PSYCH Final, Psychology Chapter 7 Quiz, exam 1

_____ act on the nervous system to increase its overall activity and general responsiveness. Psychoactive drugs Alcoholic beverages Hallucinogens Stimulants

Stimulants

What is the major sensory relay area for the brain? Hindbrain Cortex Thalamus Hypothalamus

Thalamus

The interdisciplinary field that studies how biological processes relate to behavioral and mental processes is called ____. biobehaviorism neuroscience behavioral biology biopsychocognition

neuroscience

How many stages of distinct sleep stages do we typically experience during a normal night's sleep? 5-6 4-5 3-4 6-8

4-5

Due to the cerebral hemispheres, we have a total of _____ lobes in our brain. 8 10 4 16

8

The cerebral cortex, with its estimated 30 billion neurons, is about ____ inch thick. 1/8 1/2 1 1/4

1/4

_____ theory states that dreams are by-products of random stimulation of brain cells, whereas the _____ view suggests dreams serve an information processing function and help us sift through our everyday experiences and thoughts. Activation-synthesis; cognitive Psychodynamic; infodynamic Cognitive; wish-fulfillment Biological; learning

Activation-synthesis; cognitive

This is a step-by-step procedure that, if followed, will eventually solve a problem. Problem-solving set Heuristic Brainstorming Algorithm

Algorithm

Which of the following is associated with the use of cocaine? Physical damage All of these options Psychological dependence Severe addiction

All of these options

Just before sleep, brain waves move from _____ waves, indicating normal wakefulness, to _____ waves associated with drowsy relaxation. Theta; delta Beta; alpha Alpha; beta Sigma; chi

Beta; alpha

Which of the following is a list of personality traits? All of these options Hunger, arousal, sensation-seeking, achievement Cheerful, honest, friendly, optimistic Tall, thin, dark-skinned

Cheerful, honest, friendly, optimistic

_____ conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. Instinctive Reflex Classical Basic

Classical

Scientists study sleep in sleep labs using _____. functional MRI scans EKG recordings EEG recordings PET scans

EEG recordings

The trait theory that explains personality in terms of openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism is called the _____. factor analysis theory Cattell and Eysenck model BEACH theory Five-Factor model

Five-Factor model

This is the first stage of prenatal development (from conception to implantation), characterized by rapid cell division. Germinal period Embryonic Zygote stage Critical period

Germinal period

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Stage 2 sleep? More relaxation Sleep spindles Less responsive to external stimuli Sleep apnea

Sleep apnea

This is a small structure that maintains homeostasis. It also regulates emotions and drives, such as hunger, thirst, sex, and aggression. Hippocampus Pituitary gland Thalamus Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

Injury to the thalamus can cause all except which of the following? Blindness Loss of smell Loss of taste Deafness

Loss of smell

The most widely researched and clinically used self-report, personality test is the _____. Rorschach inkblot test SVII TAT MMPI-2

MMPI-2

Cognitive psychology focuses on ____. Complex biochemical events involved in information processing. The positive, creative, growth-seeking potential of human nature. Mental processes, language, and perception. Conflict within the conscious mind.

Mental processes, language, and perception.

This is an outdated term for disorders characterized by unrealistic anxiety and other associated problems. Psychosis Psychasthenia Neurosis Hysteria

Neurosis

_____ theory suggests that organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an ideal or optimal level of stimulation that maximizes their performance. Optimal arousal Incentive Instinct Drive reduction

Optimal arousal

According to Maslow, what did Albert Einstein, Mahatma Ghandi, and Eleanor Roosevelt have in common? They were all humanists They were all fully self-actualized Each was a phenomenological success in his or her own field They all engaged in unconditional positive regard toward others

They were all fully self-actualized

The basic units of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves that process, store, and transmit information are the _____. neurons synapses myelin neurotransmitters

neurons

Negative punishment _____ and negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood the response will continue. decreases; decreases increases; decreases increases; increases decreases; increases

decreases; increases

Your vivid memory of what you were doing when you learned about the attack on the World Trade Center is an example of _____. the encoding specificity principle a flashbulb memory long-term potentiation

a flashbulb memory

A "Freudian Slip" is said to reveal: a person who isn't very aware of his or her physical presence in the world too much of a woman's leg under her dress a person who needs to change his or her personality a person's true, unconscious desires and conflicts

a person's true, unconscious desires and conflicts

A multiphasic personality test measures _____. personalities that emerge during different phases of the moon multiple personalities a range of personality traits personalities that emerge during different developmental phases

a range of personality traits

Emotion is BEST defined as _____. affective feelings physical or psychological responses to the fulfillment or frustration of our goals a subjective feeling that includes arousal, cognitions, and behavioral expressions affective responses that are the result of external or internal stimuli

a subjective feeling that includes arousal, cognitions, and behavioral expressions

