Bio-final exam 2

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substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP fromed during glycolysis?

100%

in glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate

2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced

what wavelength of light in the figure is least effective in driving photosynthesis?

575nm

which is correct?

<I G= <I H - <I S

which line represents the bag with the highest initial concentration of sucrose?

A

when glucose monomers are joined together by glucosidic linkages to form a cellulose polymer, the changes in free energy, total energy, and entropy ar as follows:

+<I G, + <IH -<IS

when glucose monomers are joined together by glycosidic linkages to form a cellulose polymer, the changes in free energy, total energy, and entropy are as follows

+<I G, +<I H, - <I S

during a laboratory experiment, you discover that an enzyme-catalyzed has a <I G of -20 kcal/mol, If you double the amount of enzyme in the reaction, what will be the <I G for the new reaction?

-20 kcal/mol

what is the purpose of beta oxidation in respiration

breakdown of fatty acids

sucrose is a disaccharide, composed of the monosaccharides glucose and frutose. the hydrolysis of sucrose by the enzyme sucrase results in

breaking the bond between glucose and frutose and forming new bonds from the atoms of water

in general, a signal transmitted via phosphorylation of a series of proteins

brings a conformational change to each protein

which of the following is one of the ways that the membranes of winter wheat are able to remain fluid when it is extreamly cold?

by increasing the percentage of cholesterol molecules in the membrane

which line or lines represent (S) bags that contain a solution that is hypertonic at the end of the 60 min

B

which of the following membrane activities require energy from ATP hydrolysis?

NA+ ions moving out of the cell

what is the reducing agent in the following reaction? Pyruvate +NADH --> lactic acid +NAH+

NADH

which of the following is a true distinction between fermentation and cellular respiration?

NADH is oxidized by the electron transportation in respiration only

which of the following membrane activities require energy from ATP hydrolysis?

Na+ ions moving out of the cell

inside an active mitochondria, most electons follw whch pathwaY/

citric acid cycle --> NADH -->electron transport chain --> oxygen

increasing the substrate concentration in an enzymatic reaction could overcome which of the following?

competive inhibition

when hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the

creation of a proton gradient

which curve represents the behavior of an enzyme taken from a bacterium that lives in hot springs at temperatures of 70*C or higher

curve 3

which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell

dehydration reactions

if you examine side A after 3 days, you should find that

a decrease in the concentration of NaCl and a decrease in the water level

the solution in the U tube are separated by the selectively permeable membrane. The membrane is permeable to sodium chloride but not glucose. Side A is filled with a solution of .4M glucose and a .5M NaCl, and side B is filled with a solution containing .8M glucose and .4MNaCl. Initially, the volume in both arms is the same. if you examine side A after 3 days, you should find....

a decrease in the concentration of NaCl and a decrease in the water level

which of the following is an example of cooperativity?

a molecule binding at one unit of a tetramer allowing faster binding at each of the other three

which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of a carbon (CO2) from one molecule of pyruvate?

acetyl CoA

reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction's

activation energy

the sodium/potassium works into

actively set up a higher concentration of Na+ outside of the cell and K+ inside of the cell

vampire cells contain a .001M intracellular solution; human blood is a .003 M solution. To prevent their cells from shriveling up when sucking blood, vampires transport a very large human protein, albumin, into their cells resulting in a high concentration of albumin intracellularly. How does this happen?

albumin is actively transported into the vampire cells through a transport protein

which of the following is considered an open system

an organism

succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of succinate to fumerate. Fumerate is then converted into malonic acid by the enzyme malonic dehydrogenase. malonic acid binds to succinate dehydrogenase stopping the metabolic pathway. This is an example of

feedback inhibition

when Harry Potter uses a magic spell to make a car spontaneously appear out of thin air he is breaking the

first law of thermodynamics

which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?

glycolysis

whch of the following occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell

glycolysis and fermentation

in the thylakoid membranes, what is the main rols of the pigment molecules?

harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction-center cholorphyll

a molecule that is phosphorylated

has an increased chemical reactivity; it is primed to do cellular work

in photosynthesis, which produces NADPH

light reactions alone

the molecule tha tfunctions as the reducing agent in a redox of oxidation-reducing reaction

loses electrons and loses energy

energy released by the electorn transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location?

mitochondrial intermembrane space

which of the following best describes the reaction?

negative <I G spontaneous

in photosynthesis, which requires glucose?

neither the light reactions nor the calvin cycle

energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location?

nitochondrial intermembrane space

in thylakoids, protons travel through ATP synthase from the thylakoid space to the stroma, therefore the catalytic knobs of ATP synthase would be located

on the stroma side of the membrane

one function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to

oxidize NADH to NAD+

one function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to

oxidize the NADH to NAD+

the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is

oxygen

the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain (ETC) in cellular respiration is ____. In the first ETC of photosynthesis it is _____. and in the second ETC of photosysthesis it is ____.

