bio exam 6
How do you calculate what percentage of the carrying capacity is available for further population growth?
(K - N)/K
Why type of distribution is "grouping" and why do individuals in a population do it?
- Grouping together enhances the rate of survival - Share resources
How can predators and prey coexist?
- Habitat refuges allow prey populations to persist - Prey can "hide" - Lead to a cyclic pattern
What are the function of corridors in fragmented habitats? What do they promote?
- They allow species to move between patches of habitat and prevent buffer extinction - Gene flow - Allow access to other resources
What are the 3 basic types of survivorship curves? Explain.
- Type I Survivorship: in populations with greater parental care, mortality rate increases later in life - Type II Survivorship: mortality will be the same at any time in life, and remain constant - Type III Survivorship: mortality rate is highest in the young
Define sampling
- plots or transects to count individuals in a smaller area - trapping or fishing - less direct methods like counting tracks or songs
How are age structures (pyramids) helpful?
- provides insight into birth and death rates - expected longevity of individuals - proportion that is able to reproduce
What are the 2 models of reproductive mode?
- r-strategists - K-strategists
What is carrying capacity (k)?
- the ceiling for the logistic growth curve - the maximum number of individuals that can be sustained under limited resources
What does ritualization involve?
1. Increasing the conspicuousness of the behavior 2. Reducing the amount of variation in the behavior so that it can be immediately recognized 3. Increasing its separation from the original function
Classical conditioning
A form of conditioning in which two stimuli are paired
Operant conditioning
A form of conditioning which involves linking a behavior with a reward or punishment
Imprinting
A form of learning typically seen in young animals in which they acquire a certain behavior in response to key experiences during a critical period of development
Kin selection
A form of natural selection that favors the spread of alleles that promote behaviors that help close relatives, or kin
Habituation
A type of non-associative learning; It is the reduction or elimination of a behavioral response to a repeatedly presented stimulus
Sensitization
A type of non-associative learning; The enhancement of a response to a stimulus that is achieved by presenting a strong or novel stimulus first. This pre-stimulus makes the animal more alert and responsive to the next stimulus
A lion urinating to mark its territory is a type of communication A) True B) False
A) True
Altruistic act
An act of self-sacrifice
All Platyhelminthes species are parasitic.
False
Does population range always have to correspond with population size?
No
The stigma is part of the carpel.
TRUE
How is per capita growth rate calculated?
The change in population size per unit of time divided by the number of individuals at the start time; r = (ΔN/Δt)/N₁
The growth curve shown depicts growth projections for a single population. What would happen if the birth rate were to decline? (pop size vs time)
The curve would be less steep and shift to the right.
Ritualization
The process of the evolution of communication through co-opting and modifying behaviors used in another context
What are the units of r ?
change in individuals per unit time/individuals at starting time
Spore:
haploid cell, divides mitotically to form gametophyte
What are the 4 processes that will change population size?
- Births - Deaths - Immigrants - Emigrants
What are 3 types of sampling methods?
- Census - Sampling - Mark and recapture
What are density dependent factors?
- Competition for limited resources - Predation, parasitism - Diseases
k is always species-specific and location specific. Why?
- Dependent on resources, weather, etc. - Predator vs. prey interactions
What are density independent factors?
- Limit populations regardless of population density - Droughts or other severe events - Environmental conditions
What keeps population growth in check?
- Limiting factors (density-independent and density-dependent)
Is exponential population growth a realistic depiction of a population? Why?
- No, not sustainable - Limited resources - Promotes intraspecific competition - Natural selection
What did the Island Biogeography in the 1960s: Theory and Experiment prove?
- Populations closer to other colonies will promote better growth (corridors) - More isolated and smaller islands will not promote growth
What are the 3 kinds of distribution of individuals within a population? Explain.
- Random: individuals do not influence one another, and have an equal chance of occupying any position - Clumped: resources are clustered, individuals enhance each others survival - Overdispersed: competition due to limited resources, chances of survival are lower when indiv. are close to each other.
One reason for why population sizes are heterogeneous?
- Shaped by the availability of resources
What are the 3 features of a population?
- Size - Range - Density
Define life history
- The pattern of investment in growth vs reproduction vs survival over an organism's lifetime is called life history - How an organism uses resources throughout its life
What are the limitations to the Theory of Island Biogeography
- all potential colonizers are not equally able to arrive and/or colonize - dispersal ability to colonize vary across species
What can habitat diversity lead to? What does it promote?
- departures from simple island biogeography predictions - coexistence
Extinction is great in what kind of a population?
