Bio Exam 4

How does HIV infection weaken the immune system?

HIV destroys helper T cells

What is the role of the epithelium?

Helps protect the body from the external environment

Contraction of the _____________ causes expansion of the lungs.

diaphragm

Compact, complex animals have specialized internal __________________ that provide a large surface area.

exchange surfaces

___________ defenses are always at the ready and are the same whether a particular infectious agent has been encountered before or not.

external

What type of disorder is AIDS?

immunodeficiency

Where does the ovule meet the sperm that fertilizes it?

in the oviduct

What is the name of the response to an injury in which fluids leak from dilated blood vessels, causing redness and swelling?

inflammatory response

From which part of a developing embryo are stem cells derived?

inner cell mass

Skin, nails, hair make up the __________ system

integumentary

The protective covering of the body is called the ____________

integumentary system

How do vaccines convey long-term immunity to some pathogens?

memory cells

The thyroid gland plays a major role in the regulation of ____________________.

metabolism

In type ____________ diabetes, glucose levels remain higher than normal.

type 1 and type 2

Urine contains of mostly __________.

water

Leukocytes, also called ____________, function in fighting infections.

white blood cells

What are lymphocytes?

white blood cells

What blood cell fights infections?

white blood cells

In type ___ diabetes, target cells do not respond normally to insulin.

2

On what day does ovulation occur during the female reproductive cycle?

About day 14

Which type of white blood cells produces defensive proteins called antibodies?

B cells

What substance is stored in the gall bladder and released to aid in the digestion of fat?

Bile

how does blood glucose level change (or not change) in a non-diabetic human?

Blood glucose level hovers within a narrow range

When is an unborn child called a fetus?

From the 9th week of pregnancy to birth

What is the function of the thickened endometrium?

It nourishes the early embryo during the process of implantation.

What is the role of the epiglottis?

Prevents food from entering the windpipe

How are the ovulation cycle and the menstruation cycle coordinated?

The processes regulate each other through a system that involves four major hormones.

What are similarities between male and female reproductive systems?

They both release gametes, store gametes, and produce haploid gametes

list the sequence of stages in embryonic development in the correct order

Zebras Buy Guns = Zygote, Blastocyst, gastrula

Blood calcium level regulation controlled by the release of hormones when blood calcium levels change is an example of _____________

a negative feedback mechanism - helps to maintain homeostasis

_____________ describes a set of defenses that is customized to each infectious agent, providing a stronger response when an agent has been encountered before.

adaptive immunity

What is the condition called when your body's immune system overreacts to an otherwise harmless foreign particle?

allergy

Asthma causes constriction of the tiny air passages in the lungs, otherwise known as the __________.

bronchioles

An essential nutrient is specifically a nutrient that your body ________.

cannot make by itself

What is the main role of red blood cells?

carry oxygen

What is the most common STD that is caused by bacteria?

chlamydia

The blood, blood vessels, and heart in a human make up the __________

circulatory system

The ______________ system is a set of proteins that circulate in the blood, stimulating other defenses to help destroy an invader.

complement

The completion of meiosis II during oogenesis occurs at ________________.

fertilization

_______________ involves the development and migration of the three tissue layers - ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

gastrulation

In spermatogenesis, ________.

haploid sperms are produced

In the blood, oxygen is bound to ___________________, a protein found in red blood cells

hemoglobin

Within each red blood cell, the molecule ____________ is a protein that binds oxygen.

hemoglobin

_______________ is the regulation of internal conditions within a range that supports life's processes.

homeostasis

The ________________ system is a collection of cells and organs that protect an organism's body from agents that can cause disease.

immune

What is a characteristic of smooth muscle?

it is controlled by involuntary nervous signals

What happens after blood becomes oxygenated

it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.

The ____________ and the ____________ are commonly known as the voicebox and windpipe, respectively.

larynx & trachea

The release of an egg from an ovary is called ________.

ovulation

____________ diffuses out of the alveoli and into the pulmonary capillaries, while _______ diffuses out of the pulmonary capillaries and into the alveolar sacs.

oxygen & carbon dioxide

A ______________ is an agent in the environment that has the potential to cause disease.

pathogen

__________________ describes the process of engulfing and destroying a foreign particle.

phagocytosis

___________________ the study of the function of body parts

physiology

The liquid portion of your blood is called ______

plasma

_____________ are cell fragments involved in the process of blood clotting.

platelets

What components of blood play a role in blood clotting?

platelets and fibrin

Most of the absorption of nutrients (besides water) takes place in the ________.

small intestine

Where does most of the absorption of food nutrients take place?

small intestine

Antibodies are _____.

specialized proteins that attach to pathogens and disable them or mark them for destruction by immune cells

what are polar bodies

the cells formed by meiosis in females that are broken down

What happens during inhalation?

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.

Following an injury to your hand, the injured area appears red and swollen. It feels painful and warm to the touch. What is the cause of these symptoms?

the inflammatory response

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a ________.

virus

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?

alveoli

What structure of the male reproductive anatomy stores sperm?

Epididymis

In type ___ diabetes, no insulin is produced.

1

How long does it take, on average, for an ovule to go from the ovary to the uterus?

7 days

list the sequence of structures that air passes through during breathing after it enters the mouth and nose

People Love Their Brown Bruised Apples = Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli

list cell types in the correct order of their appearance during spermatogenesis

Primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid sperm (Primary, secondary, sperm sperm)

What is oogenesis?

Process by which ova are produced by the female.

what is spermatogenesis?

Process by which sperm are produced by the male.

During cleavage, cell division is accompanied by a(n) ______________.

decrease in cell size

Which medication prevents viral infections by priming the immune system against a specific virus?

Vaccines

What is the difference between vitamins and minerals?

Vitamins are organic nutrients, while minerals are inorganic

What is hemoglobin

a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen

The main role of the large intestine is to ________.

absorb water

What is the specific site of gas exchange in the respiratory system?

alveoli

What part of the respiratory system forms the interface between the respiratory system and the circulatory system?

alveoli

Form refers to ________, and function refers to ________.

anatomical structure and physiological actions

________________ is the study of the structure of body part

anatomy

During oogenesis, polar bodies _____________.

are discarded

explain what a heart attack is

arteries that supply the heart with oxygen become blocked

What is a similarity between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

both involve meiosis and the production of haploid cells

What type of animal tissue contains blood, cartilage, and bone?

connective

What two organ systems work directly together when someone runs and jumps?

muscular and skeletal

Response to a stimulus, such that the effect of the stimulus is counteracted, is called a ________ feedback.

negative

Most of the control mechanisms that maintain an internal steady state are based on __________________, in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that reverse that change

negative feedback

_________ makes up the nervous tissue

neurons

_____________ are groups of several organs that work together to perform the functions of the body.

organ systems

___________ are usually composed of several types of tissues that together perform a specific task.

organs

What are gonads?

organs that produce gametes

The main role of the liver is to ________.

produce bile, which helps the process of digestion

Erythrocytes, also called ____________ , are packed with hemoglobin and transport oxygen to body tissues.

red blood cells

What happens when blood glucose levels are high?

the pancreas releases isulin

What is shed from the body in menstruation?

the thickened endometrium when fertilization has not occurred

Where in the mother's body does a developing embryo implant?

the uterus

____________ are a group of cells with a common structure and function.

tissues

What is the main role of kidneys?

to filter blood and remove toxins from it

What is the primary role of the lymphatic system.

to produce and store large numbers of white blood cells

What is the main role of T cells in the immune response?

to stimulate the production of immune cells