Bio Exam 1 Practice Questions

A _____ reaction breaks down polymers into monomers.

Hydrolysis

A _____ is a building block of polysaccharides such as starch

Monosaccharide

Darin wanted to make amino acids. He took the protein collagen and heated it to the point of denaturation at physiological pH. Will he have amino acids and why? Yes, because he will have broken both hydrogen and covalent bonds. Yes, because he will have broken hydrogen bonds. No, because he will not have broken covalent bonds. No, because he will not have broken hydrogen bonds. Yes, because he will have broken covalent bonds.

No, because he will not have broken covalent bonds.

In a Biology 101 lab, Alex and Samuel were given unknown cells. Through a variety of staining and microscopy techniques, they determined that the cells had DNA, proteins, mitochondria, phospholipids, and fats. They concluded: The cells were plant cells. The cells were animal cells. The cells could be animal or plant cells. The cells could be animal, plant, or bacterial cells.

The cells could be animal or plant cells.

Lactose is a disaccharide (two monosaccharides joined together). To metabolize lactose, individuals require an enzyme known as lactase. What is true about this reaction? The reaction causes reactants to be formed. The reaction hydrolyzes the sugar. The reaction dehydrates the sugar. The reaction causes bloating in individuals who have the enzyme.

The reaction hydrolyzes the sugar. Lactose is hydrolyzed, or spilt, into two monosaccharide subunits.

Carbohydrates are mainly used in our bodies _____. for building genetic materials structural molecules, such as hair and fingernails for membrane constructionas fuel

as fuel Simple sugar molecules are a major fuel for cellular work.

A _____ reaction builds polymers from Monomers.

dehydration

The maximum size of a cell is limited by the amount of flexibility it needs to be able to move its need for enough surface area to make exchanges with its environment the number of organelles that can be packed inside the materials needed to build it

its need for enough surface area to make exchanges with its environment Because volume increases at a faster rate than surface area, larger cells have proportionately less plasma membrane surface area.

Animals store energy in the form of glycogen, a carbohydrate made up of thousands of _____.

monosaccharides

A _____ is a building block of polynucleotides such as DNA

nucleotide

Where is the genetic information of the cell stored? nucleus rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER ) lysosomes Golgi apparatus smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER

nucleus DNA is the genetic information of the cell, and it is stored in the nucleus.

A _____ is a polymer of monosaccharides

polysaccharide

Myosin is a contractile protein found in muscles that is composed of three pairs of subunits, two heavy chains, and two pairs of two different types of light chains, for a total of six subunits. Myosin contains what level(s) of protein structure? primary and secondary only primary only primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary primary, secondary, and tertiary only

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

The Golgi apparatus stores, modifies, and packages proteins. is the site of carbohydrate breakdown. is composed of stacks of membranous vesicles that are continuous with one another. strings together amino acids to produce proteins.

stores, modifies, and packages proteins.

As cell size increase, the volume increases proportionally more than the surface area. volume and surface area decrease. ratio of surface area to volume stays the same. surface area increases proportionally more than the volume

volume increases proportionally more than the surface area.

Which of the following clues would tell you whether a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic? the presence or absence of ribosomes the presence or absence of a rigid cell wall whether or not the cell is partitioned into compartments by internal membranes whether or not the cell contains DNA

whether or not the cell is partitioned into compartments by internal membranes Prokaryotic cells lack any internal membranous compartmentalization whereas eukaryotic cells have extensive membrane-bound organelles.

Many names for sugars in the the suffix? -ose. -hyde. -ase. -acid.

-ose.

Once you eat a cookie, enzymes in your digestive tract begin to break down the cookie into smaller molecules. Which two statements are true regarding this process? A) Hydrolysis reactions are breaking the macromolecules in the cookie down into smaller molecules. B) Dehydration reactions are breaking the macromolecules in the cookie down into smaller molecules. C) Water is released during the reactions that break the macromolecules in the cookie down into smaller molecules. D) Water is required for the reactions that break the macromolecules in the cookie down into smaller molecules.