- fragmented/unconnected
2 factors that contribute to a population
- geography - genetics
What is the most probable sequence in which the major groups of animals originated (or evolved), from earliest to most recent? 1 Tetrapods 2 Vertebrates 3 Deuterostomes 4 Amniotes 5 Bilaterians
5, 3, 2, 1, 4
Patch
A bit of habitat that is separated from other bits by inhospitable environments that are difficult or risky for individuals to cross
Cohort
A group defined as the individuals born at a given time
Metapopulation
A large population made up of smaller populations linked by migration
Population density
A population's size divided by its range (ex. 800 trillion krill are spread over 19 million square kilometers have a density of 42 million animals per square kilometer
Fixed action pattern (FAP)
A sequence of behaviors that, once triggered is followed through to completion
What is an advantages of having a true coelom?
A true coelom allows the body to move independently of the movement of internal organs.
A hummingbird is visually attracted to the red, tubular flowers of a trumpet vine. It drinks nectar from the flower and, in doing so, inadvertently transfers pollen from one flower to the next. In this form of communication, who is the sender, who is the receiver, and what information is being transferred? A) The flower is the sender, the hummingbird is the receiver, and the availability of nectar is the information B) The flower is the sender, the hummingbird is the receiver, and the need of the flower to have its pollen transferred is the information C) The hummingbird is the sender, the flower is the receiver, and the availability of the hummingbird to transferred is the information D) The humming is the sender, the flower is the receiver, and the availability of pollen is the information E) The flower is the sender, the pollen is the receiver, and the presence of the hummingbird is the information
A) The flower is the sender, the hummingbird is the receiver, and the availability of nectar is the information
What are the units of r ? A) change in individuals per unit time/individuals at starting time B) change in individuals per unit time C) individuals per unit time D) individuals E) change in individuals per unit time/individuals at end point
A) change in individuals per unit time/individuals at starting time
What does a population consist of?
All the individuals of a given species that live and reproduce in a particular place
Why does crowding cause growth rate to decline?
As a population grows, crowding commonly results in a decrease in the availability or quality of resources required for continuing growth
You are watching a group of seals and are observing their behavior on a beach. You, notice separate groups of females and observe that each group is affiliated with just a single male. If you had to choose from the listed options, which data would support the hypothesis that sexual selection played a role in the evolution of these behaviors? A) Females mate with different males so the parentage of the offspring is uncertain B) Most of the offspring of a single group are parented by the males that defends the group C) Males spend very little time or energy on behavioral displays and fighting with other males D) Male parentage is independent of group affiliation-females mate with any male on the beach E) Males switch groups regularly and take turns defending all of the females on the beach from predators
B) Most of the offspring of a single group are parented by the males that defends the group
As populations approach carrying capacity, crowding can affect: A) death rates through resource limitation. B) birth and death rates through resource limitation, and death rates by increasing the transmission of pathogens and parasites. C) death rates by increasing the transmission of pathogens and parasites. D) birth rates through resource limitation. E) birth and death rates through resource limitation.
B) birth and death rates through resource limitation, and death rates by increasing the transmission of pathogens and parasites.
Advertisement displays
Behaviors by which individuals draw attention to their status, for example, that they are sexually available or are holding territory)
Innate behaviors
Behaviors that are instinctive and carried out regardless of earlier experience
Learned behaviors
Behaviors that may depend on an individual's experience
A behavior is shaped by: A) Neither genetic nor environmental factors B) Genetic factors C) Both environmental and genetic factors D) Environmental factors
C) Both environmental and genetic factors
Define mark and recapture
Catch, mark, and release individuals, then sample again and use some math and probabilities to estimate total density
What are the 4 reasons an animal exhibits a particular behavior, according to Niko Tinbergen?
Causation, development, adaptive function, and evolutionary history
Cells with one set of chromosomes are [A], such as we see in [B] produced by gametophytes. But a sporophyte is [C] because its cells contain [D] set(s) of chromosomes.
Cells with one set of chromosomes are haploid, such as we see in gametes produced by gametophytes. But a sporophyte is diploid because its cells contain two set(s) of chromosomes.
Which of the statements is true of chelicerates? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Unlike all other types of arthropods, chelicerates have exoskeletons composed of silica (which also constitutes the skeletons of certain sponges). Chelicerates are the only arthropods that do not have antennae. Like myriapods, many chelicerates produce cyanide-containing compounds that act as deterrents to predators. Certain chelicerates have wings, but these structures are typically protected under a hard shell (much like the wings of beetles). All chelicerates are terrestrial animals; no chelicerates exist in aquatic or marine environments.
