PSYCH Final, Psychology Chapter 7 Quiz, exam 1
_____ act on the nervous system to increase its overall activity and general responsiveness. Psychoactive drugs Alcoholic beverages Hallucinogens Stimulants
Stimulants
What is the major sensory relay area for the brain? Hindbrain Cortex Thalamus Hypothalamus
Thalamus
The interdisciplinary field that studies how biological processes relate to behavioral and mental processes is called ____. biobehaviorism neuroscience behavioral biology biopsychocognition
neuroscience
How many stages of distinct sleep stages do we typically experience during a normal night's sleep? 5-6 4-5 3-4 6-8
4-5
Due to the cerebral hemispheres, we have a total of _____ lobes in our brain. 8 10 4 16
8
The cerebral cortex, with its estimated 30 billion neurons, is about ____ inch thick. 1/8 1/2 1 1/4
1/4
_____ theory states that dreams are by-products of random stimulation of brain cells, whereas the _____ view suggests dreams serve an information processing function and help us sift through our everyday experiences and thoughts. Activation-synthesis; cognitive Psychodynamic; infodynamic Cognitive; wish-fulfillment Biological; learning
Activation-synthesis; cognitive
This is a step-by-step procedure that, if followed, will eventually solve a problem. Problem-solving set Heuristic Brainstorming Algorithm
Algorithm
Which of the following is associated with the use of cocaine? Physical damage All of these options Psychological dependence Severe addiction
All of these options
Just before sleep, brain waves move from _____ waves, indicating normal wakefulness, to _____ waves associated with drowsy relaxation. Theta; delta Beta; alpha Alpha; beta Sigma; chi
Beta; alpha
Which of the following is a list of personality traits? All of these options Hunger, arousal, sensation-seeking, achievement Cheerful, honest, friendly, optimistic Tall, thin, dark-skinned
Cheerful, honest, friendly, optimistic
_____ conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. Instinctive Reflex Classical Basic
Classical
Scientists study sleep in sleep labs using _____. functional MRI scans EKG recordings EEG recordings PET scans
EEG recordings
The trait theory that explains personality in terms of openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism is called the _____. factor analysis theory Cattell and Eysenck model BEACH theory Five-Factor model
Five-Factor model
This is the first stage of prenatal development (from conception to implantation), characterized by rapid cell division. Germinal period Embryonic Zygote stage Critical period
Germinal period
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Stage 2 sleep? More relaxation Sleep spindles Less responsive to external stimuli Sleep apnea
Sleep apnea
This is a small structure that maintains homeostasis. It also regulates emotions and drives, such as hunger, thirst, sex, and aggression. Hippocampus Pituitary gland Thalamus Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Injury to the thalamus can cause all except which of the following? Blindness Loss of smell Loss of taste Deafness
Loss of smell
The most widely researched and clinically used self-report, personality test is the _____. Rorschach inkblot test SVII TAT MMPI-2
MMPI-2
Cognitive psychology focuses on ____. Complex biochemical events involved in information processing. The positive, creative, growth-seeking potential of human nature. Mental processes, language, and perception. Conflict within the conscious mind.
Mental processes, language, and perception.