A & D Enzymes that break down food into smaller molecules are performing hydrolysis reactions, which require water.

Lactase deficiency is more common in Asian, Native American, Mediterranean and some African populations than it is among people with northern or western European ancestry. How would you explain why this is so?

Although most mammals, including humans, are not able to digest the milk sugar, lactose, after infancy, the ancestors of northern and western Europeans relied on dairy products as an important part of their food supply. When other food sources were in low supply, mutations that allowed the expression of the enzyme lactase to persist past childhood conveyed an advantage to adults who were able to include dairy products in their diet.

A ____ ____ is a building block of polypeptides, such as the protein myoglobin.

Amino Acid

Insulin is a protein hormone that regulates blood glucose levels and is a polymer of _____ _____.

Amino Acids

Myoglobin is a protein that binds oxygen molecules and is a polymer of _____ _____.

Amino acids

Which of the following is an example of a dehydrated reaction? A) A group of enzymes "cut" a mutated protein into smaller molecules, preventing it from harming the cell. B) DNA molecules are replicated in a cell by building new DNA molecules from nucleotides. C) Amylose, a polysaccharide, is broken down by amylase, an enzyme found in your saliva. D) Casein, a type of protein found in milk, is broken down into amino acids by enzymes in the digestive tract.

B) DNA molecules are replicated in a cell by building new DNA molecules from nucleotides. Deyhdration reactions are used to make larger molecules (polymers) from smaller molecules (monomers). Bulding a new DNA molecule (a polynucleotide) from nucleotides (monomers) is an example of a dehydration reaction. The other options describe hydrolysis reactions.

Why do both mitochondria and chloroplasts possess circular chromosomes? These organelles are too small to hold linear DNA molecules. The primary function of these organelles is the breakdown and recycling of DNA and other macromolecules. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts descended from free-living prokaryotes engulfed and maintained by early eukaryotic cells. All eukaryotic organelles possess their own DNA.

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts descended from free-living prokaryotes engulfed and maintained by early eukaryotic cells. Endosymbiotic theory explains the basis for a variety of peculiar features shared between mitochondria, chloroplasts, and prokaryotes.

Which statement about cellular metabolism is false? Cellular metabolism often occurs on the surfaces of internal membranes. Cellular metabolism includes different processes that require different conditions. Cellular metabolism can occur within organelles. Cellular metabolism occurs in animal but not plant cells.

Cellular metabolism occurs in animal but not plant cells.

_____ are found only in plant cells, but _____ are found in both plant and animal cells. Chloroplasts; central vacuoles Cell walls; chloroplasts Central vacuoles; ribosomes Lysosomes; plasma membranes Plasma membranes; mitochondria

Central vacuoles; ribosomes Central vacuoles are found only in plant cells. Ribosomes are found in both plant and animal cells.

Does what you eat affect how your lungs function? Recent studies in mice have shown that certain diets lead to higher rates of asthma. Asthma is characterized by inflammation of the airways. Which of the following experiments would best examine the effects of diet on asthma development in mice? Feed a group of mice a certain diet for a week, then a different diet the following week. Check the degree of airway inflammation at the end of the second week. Feed one group of mice a certain diet, and feed another group of mice a different diet. Measure how much food the mice ate after some time passes. Feed one group of mice a certain diet, and feed another group of mice a different diet. Check the degree of airway inflammation in both groups after some time passes.

Feed one group of mice a certain diet, and feed another group of mice a different diet. Check the degree of airway inflammation in both groups after some time passes.

Of the following sugar molecules, which is not a disaccharide? (Disaccharides are two monosaccharides linked together by a glycosidic bond.) fructose sucrose maltose lactose

Fructose. Fructose is a monosaccharide, not a disaccharide.

What characteristic must be true of a good hypothesis? It must be testable by observation or experiment. It must be correct. It must involve quantitative data It must have been observed many times.