Chelicerates are the only arthropods that do not have antennae.
According to Niko Tinbergen, which of the following define - and helps researchers understand - an animal's behavior? A) Causation, development, and evolutionary history B) Adaptive function, development, and evolutionary history C) Evolutionary history D) Adaptive function, causation, development, and evolutionary history E) Adaptive function, causation, and development
D) Adaptive function, causation, development, and evolutionary history
Many species of gulls feed their chicks by regurgitating food. When parents return from foraging, the gull chicks peck at a red spot on the parent's bill, which causes the parents to open the bill and regurgitate their food. Chicks will peck at a red dot painted on any long, slender object. For the chicks, pecking is a _________ and the red dot is a _______. For the adult gulls, the chicks pecking at their bills is a _______ and regurgitating food is a ________. A) Key stimulus, fixed action pattern; fixed action pattern, key stimulus B) Key stimulus, key stimulus; fixed action pattern, fixed action pattern C) Fixed action pattern, fixed action pattern; key stimulus, key stimulus D) Fixed action pattern, key stimulus; key stimulus, fixed action pattern
D) Fixed action pattern, key stimulus; key stimulus, fixed action pattern
In 1987, 18 black-footed ferrets, the last known individuals of this species, were captured and brought into a captive breeding program in Wyoming. In 1989, the total ferret population, still in captivity, was 120 animals. These 120 animals in 1989 represented: A) ∆N/∆t, the rate of change in population size. B) rN, the geometric rate of growth of the population. C) ∆N, the change in population size from 1987 to 1989. D) N, the total population size E) r, the per capita change in population size.
D) N, the total population size
When a population is small relative to its carrying capacity, its growth will initially be _________ and shift to ________ as it continues to grow. A) exponential; exponential B) logistic; logistic C) logistic; exponential D) exponential; logistic
D) exponential; logistic
Which of the statements is true of the gastric cavity of cnidarians? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Digestion takes place in the stomach after storage in the gastric cavity. Digestive enzymes released into the gastric cavity allow the consumption of whole prey such as fish. Egestion occurs through an anus opposite the mouth opening.
Digestive enzymes released into the gastric cavity allow the consumption of whole prey such as fish.
The digestive system of most animals is lined with cells through which nutrients are absorbed. What is the embryonic origin of these cells?
Endoderm
What group of mammals has (a) embryos that spend a long time feeding through the placenta than the mother's nipples, (b) young that feed on milk after birth, and (c) a prolonged period of maternal care after leaving the placenta?
Eutheria
A gymnosperm reproduces using flowers
FALSE
Gymnosperm sperm are flagellated.
FALSE
Gynmosperms reproduce using sori.
FALSE
Density-dependent factors
Factors such as resources and predations
Morphological data are preferred over genetic data in determining the evolutionary history and relatedness of animals.
False
True or False: Hormone can not affect behavior
False
If having large numbers of offspring results in high fitness, why do females of all species not have very large numbers of offspring?
Female reproduction is limited by the amount of energy a female can devote to reproduction in any one season.
Geographic range
How widely a population is spread out
The common mud turtle experiences relatively uniform mortality rates throughout its life. This is a type _____ survivorship.
II
Which of the numbered statements describes what phylogenetic trees help us understand? I. the genetic relationships among species II. the evolutionary relationships among species III. the relationships of symmetry among related species IV. the level of complexity among related species
II AND IV
When sea turtle eggs hatch, predators gather, and mortality among the hatchlings is extremely high. Once turtles reach adult size, they can live for decades. This is an example of a Type _____ survivorship curve.
III
Difference between classical and operant conditioning
In classical conditioning, an association is made between a stimulus and a behavior, whereas in operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a response
What are some factors that affect population size?
Increase in birth, immigration, mortality, and emigration
Reciprocal altruism
Individuals exchange favors; "You scratch my back, I'll scratch yours."
Density-independent factors
Influence population size without regard for the population's density. They include events like severe drought or a prolonged cold period, either of which can cause widespread mortality independent of population density.
What does estimating the number of individuals of differing ages enable ecologists to do?
It enables them to predict whether the size of a population will increase or decrease
How did the development of the jaw contribute to evolutionary diversification of early vertebrate lineages?
It made additional food sources available.
Habitat fragmentation occurs frequently with current logging practices. The figure shown represents a fragmented set of patches in a logged area. At equilibrium, which forest fragment is likely to hold the largest number of species?