This is an outdated term for disorders characterized by unrealistic anxiety and other associated problems. Psychosis Psychasthenia Neurosis Hysteria
Neurosis
_____ theory suggests that organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an ideal or optimal level of stimulation that maximizes their performance. Optimal arousal Incentive Instinct Drive reduction
Optimal arousal
According to Maslow, what did Albert Einstein, Mahatma Ghandi, and Eleanor Roosevelt have in common? They were all humanists They were all fully self-actualized Each was a phenomenological success in his or her own field They all engaged in unconditional positive regard toward others
They were all fully self-actualized
The basic units of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that process, store, and transmit information are the _____. neurons synapses myelin neurotransmitters
neurons
Negative punishment _____ and negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood the response will continue. decreases; decreases increases; decreases increases; increases decreases; increases
decreases; increases
Your vivid memory of what you were doing when you learned about the attack on the World Trade Center is an example of _____. the encoding specificity principle a flashbulb memory long-term potentiation
a flashbulb memory
A "Freudian Slip" is said to reveal: a person who isn't very aware of his or her physical presence in the world too much of a woman's leg under her dress a person who needs to change his or her personality a person's true, unconscious desires and conflicts
a person's true, unconscious desires and conflicts
A multiphasic personality test measures _____. personalities that emerge during different phases of the moon multiple personalities a range of personality traits personalities that emerge during different developmental phases
a range of personality traits
Emotion is BEST defined as _____. affective feelings physical or psychological responses to the fulfillment or frustration of our goals a subjective feeling that includes arousal, cognitions, and behavioral expressions affective responses that are the result of external or internal stimuli
a subjective feeling that includes arousal, cognitions, and behavioral expressions
The term basic research is BEST defined as research that _____. advances general scientific understanding solves basic problems encountered by humans and animals in a complex world is done to get a grade or a tenured teaching position is basic to one field only
advances general scientific understanding
Cognition includes the processes of _____. all of these options thinking and problem solving sensation and perception learning and memory
all of these options
Ethnic group differences in IQ scores can be due to _____. negative stereotypes about minorities socioeconomic differences all of these options cultural biases in IQ tests
all of these options
Opiates are used to achieve _____. euphoria pain relief feelings of relaxation all of these options
all of these options
Researchers gave participants varying amounts of a new "memory" drug. Then they gave them a story to read, and measured their scores on a quiz. The _____ would be the independent variable (IV), and the _____ would be the dependent variable (DV). experimental group; control group amount of exposure to the drug; quiz scores researcher variables; extraneous variables response to the drug; amount of the drug
amount of exposure to the drug; quiz scores
Consciousness is defined in your text as _____. an awareness of one's self and one's surroundings any mental state that requires thinking and processing of sensory stimuli mental representations of the world in the here and now ordinary and extraordinary wakefulness
an awareness of one's self and one's surroundings
Ralph fell through the floor of his tree house and found himself in the hospital. He has no memory of his hospital stay, which suggests he has developed _____ amnesia. retrograde proactive anterograde retroactive
anterograde
Mental activities that require minimal attention are called _____ processes. automobile autonomic automatic unconscious
automatic
Judging the likelihood or probability of events based on how easily other such events can be recalled is known as the _____ heuristic. functional prototype availability representative
availability
If you prepared a study to determine which areas of the brain are used for working memory, you would be conducting _____ research. basic application dependent independent
basic
The psychological perspective that emphasizes objective, observable environmental influences of overt behavior is called the __________________________. overt perspective. psychodynamic perspective behavioral perspective. functionalist perspective.
behavioral perspective.
In Pavlov's original classical conditioning experiments, the _____ was the neutral stimulus, the _____ was the stimulus that would elicit a reflex, and _____ was the reflexive response. meat powder; bell; salivation salivation; meat powder; ringing the bell meat powder; salivation; ringing the bell bell; meat powder; salivation
bell; meat powder; salivation
Circadian rhythms are _____. physical and mental changes associated with the cycle of the moon rhythmical processes in your brain biological changes that occur on a 24-hour cycle patterns that repeat themselves on a twice daily schedule
biological changes that occur on a 24-hour cycle
The scientific study of the biology of behavior and mental processes is called _______. behavioral biology biopsychocognition biopsychology biobehaviorism
biopsychology
The frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes make up the _____. association areas of the brain cerebral cortex subcortical area of the brain reticular formation
cerebral cortex
Most phobias are explained by _____. classical conditioning latent learning personality defects operant conditioning
classical conditioning
Nicotine activates the same brain areas as _____. cocaine all of these options marijuana serotonin
cocaine
The mental activities involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using knowledge are collectively known as _____. awareness perception consciousness cognition