The term basic research is BEST defined as research that _____. advances general scientific understanding solves basic problems encountered by humans and animals in a complex world is done to get a grade or a tenured teaching position is basic to one field only

advances general scientific understanding

Cognition includes the processes of _____. all of these options thinking and problem solving sensation and perception learning and memory

all of these options

Ethnic group differences in IQ scores can be due to _____. negative stereotypes about minorities socioeconomic differences all of these options cultural biases in IQ tests

all of these options

Opiates are used to achieve _____. euphoria pain relief feelings of relaxation all of these options

all of these options

Researchers gave participants varying amounts of a new "memory" drug. Then they gave them a story to read, and measured their scores on a quiz. The _____ would be the independent variable (IV), and the _____ would be the dependent variable (DV). experimental group; control group amount of exposure to the drug; quiz scores researcher variables; extraneous variables response to the drug; amount of the drug

amount of exposure to the drug; quiz scores

Consciousness is defined in your text as _____. an awareness of one's self and one's surroundings any mental state that requires thinking and processing of sensory stimuli mental representations of the world in the here and now ordinary and extraordinary wakefulness

an awareness of one's self and one's surroundings

Ralph fell through the floor of his tree house and found himself in the hospital. He has no memory of his hospital stay, which suggests he has developed _____ amnesia. retrograde proactive anterograde retroactive

anterograde

Mental activities that require minimal attention are called _____ processes. automobile autonomic automatic unconscious

automatic

Judging the likelihood or probability of events based on how easily other such events can be recalled is known as the _____ heuristic. functional prototype availability representative

availability

If you prepared a study to determine which areas of the brain are used for working memory, you would be conducting _____ research. basic application dependent independent

basic

The psychological perspective that emphasizes objective, observable environmental influences of overt behavior is called the __________________________. overt perspective. psychodynamic perspective behavioral perspective. functionalist perspective.

behavioral perspective.

In Pavlov's original classical conditioning experiments, the _____ was the neutral stimulus, the _____ was the stimulus that would elicit a reflex, and _____ was the reflexive response. meat powder; bell; salivation salivation; meat powder; ringing the bell meat powder; salivation; ringing the bell bell; meat powder; salivation

bell; meat powder; salivation

Circadian rhythms are _____. physical and mental changes associated with the cycle of the moon rhythmical processes in your brain biological changes that occur on a 24-hour cycle patterns that repeat themselves on a twice daily schedule

biological changes that occur on a 24-hour cycle

The scientific study of the biology of behavior and mental processes is called _______. behavioral biology biopsychocognition biopsychology biobehaviorism

biopsychology

The frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes make up the _____. association areas of the brain cerebral cortex subcortical area of the brain reticular formation

cerebral cortex

Most phobias are explained by _____. classical conditioning latent learning personality defects operant conditioning

classical conditioning

Nicotine activates the same brain areas as _____. cocaine all of these options marijuana serotonin

cocaine

The mental activities involved in acquiring, storing, retrieving, and using knowledge are collectively known as _____. awareness perception consciousness cognition

cognition

According to Freud, the thoughts and information that you are currently aware of, or remembering, is called your _____. psyche ego conscious id

conscious

In your textbook, the process of objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing information is called _____. empiricism science mental processing critical thinking

critical thinking

An impulse travels through the structures of the neuron in the following order: axon, cell body, dendrites cell body, axon, dendrites dendrites, cell body, axon cell body, dendrites, axon

dendrites, cell body, axon

The branches of the neuron that receive neural impulses from other neurons are called _____, and the tube-like structure that conveys impulses toward other neurons is called the _____. axons; dendrite somas; axon dendrites; axon dendrites; soma