J (the largest section)
Carrying capacity (K)
K represents the interplay among the functional requirements of individuals for growth and reproduction and the environmental resources such as food and space available to support these needs
Which reproductive mode is commonly close to the carrying capacity?
K-strategists
Example of mutually beneficial cooperation
Killer whales cooperate to create a wave to wash prey off an iceberg
Non-associative learning
Learning that occurs in the absence of any particular outcome, such as a reward or punishment
A large population made of smaller populations linked by emigration and immigration is a __________________.
Metapopulation
Mark-and-recapture method
Method to estimate population size; Biologists capture individuals, mark them in a way that doesn't affect their function or behavior, release them back into the wild, and then capture a second set of individuals, some of which where previously marked
Which one of these groups does NOT molt?
Molluska
Taxes
Movements in a specific direction in response to a stimulus
In 1987, 18 black-footed ferrets, the last known individuals of this species, were captured and brought into a captive breeding program in Wyoming. In 1989, the total ferret population, still in captivity, was 120 animals.
N, the total population size.
What is the equation for mark and recapture sampling?
N=C/R x M
How to calculate population size at any time t (Nt)
Nt = ((KN₁e^rt)/(K)) + N₁(e^rt - 1)
Associative learning (also called Conditioning)
Occurs when animals learn to link (or associate) two events. (ex. Pavlov's dog salivated at the sound of a bell)
Displays
Patterns of behavior that are species specific and tend to be highly repeatable and similar from one individual to the next
Sexual dimorphisms
Phenotypic differences between the sexes
Which of the following groups are all Lophotrochozoans?
Platyhelminthes, Molluska, Annelida
Which of the following taxa would you NOT classify as an animal?
Protista
Bilaterian animals are divided into two monophyletic groups, the _____ and the _____, which are supported by patterns of comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, and molecular sequence data.
Protostomia; Deuterostomia
Kineses
Random, undirected movements (ex. when a paramecium that is in water that is too warm, it will begin to move in an attempt to get to cooler water)
Interspecific (between-species) competition
Results in an increase or decrease in population size
Instraspecific (within-species) competition
Results in natural selection, linking the ecological and evolutionary aspects of populations
What three features define population?
Size, range, and density
Supernormal stimulus
Something that elicits an exaggerated response
Feature detectors
Specialized sensory receptors or groups of sensory receptors that respond to important signals in the environment
All of the statements about sponges are correct except: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Choanocytes have flagella that beat in a coordinated fashion. Mesohyl is mostly noncellular and provides structural support. Gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs through diffusion. Sponges are among the most primitive organisms to have developed reproductive organs.
Sponges are among the most primitive organisms to have developed reproductive organs.
The theory of island biogeography
States that the number of species that can occupy a habitat island depends on two factors. The size of the island because of their size, and the distance of the island from a source of colonists
Anthers are a male flower part.
TRUE
Seeds have adaptations to aid dispersal.
TRUE
The protostome developmental sequence arose just once in evolutionary history, resulting in two main subgroups, Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa. What does this finding suggest?
The appearance of two distinct groups occurred after the protostome developmental sequence appeared.
Which of these body plans applies to all Arthropods? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. The body is long, slender, and composed of segments, in which the organ systems are repeated in each segment. The body is made up of two layers of cells, with gelatinous material and a few cells between the two layers. The body is segmented with distinct bilateral symmetry. The adult has only a few thousand cells.
The body is segmented with distinct bilateral symmetry.
A hummingbird is visually attracted to the red, tubular flowers of a trumpet vine. It drinks nectar from the flower and, in doing so, inadvertently transfers pollen from one flower to the next. In this form of communication, who is the sender, who is the receiver, and what information is being transferred? Think carefully here...This is a question that stumps a lot of students and it is bonus points for a reason. Look at the behaviors from the perspectives of both the bird and the plant.
The flower is the sender, the hummingbird is the receiver, and the availability of nectar is the information.
Group selection
The idea that natural selection operating on individuals is a less powerful force than another form of election that operates on groups
Intrinsic growth rate
The maximum rate of growth when no environmental factors limit population increase
What is per capita growth rate?
The maximum rate of growth when no environmental factors limit population increase
Which of the following is a feature of the "tube-within-a-tube" body plan in most animals?
The mouth and the anus form the two ends of the inner tube.
Population size
The number of individuals of all ages alive at a particular time in a particular place
Age structure of a population
The number of individuals within each age group of the population studied
What is the theory of island biogeography?