cognition
According to Freud, the thoughts and information that you are currently aware of, or remembering, is called your _____. psyche ego conscious id
conscious
In your textbook, the process of objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing information is called _____. empiricism science mental processing critical thinking
critical thinking
An impulse travels through the structures of the neuron in the following order: axon, cell body, dendrites cell body, axon, dendrites dendrites, cell body, axon cell body, dendrites, axon
dendrites, cell body, axon
The branches of the neuron that receive neural impulses from other neurons are called _____, and the tube-like structure that conveys impulses toward other neurons is called the _____. axons; dendrite somas; axon dendrites; axon dendrites; soma
dendrites; axon
According to your textbook, the goals of psychology are to _____. understand, compare, control, and analyze human behavior improve psychological well-being in all individuals from conception to death explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind describe, explain, predict, and change behavior
describe, explain, predict, and change behavior
The purpose of the DSM-IV-TR is to provide ____. treatment recommendations for disorders explanations of the causes of disorders all of these options descriptions of disorders
descriptions of disorders
Communication within a cell is _________. both electrical and chemical caused by hardening of the cell membrane chemical electrical
electrical
A collection of glands found throughout the body that manufacture and secrete hormones into the bloodstream in order to effect behavioral change or maintain normal bodily functions is called the _____. endocrine system alimentary system hypothalamus nervous system
endocrine system
If you run a marathon, your body will release _____ to elevate your mood and reduce your pain. endorphins epinephrine norepinephrine lactic acid
endorphins
According to your textbook, motivation _____ behavior and emotion _____. follows; precedes it precedes; directs it energizes; is the feeling response directs; energizes it
energizes; is the feeling response
The two major systems of long-term memory are _____. semantic and episodic implicit and nondeclarative explicit and declarative explicit and implicit
explicit and implicit
In a Duchenne smile, the cheek muscles are pulled back, and the muscles around the _____ also contract. eyes mouth nose ears
eyes
Anterograde amnesia is the inability to _____ after an injury. form new memories recall old memories remember where you live recall your grade point average
form new memories
Problem-solving is the act of moving _____. from a given state to a goal state from here to there from sensation to perception from emotion to motivation
from a given state to a goal state
Chronic, uncontrollable, excessive worrying about nothing in particular is associated with _____. panic attack obsessive-compulsive disorder generalized anxiety disorder hysteria
generalized anxiety disorder
Eli's grandma gives him a Tootsie roll every time she visits. When Eli sees his grandma arriving, his mouth begins to water. In this example, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is _____. grandma the Tootsie roll hunger the watering mouth
grandma
The psychological perspective that emerged in the 1950s that stressed free will, self-actualization, and human nature as naturally positive and growth seeking was the __________ perspective. humanistic behavioral cognitive psychodynamic
humanistic
Sociocultural psychology is the study of the _____ . thinking of people as individuals superiority of some cultures over others none of these options influence of culture and social interactions on people's behavior
influence of culture and social interactions on people's behavior
Sociobiologists emphasized that _____ are in born, genetic factors in motivation. instincts aggression cooperation competition
instincts
According to the facial feedback hypothesis, expressing an emotion should ______. intensify it have no impact on it change it diminish it
intensify it
The _____ content of a dream is the true, unconscious meaning of the dream. repressed countertransference latent expressed
latent
A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes as a result of practice or experience is called _____. knowledge intuition training learning
learning
Of the three memory stages, _____ has the greatest capacity, and _____ has the longest duration. long-term memory; LTM STM; LTM LTM; sensory memory sensory memory; LTM
long-term memory; LTM
The ______ content of a dream contains the surface symbols that disguise the underlying meaning of the dream. latent repressed transference manifest
manifest
Hunger, arousal, and achievement are three basic _____. responses motives feelings emotions
motives
Vision and visual perception occur in the _____ lobes. parietal temporal occipital frontal
occipital
REM sleep is also called _____ because the brain is aroused and active while the person remains nonresponsive and asleep. paradoxical sleep hypnagogic sleep pseudo-sleep transitional sleep
paradoxical sleep
Phrenology refers to the study of _____. character, based on nonverbal behaviors and physical features animal personality, based on an animal's social interactions personality, based on the location of bumps on a person's head mental illness, based on the size of a person's head
personality, based on the location of bumps on a person's head
According to Maslow's view of motivation, if you haven't eaten all day, your thoughts will be MOST focused on your _____. physical safety self-esteem physiological needs sense of belonging
physiological needs
Unconditional positive regard is a Rogerian term for _____. accepting any and all behavior as a positive manifestation of self-actualization positive behavior toward a person without attaching any contingencies nonjudgmental listening phenomenological congruence
positive behavior toward a person without attaching any contingencies
