal species, making it an appropriate choice as an experimental model.

insect

55. A. thaliana or Arabidopsis, is a common weed. biologists have selected it over hundreds or thousands of other flowering plant species to serve as an experimental model organism because BLANK

it can reproduce in 8-10 weeks

20. prokarytic cells are able to evolve very fast, which helps them to rapidly adapt to new food sources and develop resistance to antibiotics. what are the three main characteristics that support the rapid evolution of prokaryotic populations?

large population rapid growth can exchange DNA

12. what unit of length would you generally use to measure a typical plant or animal cell?

micrometers

3.a. Cells can be very diverse: superficially, they come in various sizes, ranging from bacterial cells such as lactobacillus, which is a few BLANK in length, to larger cells such as frog's egg, which has a diameter of about one BLANK.

micrometers; millimeter

42. the cytoskeleton provides support, structure, motility, and organization, and it forms tracks to direct organelle and vesicle transport. which of the cytoskeletal elements listed below is the thickest? a. actin filaments b. microtubules c. intermediate filaments

microtubules

24.b. Another organelle found in essentially all eukaryotic cells is the BLANK, which generates the chemical energy for the cell.

mitochondrion

27. what organelle has both an outer and inner membrane?

mitochondrion

54.c.what would be the best model organism to use for the investigation of the process of: immunology

mouse

9. select the option that best finishes the following statement: "evolution is a process that can be bst understood on the based principles of...."

mutation and selection

17. by definition, prokaryotic cells do not possess a...

nucleus

24. a. Eukaryotic cells are bigger and more elaborate than prokaryotic cells. By definition, all eukaryotic cells have a BLANK, usually the most prominent organelle.

nucleus

41. BLANK are fairly small organelles that provide a safe place within the cell to carry out certain biochemical reactions that generate harmful, highly reactive oxygen species. these chemicals are both generated and broken down in the same location

perioxisomes

13. d.uses a light microscope with an optical component to take advantage of the different refractive indices of light passing through different regions of the cell

phase contrast

36.d. what cell type has chloroplasts?

plant, bacterial

36.e. what cell type has cell walls?

plant, bacterial

25. The BLANK is made up of two concentric membranes and is continuous with the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum

plasma membrane

57. caenorhabditis elegans is a nematode. during its development, it produces more than 1000 cells. however, the adult worm has only 959 somatic cells. the process by which 131 cells are specifically arget for destruction is called BLANK

programmed cell death

5. The flow of genetic information is controlled by a series of biochemical reactions that result in the production of proteins, each with its own specific order of amino acids. Choose the correct series of biochemical reactions from the options presented here:

replication, transcription, translation

44. which of the following characteristics would not support the idea that the ancestral eukaryote was a predator cell that captured and consumed other cells? a. dynamic cytoskeleton b. large cell size c. ability to move d. rigid membrane

rigid membrane

13. e. requires coating the sample with a thin layer of a heavy metal to produce three dimensional images of the surface of the sample

scanning electron

34. photosynthesis enables plants to capture the energy from sunlight. in this essential process, plants incorporate the carbon from CO2 into high-energy BLANK molecules, which the plant cell mitochondria use to produce ATP.

sugar

28. mitochondria perform cellular respiration, a process that uses oxygen, generates carbon dioxide, and produces chemical energy for the cell. Which answer below indicates a correct pairing of material "burned" and the form of energy produced during cellular respiration? a. fat, ADP b. sugar, fat c. sugar, ATP d. fat, protein

sugar, ATP

50. scientists learned that cell death is a normal and even import part of life by studying the development of the nematode worm C. elegans. What was the most important feature of C. elgans for the study of programmed cell death?

the developmental pathway of each cell in the adult worm was known

13. b. has the ability to resolve cellular components as small as 2nm

transmission electron

58. zebrafrish (danio rerio) are especially useful in the study of early development because their embryos are BLANK

transparents

14.b. true or false: the presence of the plasma membrane can be inferred by the well-defined boundary of the cell

true

19.b. true or false: prokaryotes can adopt several different basic shapes, including spherical, rod-shaped, and sprial

true

19.c. some prokaryotes have cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane

true

2.b. true or false: cells of different types can have different chemical requirements

true

2.c. true or false: the branchlike extensions that sprout from a single nerve cell in a mammalian brain can extend over several hundred micrometers

true

21.a. true or false: oxygen is toxic to certain prokaryotic organisms

true

35.b. true or false: the Golgi apparatus is made up of a series of membrane-enclosed compartments through which material destined for secretion must pass.

true

46.b. true or false: the cytoskeleton is used as a transportation grid for the efficient, directional movement of cytosolic components

true

46.c. true or false: thermal energy promotes random movement of proteins, vesicles, and small molecules in the cytosol

true

48.b. true or false: protozoans are single-celled eukaryotes with cell morphologies and behaviors that can be as complex as those of some multicellular

true

60.a. true or false: the human genome is roughly 30 times larger than the arabidopsis genome, but contains approximately the same number of protein-coding genes

true

3.d. Although BLANK contain the same types of molecules as cells, their inability to reproduce themselves by their own efforts means that they are not considered living matter.

viruses

15. cell biologists employ targeted fluorescent dyes or modified fluorescent proteins in both standard fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy to observe specific details in the cell. even though fluorescence permits better visualization, the resolving power is essentially the same as that of a standard light microscope because the resolving power of a microscope is limited by the BLANK of light.

wavelength

29. You fertilize egg cells from a healthy plant with pollen (which contains the male germ cells) that has been treated with DNA-damaging agents. You find that some of the offspring have defective chloroplasts, and that this characteristic can be passed on to future generations. This surprises you at first because you happen to know that the male germ cell in the pollen grain contributes no chloroplasts to the fertilized egg cell and thus to the offspring. What can you deduce from these results?

your results show that not all of the information required for making a chloroplast is encoded in the chloroplasts own DNA; some, at least, must be encoded in the DNA carried in the nucleus. The reasoning is as follows: genetic info is carried only in DNA, so the defect in the chloroplasts must be due to a mutation in DNA. But all of those chlorplasts in the offspring (and thus all of the chloroplast DNA) must derive from those in the female egg cell, since chloroplasts only arise from other chloroplasts. Hence, all of the chloroplasts contain undamaged DNA from the female parent's chloroplasts. In all the cells of the offspring, however, half of the nuclear DNA will have come from the male germ-cell nucleus, which combined with the female egg nucleus at fertilization. Since this DNA has been treated with DNA-damaging agents, it must be the source of the heritable chloroplast defect. Thus, some of the info required for make a chloroplast is encoded by the nuclear DNA.