The number of species that occupy a habitat depends on: - island size - distance of island from source of colonists
Exponential growth
The pattern of population increase that results when r is constant through time; A prominent feature of exponential growth is that the number of individuals added to the population in any time interval is proportional to the size of the population at the start of the interval
What do all deuterostomes have in common?
The pore formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.
Survivorship
The proportion of individuals from the initial cohort that survive to each successive stage of the life cycle
Logistic growth
The resulting pattern of population growth, with its characteristic S-shaped curve, due to growth being exponential at first and then it slowing down as the population size approaches its maximum sustainable size (K)
Key stimulus
The stimulus the initiates the behavior
Demography
The study of size, structure, and distribution of populations over time and includes changes in response to birth, aging, migration and depth
Ecology
The study of the relationships of organisms to one another and to the environment
Communication
The transfer of information between two individuals, the sender and the receiver; The sender supplies a signal that elicits a response from the receiver
Life history
The typical pattern of resource investment in each stage of a given species' lifetime
Why use "r" for r-strategists?
The use of the "r" is because most r-strategists reproduce at rates close to r, the intrinsic growth rate.
In the past, species of sponges, cnidarians, and ctenophores were referred to as "lower" or "primitive" animals because of their relatively simple body plans and lack of any sophisticated organ differentiation. Why are the terms "lower" or "primitive" not that useful as descriptors for these organisms?
These groups have been around for millions of years; therefore, their evolutionary path has been successful in spite of limited complexity.
Why is a logistic growth curve S shaped
They actually reflect two sets of processes, each related to population size. At first, growth reflects only the rate at which individuals can reproduce themselves, so the curve rises steeply. The second part of the curve, where it starts to level off, reflects the onset of additional factors that become important above a certain population size, such as decreasing availability of food and space
Circadian clock
This governs daily cycles; Regulate many daily rhythms in animals, such as feeding, sleeping, hormone production, and core body temp.
This structure is a [A] cone which bears [B] each of which develops a [C], which ultimately produces the [D].
This structure is a female cone which bears megaspores each of which develops a megagametophyte, which ultimately produces the egg.
A _______ is a ciliated larva.
Trochophore
An oviparous animal reproduces by laying eggs.
True
Cnidaria includes all jellyfish, corals and their relatives.
True
The feeding cells of Poriferans are called choanocytes.
True
True or False: Genes are not the only determinants of behavior
True; We all know that experience often leads to changes in behavior. This is called learning
What type of survivorship are humans?
Type I
What are some examples of each survivorship?
Type I: large mammals, annual plants Type II: reptiles, birds, competing plants - Type III: insects and marine organisms with tiny dispersing larvae, most trees
What does it mean when something is not an evolutionary stable strategy?
When a kind of behavior can be readily driven to extinction by an alternative strategy
Filial imprinting
When an organism hatches, and follows the first thing they see
Artificial selection
When humans breed animals and plants for particular traits
Intersexual selection
When males (typically) do not fight with one another, but instead compete for the attention of the female with bright colors or advertisement displays. In this case, females choose their mates.
Intrasexual selection
When members of one sex (usually the males) compete with another for access to the other sex (usually the females).
Imitation
When one individual copies one another
Type II survivorship
When organisms experience a consistent level or mortality throughout life (birds and many small mammals)
Type III survivorship
When organisms experience high mortality rates at the earliest stages of their lives (mice, insects)
Type I survivorship
When organisms experience most mortality late in life (humans, elephants, whales)
Eusocial
When species have overlapping generations in a nest, cooperative care of the young, and clear and consistent division of labor between reproducers and non-reproducers
Which of the results from a mark-recapture study done on mice would reflect a larger population size?
When taking the second sample, 200 individuals are caught and 20 are marked from the first sample.
Sexual selection
When traits evolve that increase the probability of finding and attracting mates
Nematodes and arthropods look very different from one another, but they share which feature? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a head. a cuticle that molts during growth. a pseudocoelom. antennae.
a cuticle that molts during growth.
Zygote:
a fertilized egg, divides mitotically to form sporophyte
Alternation of Generations
a life cycle characteristic of land plants in which there is a multicellular haploid generation (gametophyte) and a multicellular diploid generation (sporophyte).
A large population made of several smaller populations linked by emigration and immigration is
a metapopulation.
All echinoderms have: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. a cardiovascular circulatory system and bilateral symmetry. a water vascular system and five-fold symmetry. a cardiovascular circulatory system and five-fold symmetry.
a water vascular system and five-fold symmetry.
