Bio Exam 4

Cross-bridges form between _____ and _____ during muscular contraction

Actin, myosin

The thin filament in a sarcomere contains _____ molecules

All except myosin

Saltatory conduction is a term applied to conduction of action potentials

Along myelinated axons

What is the approximate membrane potential that typically triggers an action potential?

-50mV

Which of the following tissue types are attached to a basal lamina or basement membrane?

Epithelial

Define and compare facilitated diffusion and active transport. Which of these two processes do you think is most important in maintaining the resting potential of a cell? Explain your answer

Facilitated: moves against concentration gradient and does not require atp Active: requires atp Facilitated bc the difference in net distribution is regulated to maintain resting potential of cell

Synaptic vesicles discharge their contents at the axon hillock region of the presynaptic cell

False

What is the proper term for when an animal's body begins preparing for a change in a variable before the change occurs

Feedforward regulation

A neurologist diagnosis a patient with damage to the hippocampus. This observation is consistent with the difficulties the patient reports with

Forming memories of recent events

Outside the CNS, groups of neuronal cell bodies that are clustered together to perform basic functions are termed

Ganglia

Nervous tissue consists mainly of what two major types of cell?

Glial cells and neurons

The part of the axon closest to the cell body is the

Hillock

In response to a stimulus, if the membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential, we say the membrane is _______________

Hyperpolarized

Which of the following regions produces hormones that are secreted by and/or stimulates hormone release by the pituitary gland?

Hypothalamus

Define and explain the differences between interstitial fluid, intracellular fluid, and plasma. Feel free to use a figure

INTER: fluid surrounding cell Intra: fluid within cell Plasma: fluid of blood that does not contain red blood cells

If you placed a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution, you would predict that its volume would ____ while the solute concentration in its cytoplasm would _____

Increase, decrease

Which of the following always connects neurons to other neurons?

Interneurons

A nerve net is the type of nervous system that would be found in which of the following organisms?

Jellyfish

Which of the following ions has a higher intracellular concentration than extracellular concentration in a mammalian neuron at resting potential?

K+

Why would a frog living at high altitude have more wrinkled skin than a frog living at low altitude? Answer keeping in mind that structure often affects and determines function in the anatomy of organisms

Larger surface area to absorb heat because temp is lower at higher altitudes

Which of the following regions of the human brain is critically important for controlling heart rate and breathing?

Medulla oblongata

The electrical difference across a neuronal membrane is measured in

Millivolts

Define "action potential"

Moving depolarization along an axon

Which of the following diseases is an auto-immune disease in which the body attacks the myelin sheath of nerve cells?

Multiple sclerosis

Which of the major tissue types has shortening of cells (i.e., contraction) as its major function?

Muscular

The thick filament is composed almost entirely of _____ molecules

Myosin

The sodium-potassium pump of neurons pumps

Na+ out of the cell and K+into the cell

An animal that is cold starts to shiver. The involuntary muscle movement cause the temperature in the animal to rise. Is this negative or positive feedback? Please explain your answer, preferably with a definition of the type of feedback you chose

Negative because it is encouraging an opposite process to occur

Which of the following tissue types is specialized to conduct electrical signals?

Nervous

Which of the following offers the best description of neural transmission across nearly all mammalian synaptic clefts?

Neural impulses cause the release of chemicals that diffuse across the cleft

onnective tissue serves to support and bind other tissues. Which of the following is NOT an example of connective tissue?

Neurons

nside the CNS, groups of neuronal cell bodies that are clustered together to perform basic functions are termed

Nuclei

Digestion of which major nutrient type begins in the stomach?

Proteins

The electrical difference between the inside and outside of a neuronal membrane when the cell is NOT sending signals is specifically referred to as the

Resting potential

Vitamin D deficiency can lead to ___________

Rickets

What type of cell makes up the myelin sheath of a motor neuron?

Schwann cells

Which type of muscle typically surrounds hollow tubes and organs like the stomach?

Smooth muscle

What is peristalsis?

Smooth muscle contractions that move food through the alimentary canal

Which ions are important for establishing the resting potential in neurons?

Sodium and potassium

At resting potential, the ion distribution inside and outside of a neuron is such that __________ ions are most abundant on the outside of the cell, while __________ ions are most abundant on the inside of the cell

Sodium, potassium

Which part of the neuron is responsible for basic cellular maintenance functions?

Soma

Collectively, the amygdala, olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, and parts of the thalamus and hypothalamus are said to form

The limbic system

What is significant about the findings from "split brain" patients studied by Roger Sperry and his collaborators?

These studies revealed that the left hemisphere functions primarily in understanding and producing language while the right hemisphere functions instead in describing qualities like shape and texture

What do muscles, nerves, and glands have in common?

They synapse with neurons. They are referred to as postsynaptic cells. They are target cells

An organ must contain at least

Two different tissue types

Saltatory conduction is a term applied to conduction of impulses

along myelinated nerve fibers

Which part of the neuron is responsible for propagating action potentials?

axon

Which of the following is NOT one of the lobes of the cerebral cortex?

Basal

Why does white matter in the central nervous system appear white?`

Because of the myelin

In which of the following locations would you find skeletal muscle?

Biceps muscle

Shrinkage of red blood cells is called:

crenation

Which of the following are NOT found in the "gray matter" of the human brain?

myelinated axons

The _______________ are the types of neuroglial cells that provide myelin in the central nervous system

oligodendrocytes

Synaptic vesicles discharge their contents by exocytosis at the

presynaptic membrane

The synaptic cleft is

the narrow extracellular space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons at the synapse

Humans are susceptible to scurvy because

they cannot synthesize vitamin C

What is the role of calcium in muscle contractions?

to bind with troponin, changing its shape so that binding sites on the actin filament are exposed

In muscle function at the sarcomere level, the binding of ___ ions to ____ regulates the formation of cross-bridges

Calcium, troponin

Which muscle tissue is striated and generally under involuntary control?

Cardiac

In which of the following ways does cardiac muscle differ from skeletal muscle?

Cardiac muscle cells are electrically connected; skeletal muscle cells are not

Which of the following regions of the human brain is critically important for monitoring and controlling movements?

Cerebellum

The proteins of the extracellular matrix consist of insoluble, fibrous proteins like _________ and the rubber band-like protein ____________

Collagen, elastin

Blood is classified as a(n) _______ tissue

Connective

Collagen is a tough, stretch-resistant protein. You would be most likely to find collagen in which type of tissue?

Connective

Which of the following is a major neural connection between the right and left hemispheres of the human brain?

Corpus callosum

Which of the following represents a paracrine signaling response?

Damaged skin cells release a chemical into interstitial fluid that acts upon adjacent cells

Which part of the neuron is responsible for receiving information?

Debdrite

Damage to the cerebellum could result in which of the following?

Decreased ability to balance

Which of the following would NOT be an example of negative feedback control in homeostasis?

During the birth process, stretch receptors in the uterus stimulate the release of oxytocin from the pituitary gland. This hormone stimulates uterine muscle contraction that increases stimulation of the stretch receptors

What neurotransmitter is released at neuromuscular junctions in vertebrates?

acetylcholine

Which of the following neurotransmitters is not a biogenic amine?

acetylcholine