oxygen, P700, NADP+

when a cell releases a signal molecule into the environment and a number of cells in the immediate vicinity respone, this type of signaling is

paracrine signaling

which of the following processes includes all others?

passive transport

an inhibitor of which of the following could be used to block the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum

phospholipase C and & IP3

which of the following types of molecules are the major structural components fo cell membrane

phospholipids and proteins

reduction of NADP+ occurs during

photosynthesis

which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration

photosysthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it

which statement is TRUE?

plants do both cellular respiration and photosynthesis

the general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein is

protein kinase

in mitochondria the exergonic redox reactions

provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient

which of the followingn would decrease entropy?

putting together a deck from ikea

one of the major categories of receptors in the plasma membrane reacts by forming dimers, adding phosphate groups, then activating relay proteins. Which type does this?

receptor tyrosine kinase

which of the following statements is (are) true about enzyme-catelyzed reactions?

the reaction is faster then the same reaction in the absence of the enzyme

which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis?

H2O-->NADPH-->calvin cycle

whenever energy is transformed, there is always an increase in the

entropy of the universe

which of the following is true of enzymes?

enzyme increase the rate of chemical reaction by lowering activation energy barriers

the sodium potassium pump, pumps out 3 Na+ and pumps in 2 k+ the point of this is

establishes membrane potential, making the cell more negative than the extracellular environment

choose the pair of terms that correctly completes the sentence: catabolism is to anabolism as _____is to_____.

exergonic; energonic

glucose diffuses slowly through artificial phospholipid bilayers. The cells lining the small intestine, however, rapidly move large quantities of glucose from the glucose-rich food into their glucose-poor cytoplasm. Using this information, which transport mechanism is most probably functionng in the intestinal cells?

facilitated diffusion

binding of a signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in distribution of ions on opposite sides of the membrane?

ligand-gated ion channel

where do the enzymatic reactions of the calvin cycle take place?

stroma of the choloplast

what is the primary function of the calvin cycle

synthesize simple sugars (G3P) from carbon dioxide

which of the following metabolic processes can occur without a net influx of energy from some other provess?

C6H12O6-->6CO2+6H2O

goblins use alcohol fermentation as their main source of energy (which explains their silly behavior) during this process

CO2 is produced and acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH into ethanol (ETOH)

when Dorothy threw water on the wicked witch of the west, the witch melted. The autopsy report stated the witch's cells actually exploded. therefore we can conclude

Dorothy threw pure water on the witch and the witch's cells were hypertonic to the water

during aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level

FADH2

santa's elves living in the north pole have a higher percentage of unsaturated fats in their cell membranes that elves living in the middle earth. the elves in middle earth have a higher percentage of cholesterol in their membranes. If an elf from ther north pole was visiting his cousin in middle earth during a heat wave

his cells will begin to have increased fluidity at a lower temperature compared to his middle earth cousins' cells

G-protein receptors become activated by

hydrophilic ligands

of the following molecules of the ECM, which is capable of transmitting signals between the ECM and the cytoskeleton?

integrins

lipid-soluble signal molecules, such as testosterone, activate

intracellular receptors

the activation site of an enzyme is the region that

is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme

which of the following statements is correct about diffusion

it is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

which of the following statements is correct about diffusion?

it is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration

which of the following does not occur in the calvin cycle

release of oxygen

which process is most directly driven by light energy?

removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules

reduction of oxygen which forms water occurs during

respiration

what kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?

small and hydrophobic

where does the calvin cycle take place?

stroma of the chloroplast

which of the following statements correctly describes the normal tonicicty conditions for typical plant and animal cells?

the animal cell is in an isotonic solution and the plant cell is in a hypotonic solution

in photosynthesis, which requires Co2?

the calvin cycle alone

when a plant cell is submerged in a very hypotonic solution, what is likely to occur

the cell will become turgid

which statement describes the functioning of photosystem II?

the electron vacancies in P680 are filled by electrons derived from water

which of the following statements best represents the relationship between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle?

the light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+ to the light reactions

when electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochodria, which change occurs?

the pH of the matrix increases

the pH of the inner thylakoid space and the stroma has been measured in a plant cell. Which relationship would you expect to find?

the pH within the thylakoid space is lower then that of the stroma

in mitochondris, chemiosmosis pumps protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplast, chemiosmosis pumps protons from

the stroma into the thylokoid space

what is the relationship between wavelength of light and the quantity of energy per photo

they are inversely related

what is the relationship between wavelength of light and the quantity of energy per photon?

they are inversely related

where do the electrons that are extracted from glucose go in aerobic cellular respiration?

they are shuttled to the electron transport chain in the mitochondria

the reaction-center cholorophyll of photosystem I is known as P700 because

this pigment is best at absorbing light with a wavelength of 700nm


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