The evolution of animal species has been prolific. Some experts predict tens of millions of animal species exist. To what can we attribute most of this diversity?
a wide variety of methods for capturing and processing food
According to Niko Tinbergen, which of the following defines―and helps researchers understand―an animal's behavior?
adaptive function, causation, development, and evolutionary history
Cephalochordates (for example, Amphioxus) lack which vertebrate characteristics? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. lateral appendages All of the choices are correct. well-developed eyes mineralized skeleton well-developed brain
all
The amniotic egg is a character unique to which groups of animals and their ancestors? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. birds mammals reptiles All of these choices are correct.
all
Which of these is a characteristic feature of chordates during development? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. All of these choices are correct. notochord myotomes neural tube
all
Define population
all of the individuals of a given species that live and reproduce in a given area
Which evolutionary innovation was most significant in helping tetrapods become independent of aquatic environments for reproduction?
amnion layer
A terrestrial animal species is discovered with these characteristics: exoskeleton, tracheal system for gas exchange, and modified segmentation. Given these characteristics you could also predict that this organism is a(an): Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. mollusk. annelid. echinoderm. arthropod.
arthropod. Analysis of the characteristics listed—exoskeleton, tracheal system for gas exchange, and modified segmentation—and relating those characteristics to that of the different organisms—mollusk, annelid, arthropod, and echinoderm—reveals that the defining characteristic is the tracheal system because it is only found in insects, which are within the arthropod group.
The Ecdysozoa include:
arthropods
Animals colonized land after plants did. The first animals to colonize land were _____, about _____ million years ago.
arthropods; 420
On a phylogenetic tree, distantly related species diverge from branch points nearer to the tree's: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. tips. base. branches. nodes.
base
As populations approach carrying capacity, crowding can affect:
birth and death rates through resource limitation, and death rates by increasing the transmission of pathogens and parasites.
A behavior is shaped by:
both environmental and genetic factors
All of these structures are components of sponge skeletons except: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. calcium carbonate. (CaCO3) protein. glass-like silica. (SiO2) cartilage.
cartilage
Compared to cnidarians, bilaterally symmetrical animals have _____ nervous systems. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. no compound simple centralized
centralized
How can you find the population growth rate?
change in population/ change in time
In sponges, the cells responsible for generating water currents that facilitate gas exchange and nutrition are the:
choanocytes
On a phylogenetic tree, more closely related species branch from points ______ the tips of the tree. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. equally distant from unrelated to farther from closer to
closer to
A researcher has just discovered a new marine organism that appears very similar to jellyfish. However, on closer inspection, this organism possesses both a mouth and anal pore, and a single set of tentacles. This animal is most likely a: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. placozoan. sea anemone. sponge. choanoflagellate. comb-jelly.
comb-jelly.
Placozoans: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. are remarkable for their tissue complexity and organ development. contain many genes for transcription factors that are present in cnidarians and bilaterian animals. bear little to no resemblance to animals such as cnidarians on the basis of genetic analysis.
contain many genes for transcription factors that are present in cnidarians and bilaterian animals.
Define census
counting every individual
A synapomorphy of the vertebrates is the _____.
cranium
Consider the data in the histograms shown that illustrate the population age structures of France and India. In many parts of the world, the average age of reproductive maturity is increasing as humans move from urban to rural environments. Suppose that the current average age of first reproduction is 15 years old in India and 20 years old in France. How would a 5-year increase in the average age of reproduction in both countries be expected to affect the per capita birth rate, and would this effect be greater in France or in India? (France - uniform pyramid, India - pyramid)
decrease in per capita birth rate, with a greater effect in France
The figures shown represent three hypothetical populations; each circle is an individual. Which figure depicts a pattern that illustrates a scenario in which food is most abundant near waterholes in the desert?
diagram H (clustered groups)
As in many other animals, the endoderm in ctenophores functions in:
digestion.
Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains this habit?
endothermy
To which group are sponges more closely related? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Choanoflagellates Bilaterians equal relationship to both Choanoflagellates and Bilaterians equal relationship to both Cnidarians and Bilaterians
equal relationship to both Cnidarians and Bilaterians
A phylogenetic tree is a hypothesis of the: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. genetics of a single species. evolutionary relationships among different species. evolutionary relationships among groups of trees. genetics of trees.
evolutionary relationships among different species.
A population of 20 squirrels, with 10 males and 10 females, colonizes a new area with no predators and enough plant species to support a squirrel population of 200 individuals. Each year, a female produces 2 offspring, one male and one female, that survive to reproduce. Within the first 2 years in the new area, the growth curve for this squirrel population will show:
exponential growth because the colonizing population size is far below the carrying capacity.