It must be testable by observation or experiment.

Your throat is dry, and you want the last cough drop in the box to last a long time in your mouth. What should you do? Keep the cough drop whole. This maintains the largest surface-to-volume ratio and slows the dissolution of the cough drop. It doesn't matter if the cough drop is in one piece or many pieces; the total amount of cough drop is all that matters. Break the cough drop into little pieces and put them all in your mouth. This decreases the surface-to-volume ratio and slows the dissolution of the cough drop. Break the cough drop into little pieces and put them all in your mouth. Since each little piece must be dissolved separately, the drop will last longer.

Keep the cough drop whole. This maintains the largest surface-to-volume ratio and slows the dissolution of the cough drop.

The R group or side chain of the amino acid leucine is non-polar. The R group of serine is polar. Where would you expect to find these amino acids in a globular protein in aqueous solution? Serine would be in the interior, and leucine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. Both serine and leucine would be on the exterior of the globular protein. Both serine and leucine would be in the interior and on the exterior of the globular protein. Both serine and leucine would be in the interior of the globular protein. Leucine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the globular protein.

Leucine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the globular protein.

Fact: Mitochondria and chloroplasts are organelles that perform vital functions in living cells. Mitochondria in plant cells and animal cells help convert chemical energy from sugar into ATP that the cell can more easily use. This process is called cellular respiration. Chloroplasts are found only in the cells of plants and some algae. Chloroplasts help turn sunlight into sugar in a process called photosynthesis. The sugars generated in photosynthesis can be used by the plant itself during its own cellular respiration, or by animals that eat the plant.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are organelles that perform vital functions in living cells. Mitochondria in plant cells and animal cells help convert chemical energy from sugar into ATP that the cell can more easily use. This process is called cellular respiration. Chloroplasts are found only in the cells of plants and some algae. Chloroplasts help turn sunlight into sugar in a process called photosynthesis. The sugars generated in photosynthesis can be used by the plant itself during its own cellular respiration, or by animals that eat the plant.

Which plant cell organelle converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell? Central vacuole. Golgi apparatus. Mitochondrion. Plasma membrane. Chloroplast.

Mitochondrion. In both plant and animal cells, it's the mitochondria that convert chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell.

The nucleic acids DNA and RNA carry genetic information and are made up of many _____.

Nucleotides

The atoms in the molecule of water are held together by which type of bond? Ionic Bond Nonpolar Covalent Bond Polar Covalent Bond Hydrogen Bond

Polar Covalent Bond. The hydrogen and oxygen atoms do not equally share their electrons, which results in the formation of electronegative oxygen atoms and electropositive hydrogen atoms. These are then able to interact with other water molecules to form hydrogen bonds.

Which of the following is a function of the central vacuole? Working with mRNA to synthesize proteins Storing the genetic information of the cell Separating the cell from its surroundings Converting light energy to chemical energy Storing compounds produced by the cell

Storing compounds produced by the cell. One of the functions of the central vacuole is to store compounds produced by the cell.

Which of the following describes the function of the chloroplast? The chloroplast stores compounds produced by the cell. The chloroplast creates internal pressure for a cell. The chloroplast functions as the site of lipid synthesis. The chloroplast serves as a protein manufacturing facility. The chloroplast converts light energy to chemical energy.

The chloroplast converts light energy to chemical energy. The chloroplast makes food for the plant cell by converting light energy to chemical energy.

Which of the following is the best description of a control for an experiment? Only the experimental group is tested or measured. The control group is matched with the experimental group except for the one experimental variable. The control group is kept in an unchanging environment. The control group is exposed to only one variable rather than several. The control is left alone by the experimenters.

The control group is matched with the experimental group except for the one experimental variable.

Which statement regarding the endomembrane system is false? The endomembrane system includes the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The endomembrane system is involved in the synthesis, storage, and export of important molecules. The endomembrane system is a system of interrelated membranes that are all physically connected. The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope.