dendrites; axon

According to your textbook, the goals of psychology are to _____. understand, compare, control, and analyze human behavior improve psychological well-being in all individuals from conception to death explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind describe, explain, predict, and change behavior

describe, explain, predict, and change behavior

The purpose of the DSM-IV-TR is to provide ____. treatment recommendations for disorders explanations of the causes of disorders all of these options descriptions of disorders

descriptions of disorders

Communication within a cell is _________. both electrical and chemical caused by hardening of the cell membrane chemical electrical

electrical

A collection of glands found throughout the body that manufacture and secrete hormones into the bloodstream in order to effect behavioral change or maintain normal bodily functions is called the _____. endocrine system alimentary system hypothalamus nervous system

endocrine system

If you run a marathon, your body will release _____ to elevate your mood and reduce your pain. endorphins epinephrine norepinephrine lactic acid

endorphins

According to your textbook, motivation _____ behavior and emotion _____. follows; precedes it precedes; directs it energizes; is the feeling response directs; energizes it

energizes; is the feeling response

The two major systems of long-term memory are _____. semantic and episodic implicit and nondeclarative explicit and declarative explicit and implicit

explicit and implicit

In a Duchenne smile, the cheek muscles are pulled back, and the muscles around the _____ also contract. eyes mouth nose ears

eyes

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to _____ after an injury. form new memories recall old memories remember where you live recall your grade point average

form new memories

Problem-solving is the act of moving _____. from a given state to a goal state from here to there from sensation to perception from emotion to motivation

from a given state to a goal state

Chronic, uncontrollable, excessive worrying about nothing in particular is associated with _____. panic attack obsessive-compulsive disorder generalized anxiety disorder hysteria

generalized anxiety disorder

Eli's grandma gives him a Tootsie roll every time she visits. When Eli sees his grandma arriving, his mouth begins to water. In this example, the conditioned stimulus (CS) is _____. grandma the Tootsie roll hunger the watering mouth

grandma

The psychological perspective that emerged in the 1950s that stressed free will, self-actualization, and human nature as naturally positive and growth seeking was the __________ perspective. humanistic behavioral cognitive psychodynamic

humanistic

Sociocultural psychology is the study of the _____ . thinking of people as individuals superiority of some cultures over others none of these options influence of culture and social interactions on people's behavior

influence of culture and social interactions on people's behavior

Sociobiologists emphasized that _____ are in born, genetic factors in motivation. instincts aggression cooperation competition

instincts

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, expressing an emotion should ______. intensify it have no impact on it change it diminish it

intensify it

The _____ content of a dream is the true, unconscious meaning of the dream. repressed countertransference latent expressed

latent

A relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes as a result of practice or experience is called _____. knowledge intuition training learning

learning

Of the three memory stages, _____ has the greatest capacity, and _____ has the longest duration. long-term memory; LTM STM; LTM LTM; sensory memory sensory memory; LTM

long-term memory; LTM

The ______ content of a dream contains the surface symbols that disguise the underlying meaning of the dream. latent repressed transference manifest

manifest

Hunger, arousal, and achievement are three basic _____. responses motives feelings emotions

motives

Vision and visual perception occur in the _____ lobes. parietal temporal occipital frontal

occipital

REM sleep is also called _____ because the brain is aroused and active while the person remains nonresponsive and asleep. paradoxical sleep hypnagogic sleep pseudo-sleep transitional sleep

paradoxical sleep

Phrenology refers to the study of _____. character, based on nonverbal behaviors and physical features animal personality, based on an animal's social interactions personality, based on the location of bumps on a person's head mental illness, based on the size of a person's head

personality, based on the location of bumps on a person's head

According to Maslow's view of motivation, if you haven't eaten all day, your thoughts will be MOST focused on your _____. physical safety self-esteem physiological needs sense of belonging

physiological needs

Unconditional positive regard is a Rogerian term for _____. accepting any and all behavior as a positive manifestation of self-actualization positive behavior toward a person without attaching any contingencies nonjudgmental listening phenomenological congruence

positive behavior toward a person without attaching any contingencies

Your dog is begging for food while you eat dinner. Your mother gives him a morsel from her plate, and he stops barking. In this situation, your dog has been _____, and your mother has been _____. negatively reinforced; punished classically conditioned; punished operantly conditioned; positively reinforced positively reinforced; negatively reinforced