When a population is small relative to its carrying capacity, its growth will initially be _________ and shift to ________ as it continues to grow.
exponential; logistic
Holometabolous insects become adults by shedding an exoskeleton.
false
As evident in the figure shown, and based on developmental patterns, the Chelicerates and Myriapods are more closely related to each other than to the Insects and Crustaceans.
false Sharing a more recent common ancestor makes a group more closely related. In this case, the most recent common ancestor for the Chelicerates and Myriapods occurred earlier in evolutionary time than the most recent common ancestor of the Myriapods and Insects or Crustaceans.
Many species of gulls feed their chicks by regurgitating food. When parents return from foraging, the gull chicks peck at a red spot on the parent's bill, which causes the parents to open the bill and regurgitate their food. Chicks will peck at a red dot painted on any long, slender object. For the chicks, pecking is a _________ and the red dot is a _______. For the adult gulls, the chicks pecking at their bills is a _______ and regurgitating food is a ________.
fixed action pattern, key stimulus; key stimulus, fixed action pattern
Pollinating insects are in part responsible for _____ diversity.
flowering plant
Which of these characters differentiates animals from all other groups of organisms? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. multicellularity heterotrophy gastrulation mitochondria
gastrulation
Gamete:
haploid cell (sperm or egg), male & female types fuse to form zygote
Crustaceans: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. include animals such as the nautilus and squid. have radial body symmetry. include animals such as spiders and scorpions. have a hard, external skeleton composed of chitin.
have a hard, external skeleton composed of chitin.
Insects: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. have a respiratory system with spiracles connecting to tracheae. typically mate and produce young during their larval stage. generally give birth to live young. typically have a younger flying life stage and an older aquatic life stage after metamorphosis.
have a respiratory system with spiracles connecting to tracheae.
Cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes): Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. have a swim bladder. are generally freshwater species. have teeth mineralized by calcium phosphate. have well-developed kidneys.
have teeth mineralized by calcium phosphate.
The majority of all known animal species are: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. mollusks insects. cnidarians. vertebrates.
insects
The most diverse group of arthropods is the
insects.
An organism that exhibits cephalization probably also ______.
is bilaterally symmetrical
All of these are characteristics of all vertebrates except: jaws. pharyngeal slits. post-anal tail. notochord. dorsal nerve cord.
jaws
Which of these organisms are cnidarians? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. sponges and jellyfish jellyfish and sea anemones mollusks and sponges sea anemones and mollusks
jellyfish and sea anemones
For most mammals, egg laying is a characteristic that has been replaced by: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. sexual reproduction. asexual reproduction. live birth.
live birth
Which of these groups includes almost half of all animal phyla?
lophotrochozoans
What structure would you expect to find in every type of mollusk (that is, gastropods, cephalopods, and bivalves)? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. tentacles single-lens eyes valve mantle hinge
mantle
All of these are characteristics of all Arthropods except: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. chitinous exoskeleton. metamorphosis during development. feeding structures arising from limb buds during development. jointed appendages.
metamorphosis during development. Metamorphosis during development is a characteristic of only some groups of insects. Many others do not undergo metamorphosis.
Sporophyte (generation):
multicellular diploid form, produces spores via meiosis.
Gametophyte (generation):
multicellular haploid form, produces gametes via mitosis
According to the phylogenetic tree shown, which of the answer choices correctly lists the sequence in which multicellularity, tissues, and bilateral symmetry arose, from the oldest characteristic to the most recent?
multicellularity, tissues, bilateral symmetry
Which tissue type, or organ, is NOT correctly matched with its germ layer tissue?
nervous : mesoderm
Which of the statements is true of sponges? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Like comb-jellies, sponges possess both a mouth and an anal pore; however, the anal pore in sponges is distinctly smaller than the mouth. Sponges have nerve cells that enable them to sense their environment. Like cnidarians, many sponges produce toxin-generating nematocysts. These cells typically line the pores of sponges. None of the other answer options is correct. The choanocytes of sponges and choanoflagellates share no morphological similarities.
none
Bryophytes:
nonvascular plants including the mosses, liverworts and hornworts
What are some factors that keep a population under its carrying capacity? Select all that apply.
parasitism predation
Linnaeus sorted animals into groups based on body plans. Today, these groupings are called: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. families. branches on the phylogenetic tree. phyla.