The endomembrane system is a system of interrelated membranes that are all physically connected.

What is the relationship between the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane? The plasma membrane stops the products of the Golgi apparatus from leaving the cell. The membranes of the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane are continuous. The Golgi apparatus produces the lipids that make up plasma membranes. The finished products of the Golgi apparatus may leave the cell through vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.

The finished products of the Golgi apparatus may leave the cell through vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane. Transport vesicles from the Golgi move to the plasma membrane for export. In some cases the finished products become part of the plasma membrane or part of another organelle.

What do the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes have in common? All are located in the nucleus of the cell. They all perform similar roles in the cell. They are all membranous organelles comprising the endomembrane system. They are all physically connected to each other.

They are all membranous organelles comprising the endomembrane system. Each of these organelles is a member of the endomembrane system and is constructed of the same type of membrane.

The membranous compartmentalization of a cell allows different chemical conditions to be maintained in different parts of the cell. divides the cell into two equal-sized halves. is common to both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. requires the presence of a cell wall

allows different chemical conditions to be maintained in different parts of the cell.

The recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey found a 275% greater risk of what disease for individuals who consumed more than 25% of their daily calories from added sugars? cardiovascular disease diabetes hypertension stomach cancer

cardiovascular disease

The plasma membrane's function would include which of the following? breakdown manufacturing energy production communication

communication The plasma membrane is an important structure for cell communication with the external environment.

The enzyme that performs the light-generating reaction in fireflies is called luciferase. Luciferase is a single polypeptide chain, located in the cytoplasm of firefly lantern cells. Luciferase protein is synthesized by ribosomes in the nucleus attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum attached to the plasma membrane free in the cytoplasm

free in the cytoplasm

The oil and vinegar in your salad dressing remain separate from one another due to the _____ properties of the oil. hydrophilic hydrogenated hydrophobic saturated

hydrophobic Oils and other fats are water-fearing or hydrophobic and will not dissolve in water-based solutions such as vinegar.

The plant cell wall is a protective structure made of cellulose fibrils. is very similar to the animal cell wall. makes food by converting light energy to chemical energy. is found just inside the plasma membrane. regulates the composition of the cytoplasm.

is a protective structure made of cellulose fibrils. The cell wall is a structure that protects the plant cell and is made of cellulose fibrils.

Protein synthesis requires the use of mRNA, which must be made by the ribosomes. is translated by the ribosomes into the amino acid sequences of proteins. is made in the nucleolus. carries the message to the nucleus to synthesize new DNA during cell division.

is translated by the ribosomes into the amino acid sequences of proteins.

The cells of a person with adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) swell with a buildup of fatty acids. In other words, fatty acids are not being broken down. Which organelle is most likely failing to function correctly? Golgi apparatus lysosome mitochondrion ribosome

lysosome This organelle functions to digest materials in the cell.

Which of the following structure(s) is/are found in prokaryotic cells?

nucleus endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria ribosomes Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells do have ribosomes.

A _____ is a polymer of nucleotides

polynucleotide

A _____ is a polymer of amino acids

polypeptide

To enter or leave any cell, substances must pass through _____. the plasma membranethe Golgi apparatus a ribosome a microtubule the nucleus

the plasma membrane The plasma membrane defines the external boundary of the cell.

The partial charges in a water molecule occur because of _____? A) the unequal sharing of electrons between hydrogen and oxygen B) the achievement of a stable configuration by one atom of a bond but not by the other partner C) ionic bonding D) covalent bonding

the unequal sharing of electrons between hydrogen and oxygen Because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, electrons of the polar bond spend more time closer to the nucleus of the oxygen atom, resulting in a slight negative charge on the oxygen atom and slight positive charges on the hydrogen atoms.

A fatty acid containing at least one double bond is called _____. unsaturated hydrophilic saturated cholesterol

unsaturated An unsaturated fatty acid has one or more double bonds. (Look at the prefixes)