Bio Exam 4
How does HIV infection weaken the immune system?
HIV destroys helper T cells
What is the role of the epithelium?
Helps protect the body from the external environment
Contraction of the _____________ causes expansion of the lungs.
diaphragm
Compact, complex animals have specialized internal __________________ that provide a large surface area.
exchange surfaces
___________ defenses are always at the ready and are the same whether a particular infectious agent has been encountered before or not.
external
What type of disorder is AIDS?
immunodeficiency
Where does the ovule meet the sperm that fertilizes it?
in the oviduct
What is the name of the response to an injury in which fluids leak from dilated blood vessels, causing redness and swelling?
inflammatory response
From which part of a developing embryo are stem cells derived?
inner cell mass
Skin, nails, hair make up the __________ system
integumentary
The protective covering of the body is called the ____________
integumentary system
How do vaccines convey long-term immunity to some pathogens?
memory cells
The thyroid gland plays a major role in the regulation of ____________________.
metabolism
In type ____________ diabetes, glucose levels remain higher than normal.
type 1 and type 2
Urine contains of mostly __________.
water
Leukocytes, also called ____________, function in fighting infections.
white blood cells
What are lymphocytes?
white blood cells
What blood cell fights infections?
white blood cells
In type ___ diabetes, target cells do not respond normally to insulin.
2
On what day does ovulation occur during the female reproductive cycle?
About day 14
Which type of white blood cells produces defensive proteins called antibodies?
B cells
What substance is stored in the gall bladder and released to aid in the digestion of fat?
Bile
how does blood glucose level change (or not change) in a non-diabetic human?
Blood glucose level hovers within a narrow range
When is an unborn child called a fetus?
From the 9th week of pregnancy to birth
What is the function of the thickened endometrium?
It nourishes the early embryo during the process of implantation.
What is the role of the epiglottis?
Prevents food from entering the windpipe
How are the ovulation cycle and the menstruation cycle coordinated?
The processes regulate each other through a system that involves four major hormones.
What are similarities between male and female reproductive systems?
They both release gametes, store gametes, and produce haploid gametes
list the sequence of stages in embryonic development in the correct order
Zebras Buy Guns = Zygote, Blastocyst, gastrula
Blood calcium level regulation controlled by the release of hormones when blood calcium levels change is an example of _____________
a negative feedback mechanism - helps to maintain homeostasis
_____________ describes a set of defenses that is customized to each infectious agent, providing a stronger response when an agent has been encountered before.
adaptive immunity
What is the condition called when your body's immune system overreacts to an otherwise harmless foreign particle?
allergy
Asthma causes constriction of the tiny air passages in the lungs, otherwise known as the __________.
bronchioles
An essential nutrient is specifically a nutrient that your body ________.
cannot make by itself
What is the main role of red blood cells?
carry oxygen
What is the most common STD that is caused by bacteria?
chlamydia
The blood, blood vessels, and heart in a human make up the __________
circulatory system
The ______________ system is a set of proteins that circulate in the blood, stimulating other defenses to help destroy an invader.
complement
The completion of meiosis II during oogenesis occurs at ________________.
fertilization
_______________ involves the development and migration of the three tissue layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
gastrulation
In spermatogenesis, ________.
haploid sperms are produced
In the blood, oxygen is bound to ___________________, a protein found in red blood cells
hemoglobin
Within each red blood cell, the molecule ____________ is a protein that binds oxygen.
hemoglobin
_______________ is the regulation of internal conditions within a range that supports life's processes.
homeostasis
The ________________ system is a collection of cells and organs that protect an organism's body from agents that can cause disease.
immune
What is a characteristic of smooth muscle?
it is controlled by involuntary nervous signals
What happens after blood becomes oxygenated
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.
The ____________ and the ____________ are commonly known as the voicebox and windpipe, respectively.
larynx & trachea
The release of an egg from an ovary is called ________.
ovulation
____________ diffuses out of the alveoli and into the pulmonary capillaries, while _______ diffuses out of the pulmonary capillaries and into the alveolar sacs.
oxygen & carbon dioxide
A ______________ is an agent in the environment that has the potential to cause disease.
pathogen
__________________ describes the process of engulfing and destroying a foreign particle.
phagocytosis
___________________ the study of the function of body parts
physiology
The liquid portion of your blood is called ______
plasma
_____________ are cell fragments involved in the process of blood clotting.
platelets
What components of blood play a role in blood clotting?
platelets and fibrin
Most of the absorption of nutrients (besides water) takes place in the ________.
small intestine
Where does most of the absorption of food nutrients take place?
small intestine
Antibodies are _____.
specialized proteins that attach to pathogens and disable them or mark them for destruction by immune cells
what are polar bodies
the cells formed by meiosis in females that are broken down
What happens during inhalation?
the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.
Following an injury to your hand, the injured area appears red and swollen. It feels painful and warm to the touch. What is the cause of these symptoms?
the inflammatory response
Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a ________.
virus
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?
alveoli
What structure of the male reproductive anatomy stores sperm?
Epididymis
In type ___ diabetes, no insulin is produced.
1
How long does it take, on average, for an ovule to go from the ovary to the uterus?
7 days
list the sequence of structures that air passes through during breathing after it enters the mouth and nose
People Love Their Brown Bruised Apples = Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli
list cell types in the correct order of their appearance during spermatogenesis
Primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid sperm (Primary, secondary, sperm sperm)
What is oogenesis?
Process by which ova are produced by the female.
what is spermatogenesis?
Process by which sperm are produced by the male.
During cleavage, cell division is accompanied by a(n) ______________.
decrease in cell size
Which medication prevents viral infections by priming the immune system against a specific virus?
Vaccines
What is the difference between vitamins and minerals?
Vitamins are organic nutrients, while minerals are inorganic
What is hemoglobin
a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen
The main role of the large intestine is to ________.
absorb water
What is the specific site of gas exchange in the respiratory system?
alveoli
What part of the respiratory system forms the interface between the respiratory system and the circulatory system?
alveoli
Form refers to ________, and function refers to ________.
anatomical structure and physiological actions
________________ is the study of the structure of body part
anatomy
During oogenesis, polar bodies _____________.
are discarded
explain what a heart attack is
arteries that supply the heart with oxygen become blocked
What is a similarity between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
both involve meiosis and the production of haploid cells
What type of animal tissue contains blood, cartilage, and bone?
connective
What two organ systems work directly together when someone runs and jumps?
muscular and skeletal
Response to a stimulus, such that the effect of the stimulus is counteracted, is called a ________ feedback.
negative
Most of the control mechanisms that maintain an internal steady state are based on __________________, in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that reverse that change
negative feedback
_________ makes up the nervous tissue
neurons
_____________ are groups of several organs that work together to perform the functions of the body.
organ systems
___________ are usually composed of several types of tissues that together perform a specific task.
organs
What are gonads?
organs that produce gametes
The main role of the liver is to ________.
produce bile, which helps the process of digestion
Erythrocytes, also called ____________ , are packed with hemoglobin and transport oxygen to body tissues.
red blood cells
What happens when blood glucose levels are high?
the pancreas releases isulin
What is shed from the body in menstruation?
the thickened endometrium when fertilization has not occurred
Where in the mother's body does a developing embryo implant?
the uterus
____________ are a group of cells with a common structure and function.
tissues
What is the main role of kidneys?
to filter blood and remove toxins from it
What is the primary role of the lymphatic system.
to produce and store large numbers of white blood cells
What is the main role of T cells in the immune response?
to stimulate the production of immune cells