positively reinforced; negatively reinforced

Salary and years of education are typically _____ correlated, and grade point average and the number of hours of television watched per day are typically _____ correlated. not; positively positively, negatively negatively; positively positively; not

positively, negatively

According to Freud, the thoughts and information that you can easily bring to awareness is called your _____. subconscious preconscious conscious psyche

preconscious

When you are identifying facts, distinguishing relevant from irrelevant facts, and defining a goal, you are in the _____ stage of problem-solving attribution preparation initial production

preparation

The Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test are examples of _____ tests. aptitude and achievement projective personality culturally biased personality the most reliable and valid personality

projective personality

Irving's doctor prescribed Valium to help him cope with job-related anxiety. He found a less stressful job, and is anxiety-free. However, Irving keeps taking Valium because he likes its effects. He hasn't had to increase the dosage, and he did not have withdrawal symptoms when he forgot to take his pills. It is MOST likely that Irving is _____. a drug addict developing a cross-tolerance for other drugs psychologically dependent on Valium physically dependent on Valium

psychologically dependent on Valium

Low levels of arousal lead to _____ and high levels of arousal lead to _____. increased behavior efficiency; reduced behavior efficiency reduced behavior efficiency; increased behavior efficiency reduced behavior efficiency; reduced behavior efficiency increased behavior efficiency; increased behavior efficiency

reduced behavior efficiency; reduced behavior efficiency

Neurotransmitters perform different functions such as: regulate the actions of glands and muscles all of the above promote digestion of food inhibit repressed memories from being formed

regulate the actions of glands and muscles

Neurotransmitters are __________. all of the above part of the "power house" of a cell released from the terminal button of a cell responsible for electrical communication within a cell

released from the terminal button of a cell

The first step in the scientific method is ________ . forming a testable hypothesis reviewing the literature of existing theories developing a theory designing a study

reviewing the literature of existing theories

The four stages of Piaget's cognitive development model are _____. sensorimotor, precognitive, operational, and abstract operational sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational assimilation, accommodation, adaptation, and association sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, and formal

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

Short-term memory receives information from _____ memory. sensory and long-term sensory and working long-term sensory

sensory and long-term

A mental state other than an ordinary waking state, in which there are distinct changes in perception, emotion, memory, thinking, etc. is called alternate _____. alertness sentience states of consciousness states of mental awareness

states of consciousness

The hypothalamus's role in the brain is MOST similar to the role of a(n) _____. pianist supervisor employee educator

supervisor

The tips of the branches of the axon are called _____. mitochondria terminal buttons soma dendrites

terminal buttons

Many symptoms of schizophrenia - like hearing voices, misunderstanding social cues, and misinterpreting sensory information - could be due to abnormalities in the _____. hypothalamus thalamus all of these options reticular formation

thalamus

Ethnocentrism in research refers to _____. a researcher's inflated sense of his or her own research abilities an attitude among researchers that their field of study is more important than any other field the belief that a typical behavior in one's culture is typical of all cultures a central need to include people from all races and cultures in an experiment

the belief that a typical behavior in one's culture is typical of all cultures

When an axon is not stimulated, it is in a polarized state called _____. steady state super polarized homeostasis the resting potential

the resting potential

Motivation is BEST defined as _____. the set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior toward a goal what makes you do what you do the conscious and unconscious thoughts that focus a person's behaviors and emotions in the same direction toward a goal the physiological and psychological arousal that occurs when a person really wants to achieve a goal

the set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior toward a goal

Experimenter bias refers to _____. the tendency of experimenters to unintentionally report their results in a manner which always supports their hypotheses the experimenter's belief that his or her study results are more accurate than any other study's results the tendency of experimenters to influence the results of a study in the expected direction intentional subtle cues given by a researcher that lead a subject to guess what the correct response should be

the tendency of experimenters to influence the results of a study in the expected direction

A relatively stable and consistent characteristic that can be used to describe someone is known as a(n) _____. character temperament trait personality

trait

In early therapy of abnormal behavior, _____ was used to allow evil spirits to escape, while _____ was designed to make the body so uncomfortable it would be uninhabitable to the devil. demonology; hydrotherapy purging; fasting the medical model; dunking trephining; exorcism

trephining; exorcism

Used medically, narcotics are _____ habit forming. almost always often usually very seldom

very seldom