Your dog is begging for food while you eat dinner. Your mother gives him a morsel from her plate, and he stops barking. In this situation, your dog has been _____, and your mother has been _____. negatively reinforced; punished classically conditioned; punished operantly conditioned; positively reinforced positively reinforced; negatively reinforced
positively reinforced; negatively reinforced
Salary and years of education are typically _____ correlated, and grade point average and the number of hours of television watched per day are typically _____ correlated. not; positively positively, negatively negatively; positively positively; not
positively, negatively
According to Freud, the thoughts and information that you can easily bring to awareness is called your _____. subconscious preconscious conscious psyche
preconscious
When you are identifying facts, distinguishing relevant from irrelevant facts, and defining a goal, you are in the _____ stage of problem-solving attribution preparation initial production
preparation
The Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test are examples of _____ tests. aptitude and achievement projective personality culturally biased personality the most reliable and valid personality
projective personality
Irving's doctor prescribed Valium to help him cope with job-related anxiety. He found a less stressful job, and is anxiety-free. However, Irving keeps taking Valium because he likes its effects. He hasn't had to increase the dosage, and he did not have withdrawal symptoms when he forgot to take his pills. It is MOST likely that Irving is _____. a drug addict developing a cross-tolerance for other drugs psychologically dependent on Valium physically dependent on Valium
psychologically dependent on Valium
Low levels of arousal lead to _____ and high levels of arousal lead to _____. increased behavior efficiency; reduced behavior efficiency reduced behavior efficiency; increased behavior efficiency reduced behavior efficiency; reduced behavior efficiency increased behavior efficiency; increased behavior efficiency
reduced behavior efficiency; reduced behavior efficiency
Neurotransmitters perform different functions such as: regulate the actions of glands and muscles all of the above promote digestion of food inhibit repressed memories from being formed
regulate the actions of glands and muscles
Neurotransmitters are __________. all of the above part of the "power house" of a cell released from the terminal button of a cell responsible for electrical communication within a cell
released from the terminal button of a cell
The first step in the scientific method is ________ . forming a testable hypothesis reviewing the literature of existing theories developing a theory designing a study
reviewing the literature of existing theories
The four stages of Piaget's cognitive development model are _____. sensorimotor, precognitive, operational, and abstract operational sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational assimilation, accommodation, adaptation, and association sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, and formal
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
Short-term memory receives information from _____ memory. sensory and long-term sensory and working long-term sensory
sensory and long-term
A mental state other than an ordinary waking state, in which there are distinct changes in perception, emotion, memory, thinking, etc. is called alternate _____. alertness sentience states of consciousness states of mental awareness
states of consciousness
The hypothalamus's role in the brain is MOST similar to the role of a(n) _____. pianist supervisor employee educator
supervisor
The tips of the branches of the axon are called _____. mitochondria terminal buttons soma dendrites
terminal buttons
Many symptoms of schizophrenia - like hearing voices, misunderstanding social cues, and misinterpreting sensory information - could be due to abnormalities in the _____. hypothalamus thalamus all of these options reticular formation
thalamus
Ethnocentrism in research refers to _____. a researcher's inflated sense of his or her own research abilities an attitude among researchers that their field of study is more important than any other field the belief that a typical behavior in one's culture is typical of all cultures a central need to include people from all races and cultures in an experiment
the belief that a typical behavior in one's culture is typical of all cultures
When an axon is not stimulated, it is in a polarized state called _____. steady state super polarized homeostasis the resting potential
the resting potential
Motivation is BEST defined as _____. the set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior toward a goal what makes you do what you do the conscious and unconscious thoughts that focus a person's behaviors and emotions in the same direction toward a goal the physiological and psychological arousal that occurs when a person really wants to achieve a goal
the set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior toward a goal
Experimenter bias refers to _____. the tendency of experimenters to unintentionally report their results in a manner which always supports their hypotheses the experimenter's belief that his or her study results are more accurate than any other study's results the tendency of experimenters to influence the results of a study in the expected direction intentional subtle cues given by a researcher that lead a subject to guess what the correct response should be
the tendency of experimenters to influence the results of a study in the expected direction
A relatively stable and consistent characteristic that can be used to describe someone is known as a(n) _____. character temperament trait personality
trait
In early therapy of abnormal behavior, _____ was used to allow evil spirits to escape, while _____ was designed to make the body so uncomfortable it would be uninhabitable to the devil. demonology; hydrotherapy purging; fasting the medical model; dunking trephining; exorcism
trephining; exorcism
Used medically, narcotics are _____ habit forming. almost always often usually very seldom
very seldom