phyla
A population that exhibits density-dependent growth is described in the graph shown. The most rapid growth in population size is indicated at: (s-curve)
point K (the point of inflection)
Cnidarians share a common body plan that takes two forms. The free-floating form is called a medusa, whereas the sessile form is called a
polyp
Consider the statement "We are fish to a cladist." A cladist is someone who only recognizes groups descended from a common ancestor. Because we do not consider ourselves fish, how would we describe the group "fish"?
polyphyletic
Define population density
population size divided by its geographic area
Because they lack well-defined and complex organ systems, we hypothesize that _____ diverged from all other animals early in the evolution of animals. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. poriferans choanoflagellates bilaterians None of the other answer options is correct.
poriferans
Comparative embryology helped clarify the relationships among major groups of animals. The bilaterians, for example, can be divided into the _____ based on the developmental fate of the blastopore. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. protostomes and deuterostomes coelomates and acoelomates coelomates and pseudocoelomates cnidarians and radiolarians
protostomes and deuterostomes
Cnidarians have _____ symmetry.
radial
Which of these characteristics would you expect to find in a member of the Bilateria?
specialized head region
Define endemic species
species that can only grow in one area, are limited to one area
What type of relationship is island biogeography?
species-area relationship
Insects exchange gases through pores called _____, which connect to an internal system of tubes called _____, which are in turn connected to respiring tissues.
spiracles; tracheae
Bilaterians are distinguished by: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. symmetry that results in a distinct head and tail and one plane of symmetry. symmetry, which allows for multiple planes of symmetry and a head and tail. no symmetry, which allows for a distinct head and tail. symmetry that results in multiple planes of symmetry.
symmetry that results in a distinct head and tail and one plane of symmetry.
Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle?
tails
Which of the following is a synapomorphy of Ecdysozoans?
the ability to shed their outer covering
The key characteristic that separates the Deuterostomes from the Protostomes is: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. the blastopore becomes the mouth during development. the presence of bilateral symmetry in both embryos and adults. the presence of a one-way (mouth to anus) digestive tract. the presence of a distinct nervous system.
the blastopore becomes the mouth during development.
As in many other animals, the endoderm in cnidarians functions in formation of:
the digestive system.
Define population range
the geographic area the population covers
Define population size
the number of individuals in a population
Define demography
the study of statistics such as birth rates, age or size structure, and distribution over time
A researcher is culturing cells in a petri dish. After a few weeks, she notices that these cells have formed a "sheet," with junctions visible between individual cells. All of the statements are true regarding these cultured cells except: Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. these cells have formed a structure similar to the epidermis or endodermis of jellyfish. these cells have formed an epithelium. these cells may secrete enzymes or extracellular matrix proteins into their environment. these cells have formed mesoglea.
these cells have formed mesoglea.
What do reproductive patterns show us?
they reflect the predictability of the environment
Which of these is a characteristic of all insects? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. nauplius larvae trachea metamorphosis wings
trachea
Comparative embryology helped clarify the relationships among major groups of animals. Bilaterians, for example, are all:
triploblastic.
A close evolutionary relationship between annelids and mollusks is suggested by the presence of a _____ larva in both phyla as well as by molecular sequence comparisons. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. bivalve None of the other answer options is correct. radula lophophore trochophore
trochophore
A lion urinating to mark its territory is a type of communication.
true
Arthropods have a unique exoskeleton made of chitin. This shows that arthropods are more closely related to fungi (which also produce chitin) than they are to either cnidarians or lophotrochozoans.
true
Both vertebrates and echinoderms (sea urchins and sea stars) are deuterostomes.
true
Ecdysozoans include insects and make up more than half of all known animal species.
true
Larval characters sometimes tell us more about phylogenetic relationships than adult characters.
true
The major benefit of the hydrostatic skeleton is possible because of the coelom.
true
The common mud turtle experiences relatively uniform mortality rates throughout its life. This is a-
type II survivorship.
Define metapopulations
various populations that interact with each other
Lycophytes:
vascular plants including the club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts
Pteridophytes:
vascular plants including the ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns, and Tmesipteris sp.
Gymnosperms:
vascular plants with naked seeds, includes the conifers, cycads, Ginkgo sp., Welwitschia sp., and Gnetum sp.
Angiosperms:
vascular plants with seeds in a protective chamber, includes all flowering plants
The major evolutionary split of protostome animals was based on the _____.
way that the organism grows
Mathematical equation to describe the changes in population size?
ΔN = N₂ - N₁ = (B - D) + (I - E) ΔN - number of individuals at a given time minus the number of individuals at an earlier time (N₂ - N₁) B - births; D - deaths; I - immigration; E - emigration
